Scanning electron microscope analysis of untreated and electron beam irradiated wheat straw pre- and post-incubation in the rumen of sheep
Subject Areas : ZoologyHosein Zadegi-Mirzaei 1 , Parvin Shawrang 2 , Farahnaz Motamedi-Sedeh 3 , Mohammad Chamani 4 , Mehdi Aminafshar 5
1 - PhD student, Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Associate professor, Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
3 - Associate professor, Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
4 - Full professor, Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
5 - Assistant professor, Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Radiation, electron beam, fibrolytic bacteria, digestibility, cell wall,
Abstract :
Aim: Increasing the fiber digestibility in the rumen and the total digestive tract of ruminants is very important to improve the feed conversion ratio. One of the methods used for feed processing is electron beam irradiation. Increased fiber digestibility occurred in irradiated feeds, the cause of which is unknown, therefore it is necessary to evaluate the structural condition of fibrous materials pre- and post-processing and also during incubation in the rumen with an electron microscope. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of electron beam irradiation on the microscopic structure of wheat straw fibers, the relative abundance of fibrolytic bacteria and the fiber digestibility in the total digestive tract of sheep. Materials and methods: Wheat straw sample was subjected to electron beam irradiation with electron beam power of 10 mega electron volts and electron beam current of 6 mA at doses of 250 and 500 kGy. The straw sample was transferred to bags and then inserted in the rumen for 12 hours, and the structure of the cell wall pre- and post-irradiation, as well as pre- and post-incubation in the rumen, was imaged and analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. The relative abundance of fibrolytic bacteria was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and horizontal electrophoresis. Results: The relative abundance of Ruminococcus flavofaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes in the rumen content showed a significant increase (P0.05) on the relative abundance of Ruminococcus albus. Electron beam irradiation increased (P<0.05) the dry matter digestibility of wheat straw. Dry matter digestibility increased (P<0.05) as irradiation dose increased, and the dose of 500 kg had the greatest effect on dry matter digestibility of wheat straw. Scanning electron microscope showed a huge increase in the destruction of the cell wall structures in 500 kGy irradiated wheat straw, which resulted in an increase of the permeability of fibrolytic bacteria to the internal parts of the cell wall structure. Increasing the permeability of fibrolytic bacteria ultimately led to increased access to the substrate and an increase in the relative abundance of bacteria and higher digestibility of fibers. Conclusion: Electron beam radiation at dose of 250 kGy can change the structure of the cell wall and improve the digestibility of fibrous materials. Increasing the dose to 500 kGy causes more disruption of the cell wall structure, increasing the relative abundance of fibrolytic bacteria and increasing the digestibility of fibrous materials.
1. Hendriks AT, Zeeman G. Pretreatments to enhance the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresource technology. 2009 Jan 1;100(1):10-8.
2. Guo W, Guo XJ, Xu LN, Shao LW, Zhu BC, Liu H, Wang YJ, Gao KY. Effect of whole-plant corn silage treated with lignocellulose-degrading bacteria on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and rumen microflora in sheep. Animal. 2022 Jul 1; 16(7):100576.
3. Houfani AA, Anders N, Spiess AC, Baldrian P, Benallaoua S. Insights from enzymatic degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose to fermentable sugars–a review. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2020 Mar 1; 134:105481.
4. Weng C, Peng X, Han Y. Depolymerization and conversion of lignin to value-added bioproducts by microbial and enzymatic catalysis. Biotechnology for Biofuels. 2021 Dec; 14(1):1-22.
5. Ginting SP. Processing technologies of lignocellulosic biomass: potentials and constraints for ruminant feed production. WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2021 Jun 26; 31(2):55-66.
6. Gallego-García M, Moreno AD, Manzanares P, Negro MJ, Duque A. Recent advances on physical technologies for the pretreatment of food waste and lignocellulosic residues. Bioresource Technology. 2023 Feb 1; 369:128397.
7. Østby H, Hansen LD, Horn SJ, Eijsink VG, Várnai A. Enzymatic processing of lignocellulosic biomass: principles, recent advances and perspectives. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology: Official Journal of the Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2020 Oct 1; 47(9-10):623-57.
8. Van Kuijk SJ, Sonnenberg AS, Baars JJ, Hendriks WH, Cone JW. Fungal treated lignocellulosic biomass as ruminant feed ingredient: a review. Biotechnology advances. 2015 Jan 1; 33(1):191-202.
9. Bak JS. Electron beam irradiation enhances the digestibility and fermentation yield of water-soaked lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnology Reports. 2014 Dec 1; 4:30-3.
10. Gryczka U, Migdal W, Chmielewska D, Antoniak M, Kaszuwara W, Jastrzebska A, Olszyna A. Examination of changes in the morphology of lignocellulosic fibers treated with e-beam irradiation. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2014 Jan 1; 94:226-30.
11. Shawrang P, Majdabadi A, Sadeghi AA. Changes in cell wall compositions and degradation kinetics of electron beam-irradiated sugarcane bagasse. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences. 2012; 36(5):527-32.
12. Kim DY, Lee BM, Lee JY, Kang PH, Jeun JP. Electron beam irradiation and dilute alkali pretreatment for improving saccharification of rice straw. Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry. 2014 Oct; 57:591-5.
13. Fei X, Jia W, Wang J, Chen T, Ling Y. Study on enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and physicochemical properties of cellulose and lignocellulose after pretreatment with electron beam irradiation. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2020 Feb 15; 145:733-9.
14. Inkson BJ. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for materials characterization. InMaterials characterization using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods 2016 Jan 1 (pp. 17-43). Woodhead publishing.
15. Shawrang P, Sadeghi AA, Ahmadpanah J. Ruminal degradation kinetics of wheat straw irradiated by high doses of electron beam. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science (2013) 3(1), 25-29.
16. AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC. USA. 2005.
17. Van Soest PV, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of dairy science. 1991 Oct 1; 74(10):3583-97.
18. Kase KR, Adler GJ, Bjärngard BE. Comparisons of electron beam dose measurements in water and polystyrene using various dosimeters. Medical Physics. 1982 Jan; 9(1):13-9.
19. Nocek JE, English JE. In situ degradation kinetics: Evaluation of rate determination procedure. Journal of Dairy Science. 1986 Jan 1; 69(1):77-87.
20. Koike S, Kobayashi Y. Development and use of competitive PCR assays for the rumen cellulolytic bacteria: Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. FEMS microbiology letters. 2001 Nov 1; 204(2):361-6.
21. Torrent J, Johnson DE, Kujawa MA. Co-product fiber digestibility: kinetic and in vivo assessment. Journal of Animal Science. 1994 Mar 1; 72(3):790-5.
22. Alwani MS, Khalil HA, Islam N, Sulaiman O, Zaidon A, Dungani R. Microstructural study, tensile properties, and scanning electron microscopy fractography failure analysis of various agricultural residue fibers. Journal of Natural Fibers. 2015 Mar 4; 12(2):154-68.
23. Steel RG, Torrie JH. Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill; 1986.
24. Tabatabaie N, Fathi Nasri MH, Farhangfar H, Riasi A. Effect of electron-beam irradiation on nutritional value of Atriplex stem. Journal of Livestock Research. 2014 Mar 21; 2(2):19-28.
25. Leskinen T, Kelley SS, Argyropoulos DS. E-beam irradiation & steam explosion as biomass pretreatment, and the complex role of lignin in substrate recalcitrance. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2017 Aug 1; 103:21-8.
26. Takacs E, Wojnarovits L, Földváry C, Hargittai P, Borsa J, Sajo I. Effect of combined gamma-irradiation and alkali treatment on cotton–cellulose. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2000 Mar 1; 57(3-6):399-403.
27. Al-Masri MR. In vitro digestible energy of some agricultural residues, as influenced by gamma irradiation and sodium hydroxide. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 1999 Feb 1; 50(2):295-301.
28. Alberti A, Bertini S, Gastaldi G, Iannaccone N, Macciantelli D, Torri G, Vismara E. Electron beam irradiated textile cellulose fibres.: ESR studies and derivatisation with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). European Polymer Journal. 2005 Aug 1; 41(8):1787-97.
29. Al-Masri MR, Zarkawi M. Effects of gamma irradiation on chemical compositions of some agricultural residues. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 1994 Mar 1; 43(3):257-60.
30. Dubey KA, Pujari PK, Ramnani SP, Kadam RM, Sabharwal S. Microstructural studies of electron beam-irradiated cellulose pulp. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2004 Apr 1; 69(5):395-400.
31. Zhang L, Larsson A, Moldin A, Edlund U. Comparison of lignin distribution, structure, and morphology in wheat straw and wood. Industrial Crops and Products. 2022 Nov 1; 187:115432.
32. Angers DA, Recous S. Decomposition of wheat straw and rye residues as affected by particle size. Plant and soil. 1997 Feb; 189:197-203.
33. Shahbazi HR, Sadeghi AA, Fazaeli H, Raisali G, Chamani M, Shawrang P. Effects of electron beam irradiation on dry matter degradation of wheat straw in the rumen. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS. 2008 Feb 1; 11(4):676-9.
