The effect of HIIT and thyme honey on gene expression of cardiac tissue apoptotic indices and insulin resistance index in type 2 diabetic rats

Subject Areas :

bahareh behaeen ¹ , Hossein َAbedntanzi ² , mandana gholami ³ , farshad ghazalian ⁴

1 - Department of Islamic Azad University, Dariun Branch, Dariun, Iran
2 - Department of physical education and sport science, Science and research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Department of physical education and sport science, Science and research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
4 - Department of Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Azad University, Research Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2021-08-12 Accepted : 2021-08-24 Published : 2022-02-20

Keywords: Apoptosis, HIIT, Type 2 diabetes, Insulin Resistance Index, Thyme Honey,

Abstract :

Inroduction & Objective: Type 2 diabetes is the most common endocrine disease that can cause damage and cell death or apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene of heart tissue and insulin resistance index after intense intermittent exercise and consumption of thyme honey in diabetic type 2 rats. Materials and Methods: The statistical population consisted of rats. After 20 weeks of high fat diet and injection of STZ became diabetic. Rats in 4 groups: control(n=6),HIIT(n= 8),thyme honey(n= 6),HIIT-thyme honey (n=8) trained HIIT for eight weeks, five sessions per week with intense 2-minute intense alternation with 2 to 8 alternations and with 80 to 90% vo2max and one-minute rest alternation with 50 to 56% vo2max.Thyme honey was given by gavage at a rate of 3g/kg 5days a week. Glucose, insulin and expression of Bax and Bcl2 genes and their ratio was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using two-factor analysis of variance test and determining the effect size and Bonfroni post hoc.Results: HIIT and thyme honey decreased Bax gene expression and increased Bcl2 expression in heart cells (P<0.05). HIIT and thyme honey in diabetic rats led to improved glucose and insulin levels and decreased insulin resistance index. It also decreased the expression of Bax gene and increased the expression of Bcl2 (P<0.05). Conclusion: HIIT with thyme honey led to improved glycemic profile and changes in glucose and insulin levels, as well as positive and appropriate changes in the expression of cardiac and anti-apoptotic genes. 

References:

1.Abd-Elmoaty, M., Saleh, R., Sharma, R., Agarwal, A. (2010). Increased levels of oxidants and reduced antioxidants in semen of infertile men with varicocele. Fertil Steril, 94(4);1531-1534.

2.Agarwal, A., Sharma, RK., Desai, NR., Prabakaran, S., Tavares, A., Sabanegh, E. (2009). Role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of varicocele and infertility. Urology, 73(3); 461-469.

3.Alizadeh, M., Nasebakht, A., Valizadeh, R. (2018). Apreliminary evaluation of serum level of testosterone, LH, and FSH in patients with varicocele after varicocelectomy as a kidney-related disease. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 4(14); 1585-1590.

4.Alsaikhan, B., Alrabeeah, K., Delouya, G., Zini, A. (2016). Epidemiology of varicocele. Asian J Androl, 18(2); 179–181.

5.Angeles-López, GE., González-Trujano, ME., Déciga-Campos, M., Ventura-Martínez, R. (2013). Neuroprotective evaluation of Tilia americana and Annona diversifolia in the neuronal damage induced by intestinal ischemia. Neurochem Res, 38(8); 1632-1640.

6.Azizollahi, G., Azizollahi, S., Babaei, H., Kianinejad, M., Baneshi, M., Nematollahimahani, S. (2013). Effects of supplement therapy on sperm parameters, protamine content and acrosomal integrity of varicocelectomized subjects. J Assist Reprod Genet, 30(4); 593-599.

7.Bong, GW., Koo, HP. (2004). The adolescent varicocele: to treat or not to treat. Urol Clin North Am, 31(3); 509-15.

8.Cárdenas-Rodríguez, N., González-Trujano, M., Aguirre-Hernández, E. (2014). Anticonvulsant and antioxidant effects of Tilia americana var. mexicana and flavonoids constituents in the pentylene tetra zole induced seizures. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2014;329172.

9.Chen, SS., Chen, LK. (2011). Predictive factors of successful varico celectomy in infertile patients. Urol Int, 86(3); 320–324.

10-Chiba, K., Fujisawa, M. (2016). Clinical outcomes of varicocele repair in infertile men: a review. World J Mens Health, 34(2); 101–109.

11.Coballase-Urrutia, E., Cárdenas-Rodríguez, N., Carolina González-García, M. (2017). Biochemical and molecular modulation of CCl 4-induced peripheral and central damage by Tilia americana var. mexicana extracts. Saudi Pharm J, 25(3); 319-331.

12.Cüce, F., Demiray, Ö., Küçük, U., Olgun Küçük, H. (2016). Varicocele: tissue stress in the etiology. Turk JMed Sci, 46(4); 1014–1017.

13.Divya, V., Girish Kumar, V., Nandel, S., Ramchandra, SG. (2014). Dynamics of spermatogenesis. Annual Research & Review Biology, 4(1); 38-50.

14.Duke, JA. (2002). Handbook of Medicinal herbs. 2th ed. CRC Press, 467-8.

15.ElBardisi, H., Arafa, M., Rengan, AK. (2017). Varicocele among infertile men in Qatar. Andrologia, 49(4);

16.El-Sakka, AI., Hassoba, HM., Sayed, HM., Tayeb, KA. (2005). Pattern of endocrinal changes in patients with sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2(4); 551-8.

17.Evarte-Bundere, G. (2014). Analysis of some limiting ecological factors on the example of the distribution of the genus Tilia L. cultivated in Latvia. Estonian Journal of Ecology, 63(3); 185-202.

18.Francavilla, S., Bruno, B., Martini, M. (1986). Quantitative evaluation of leydig cells in testicular biopsies of men with varicocele. Arch Androl, 16(2); 111-7.

19.Fujisawa, M., Dobashi, M., Yamasaki, T. (2001). Significance of seruminhibin B concentration for evaluating improvement in spermatogenesis after varicocelectomy. Hum Reprod, 16(9); 1945–1949.

20.Gat, Y., Gornish, M., Belenky, A., Bachar, GN. (2004). Elevation of serum testos terone and free testosterone after embolization of the internal spermatic vein for the treatment of varicocele in infertile men. Hum Reprod, 19(10); 2303–2306.

21.Goel, RK., Prabha, T., Kumar, MM., Dorababu, M., Singh, G. (2006). Teratogenicity of Asparagus racehorses Willd, Root. A herbal medicine Indian Jexp Bio, 44(7); 503-570.

22.Hatami, L., Estakhr, J. (2013). The effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Matricaria recutita on the hormonal pituitary-testis axis and testis tissue changes of mature male rats. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences Spring, 3(1); 56-62.

23.Hayden, RP., Tanrikut, C. (2016). Testosterone and varicocele. Urol Clin North Am, 43(2); 223–232.

24.Hemmati Borujeni, N., Eidi, A., Mortazavi, P., Oryan, Sh. (2020). Effect of Tilia platyphyllos on cadmium chloride induced testicular damage in adult male wistar rats. Research in Medicine, 44(1); 270-275.

25.Jabeur, I., Martins, N., Barros, L., Calhelha, R., Vaz, J., Achour, L. (2017). Contribution of phenolic composition to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor potential of Equisetum giganteum L. and Tilia platyphyllos Scop. Food Funct, 8(3); 975-984.

26-Johnsen, SG. (1970). Testicular biopsy score count a method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testis: normal values and result in 352 hypogonadal males. Hormones, 1; 2-25.

27-Kaneko, T., Sasaki, S., Yanai, Y., Umemoto, Y., Kohri, K. (2007). Effect of microsurgical repair of the varicocele on testicular function in adolescence and adulthood. Int J Urol, 14(12); 1080–1083

28-Karioti, A., Chiarabini, L., Alachkar, A., Fawaz Chehna, M., Vincieri, F., Bilia, R. (2014). HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS analyses of Tiliae flos and its preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 100; 205-214.

29.Li, F., Yue, H., Yamaguchi, K. (2012). Effect of surgical repair on testosterone production in infertile men with varicocele: a meta-analysis. Int J Urol, 19(2); 149–154.

30.Liu, JJ., Dong, Q., Yang, YR. (2007). Effects of experimental varicocele on the testosterone level in the serum and testis of rats. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue, 13(4); 335-7.

31.Luo, DY., Yang, G., Liu, JJ., Yang, YR., Dong, Q. (2011). Effects of varicocele on testosterone, apoptosis and expression of StAR mRNA in rat Leydig cells. Asian J Androl, 13(2); 287–291.

32.Merve, B., Sinem, I., Gozde, K. Reproductive toxicity after levetiracetam administration in male rats: Evidence for role of hormonal status and oxidative stress. PLoS One, 12(4); e0175990.

33.Morovvati, H., Moradi, H.R., Adibmoradi, M., Sheybani, MT., Salar Amoli, J. (2016). Effects of Wheat sprout extract on the quality of sperm in rats exposed to lead. Journal, Autumn, 12(3); 76-85.

34.Mostafa, T., Anis, T., Imam, H., El-Nashar, A., Osman, I. (2009). Seminal reactive oxygen species–antioxidant relationship in fertile males with and without varicocele. Andrologia, 41; 125-9.

35.Raboch, J., Mellan, J., Starka, L. (1975). Plasma testosterone in male patients with sexual dysfunction. Arch Sex Behav, 4(5); 541-5.

36.Redmon, JB., Carey, P., Pryor, JL. (2002). Varicocele- the most common cause of male factor infertility? Hum Reprod Update, 8(1); 53-58.

37.Rodríguez-Magaña, MP., Cordero-Pérez, P., Rivas-Morales, C. (2019). Hypoglycemic activity of Tilia americana, Borago officinalis, Chenopodium nuttalliae and Piper sanctum on wistar rats. J Diabetes Res, 1-6.

38.Salem, HK., Mostafa, T. (2009). Preserved testicular artery at varicocele repair. Andrologia, 41(4); 241–245.

39.Staub, C., Johnson, L. (2018). Review: Spermatogenesis in the bull. Animal, 12(1); 27-s35.

40.Tadayyon, F., Mellat, M., Khorrami, MF., Shahdoost, AA., Haghdoost, FS. (2011). Comparing the serum level of testosterone and the relative frequency of premature ejaculation in patients with varicocele and normal population. Journal of Isfahan Medical School Original Article, 28(124); 2032-2038.

41.Tiago, F., Elisabete, N-G., Sara, M. (2021). Toxicological and anti-tumor effects of a linden extract ( Tilia platyphyllos Scop.) in a HPV16-transgenic mouse model. Food Funct, 11,12(9); 4005-4014.

42.Tiseo, BC., Esteves, SC., Cocuzza, MS. (2016). Summary evidence on the effects of varicocele treatment to improve natural fertility in subfertile men. Asian J Androl, 18(2); 239–245.

43.Toker, G., Aslam, M., Zesilada, E., Memisolu, M., Ito, S. (2001). Comparative evaluation of the flavonoid content in officinal Tiliae flos and Turkish lime species for quality assessment. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 26; 111–21.

44.Turner, TT. (2001). The study of varicocele through the use of animal models. Hum Reprod Update, 7(1); 78-.84

45.Wein, A., Kavoussi, L., Partin, A., Peters, C. (2011). Campbell Walsh Text Book of Urology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 810–820.

46.Yayalacı, Y., Celik, I., Batı, B. (2014). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of linden (Tilia platyphyllos L.) infusion against ethanolinduced oxidative stress in rats. J Membr Biol, 247(2); 181-188.

47.Zargari, A. (1997). Medicinal plants, Tehran, Tehran University Publications., 7th edition; Vol. 1; 399-402.

48-Zeppa, S., Vallorani, L., Potenza, L. (2000). Estimation of fungal biomass and transcript levels in Tilia plathyphyllos tuber borchii ectomycorrhizae. FEMS Microbial Lett, 188(2); 119-124