Evaluation and examination of the physical aspect of the city from the point of view of passive defense (Case study: the historical context of the Urmia)

Subject Areas : Urban planning

mohammad  fari ¹ (urban planner)
maliheh  babakhani ² (assistant professor in urban planning- IKIU)
rahim  hashempour ³ (associated professor in IKIU)

Received: 2023-05-20 Accepted : 2023-08-08 Published : 2023-10-23

Keywords: Historical context, Urmia, physical planning, Passive Defense,

Abstract :

Organizing the historical contexts of the city based on the requirements of passive defense due to the relationship between history, people, space and their activities is one of the most basic physical planning processes from the point of view of passive defense. The main goal of this research is to evaluate and examine the physical dimension and its components in the historical context of Urmia from the point of view of passive defense. The current research is longitudinal in terms of time (prospective), in terms of practical results, and in terms of the goal of developing applied knowledge in a specific field, which is quantitative in terms of the research implementation process, and finally in terms of the type of descriptive-analytical goal and terms of the implementation logic The research is inductive. The method of collecting information is both field and documentary. Data collection tools include observation and questionnaires. The Sample size of this research includes 100 specialists in this field, who were selected in a non-random and purposeful way from experts. One-sample t-tests were used to analyze the collected data, and Spearman's correlation analysis was used to analyze the variables, which was evaluated through experts' opinions. Also, DEMATEL's decision-making method has been used to establish relationships between components. In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire from the experts of this subject and to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was used, which was confirmed. In this research, the physical, functional, human, access and flexibility components of the space have been used. The results of this research show that according to the results of the Spearman correlation test, the physical independent variable has a stronger relationship with the physical dimension from the point of view of passive defense than other components. Also, the results of DEMATEL model indicate that the physical component has the most relationship and the access component has the least relationship with other components.Extended AbstractIntroduction:      Urmia due to its geostrategic location (close to the border of Turkey and Iraq) and high ethnic diversity and provincial centrality, it is considered one of the cities with a high potential for war and conflict and damage caused by threats, which causes a lot of insecurity in Urmia So that during the 8 years of the imposed war, this city was bombed more than 15 times and a large number of children and civilians lost their lives. In this regard, paying attention to the physical planning of the central area of Urmia, which is a concentration of political, social, and economic physical elements, doubles the importance of this issue. In general, due to the historical, cultural, and political importance of the historical context of Urmia city, it seems important to evaluate this area from a physical point of view. The main goal of this research is to evaluate and examine the physical dimension and its components in the historical context of Urmia from the point of view of passive defense.Methodology:      The current research is longitudinal in terms of time (prospective), in terms of practical results, and in terms of the goal of developing applied knowledge in a specific field, which is quantitative in terms of the research implementation process, and finally in terms of the type of descriptive-analytical goal and terms of the implementation logic The research is inductive. The method of collecting information is both field and documentary. Data collection tools include observation and questionnaires. The Sample size of this research includes 100 specialists in this field, who were selected in a non-random and purposeful way from expert experts. To analyze the data, SPSS software were used. One-sample t-tests were used to analyze the collected data, and Spearman's correlation analysis was used to analyze the variables, which was evaluated through experts' opinions. Also, DEMATEL's decision-making method has been used to establish relationships between components. The Case study is the historical context of Urmia located in West Azerbaijan province. The historical context of this city is a collection of historical heritage that shows the historical and cultural identity of the city. In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, experts have been used and Cronbach's alpha test was also used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire Both of them have been confirmed.Results and discussion:       The results of this research show that according to the results of the one-sample t-test, in the physical component, the items of distance from high-rise buildings, infrastructure area, type of structures and building density were more important than the average level and Also, the items of distance from worn out fabric, level of occupancy, age and quality of buildings, dispersion of military and law enforcement centers have a medium level of importance. in the functional component of road width, distance from educational centers, distance from centers with support functions (distance from sports centers, medical centers, fire rescue and police centers), distance from industrial centers and hazardous products (gasoline pumps and factories, urban facility centers, etc.) and distance from open spaces (parks, recreational areas) were more important than the average level. in the human component, the items of literacy level and age status were above the average level of importance. in the access component, the item of access to public parking lots was of higher importance than the average level, as well as the items of suitable access for riders and compliance with the access hierarchy were of moderate importance. In the access component, the item of access to public parking lots was of higher importance than the average level, as well as the items of suitable access for riders and compliance with the access hierarchy were of moderate importance. In the component of space flexibility, the items of ability to use different routes, the possibility of expanding activities in the future, and the degree of flexibility of public spaces have a higher importance than the average level. Spearman's correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between independent and dependent variables to The results of this test indicate a significant positive relationship between the independent variable and dependent variables and Also, the physical independent variable has a stronger relationship with the physical aspect of physical planning than other components from the point of view of passive defense. Also, the results of DEMATEL model indicate that the physical component has the most relationship and the access component has the least relationship with other components.Conclusion:      Organizing the historical contexts of the city based on the requirements of passive defense due to the relationship between history, people, space and their activities is one of the most basic physical planning processes from the point of view of passive defense. In fact, in addition to the defense content on the urban, national, and regional scale, the defense of the residents based in this context and the historical identity of this space is also considered and undoubtedly requires the cooperation and participation of social institutions and citizens.

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