The structural equations modeling of post-traumatic stress disorder based on Stockholm syndrome with the mediating role of coping strategies in battered women

Subject Areas : Educational

Elyaz Bornak ¹ , Afsaneh Ghanbari Panah ² , fariba Hassani ³ , Rana Mohammadzadeh Esmaeili ⁴

1 - Clinical Psychology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Associated Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Islamic Azad University, central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Associated Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Islamic Azad University, central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
4 - Clinical Psychology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Received: 2020-08-08 Accepted : 2020-10-13 Published : 2023-05-22

Keywords: Violence against women, Stockholm syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, battered women, Coping Strategies,

Abstract :

The aim of this study was to find the effect of Stockholm syndrome on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with mediation of coping strategies in battered women. Samples were collected from all married women within age range between 18 to 60 years and victims of domestic violence who have referred to Health Centers, Social Emergency, Public Family Court-Bench 1 and number of Psychology and Counseling Centers of Tehran Province to fill in the questionnaires. Accessible sampling method was used in this research work. The research tools consisted of: Stockholm Syndrome Scale (Graham et al. 1995), Civilian Mississippi Scale Test for PTSD (Keane et al. 1987), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (Endler and Parker, 1990) and questionnaire of domestic violence against women (Tabrizi et al. 2012). A structural equation modeling has been used in the present research in order to analyze data. The results showed that Stockholm syndrome directly affects PTSD in battered women. The results also showed that there is a significant indirect effect between Stockholm syndrome and PTSD mediated by coping methods in battered women. Finally, findings revealed that there is an indirectly meaningful relationship between “Stockholm syndrome and PTSD” with mediation of coping mechanisms in battered women.

References:

Ahmadi, B. Nasseri, S. Alimohamadian, M. Shams, M. Ranjbar, Z. Shariat, M. Ebrahimpour, A. Mahmoudi, Ma. Younesian, M. (1999). Views of Tehrani couples and experts on domestic violence against women in Iran: A qualitative research. sjsph. 2008; 6 (2) :67-81  [Persian]

Altmaier, E. M. (1995). Linking stress experiences with coping resources and responses: Comment on Catanzaro, Horaney, and Creasey (1995), Long and Schutz (1995), Heppner et al. (1995), and Bowman and Stern (1995). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(3), 304–306.

Amir Mazaheri, A. M. Ghadrband Fard Shirazi, Z. (2014). A study of the factors affecting domestic violence against women and the reason for their tolerance of violence (Case study: Noorabad Mamasani). Iranian Journal of Sociological Studies; Fourth year, number fifteen, winter 1393 - number 15 (20 pages - from 27 to 46). [Persian]

Auerback, S. M., Kiesler, D. J., Strentz, T., Schmidt, J. A., & Serio, C. D. (1994). Interpersonal impacts and adjustments to the stress of simulated captivity: An empirical test of the Stockholm Syndrome. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 207-221.

Babakhani, N. Badiei, H. (2018). Comparison of the components of social adjustment, emotional self-regulatory skills and coping strategies in stressful situations in offenders and normal women. Journal of women and family disciplinary and social research, No. 10, Volume 6, Spring and Summer 1997, Pages: 5-24. [Persian]

Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92–100.

Demarest, R. A. (2009). The Relationship Between Stockholm Syndrome and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Battered Women. Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse, volume 1, issue 11, ISSN 2153-5760 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=35

Edleson, J. (1999). “Children’s Witnessing of Adult Domestic Violence.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(8), 839−70.

Endler, N. S. & Parker, J. D. A. (1994). Assessment of multidimensional coping: Task, emotion and avoidance strategies. Psychological Assessment, 6, 50-60.

Graham, D. L. R., Rawlings, E., & Rimini, N. (1988). Survivors of terror; Battered women, hostages, and the Stockholm Syndrome. In Yllo, K., & M. Bograd (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on wife abuse (pp. 217-233). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

Goodarzi, M. A. (2003).  Evaluating reliability and validity of the Mississipi scale for post-traumatic stress disorder in Shiraz (MSCP). Journal of Psychology 2003, 7th year, No. 2, 178-153. [Persian]

Hajat beygi, S (2000). The relationship between self-efficacy and coping style and mental health in secondary school in Tehran. Master Thesis Azad University, Central Tehran. [Persian]

Hughes, M. J. & Jones, L. (2000). Women, domestic violence, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Family Therapy, 27, 125-139.

Keane, T. M.; Wolfe, J. & Taylor, K. L. (1987). PTSD: Evidence for diagnostic validity and methods of psychological assessment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 32-43.

Khemchandani, R., & Kacker, P. (2020). THE EXPERIENCE OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE. GAP INDIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSICS AND BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES, 1, 1-4.

Kuleshnyk, I. (1984). The Stockholm Syndrome: Toward an understanding. Social Action and the Law, 10, 37-42.

Mirzaei, R. Bokharaei, A. Mohammadi, F. (2015). Attitude of married women towards some social factors affecting wife abuse in paveh. Journal of Women and Family Disciplinary and Social Research, No. 5, Volume 3, Fall and Winter 2015, pp. 129-144. [Persian]

Mohseni Tabrizi A, Kaldi A, Javadianzadeh M. (2012). The Study of Domestic Violence in Marrid Women Addmitted to Yazd Legal Medicine Organization and Welfare Organization. TB. 2013; 11 (3):11-24 [Persian]

OSCE Resource Police Training Guide: Trafficking in Human Beings, TNTD/SPMU Publication Series Vol. 12, Vienna, 2013 July.

Peterman, A., Potts, A., O’Donnell, M.et al. (2020). Pandemics and Violence against Women and Children. Center for Global Development Working Paper 528. Washington, DC: Centre for Global Development.https//www.cgdev.org/publication/pandemics‐and‐violence‐against‐women‐and‐children

Sadock, B. J. Sadock, V. A. Ruiz, P. (2015). Summary of Kaplan & Sadock Psychiatry Behavioral Sciences / Clinical Psychiatry (Translated by Farzin Rezaei). Arjmand Publications. 848 Page. [Persian]

Strentz, T.. (1980). The Stockholm syndrome: law enforcement policy and ego defenses of the hostage. Ann NY Acad Sci 347, 137-50.

Taghavi, F. Mohammadi, A. (2017). Predicting the dimensions of domestic violence based on coping strategies and psychological wellbeing among married female students. Quarterly Journal of Analytical-Cognitive Psychology, Year 8, Number 29, pp: 53-64. [Persian]

Tiet, Q. Q. Rosen, C. Cavella, S. Moos, R. H. & Fenny, john. Yesavage, J. (2006). Coping, Symptoms, and Functioning Outcomes of Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 19, No. 6, December 2006, pp. 799–811.

Timoshchuk M. Gaichuk L. (2017). Woman’s social Stockholm syndrome. Kharkiv National Medical University (Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology), Kharkiv, Ukraine.

Vameghi M. Khodaei Ardakani, M. Sajadi H. (2012). Domestic Violence in Iran: Review of 2001-2008 literature. Refahj. 2014; 13 (50):37-70 [Persian]

Waldrop, A & Resick, P. (2004). Coping Among Adult Female Victims of Domestic Violence. Journal of Family Violence. 19. 291-302. 10.1023/B:JOFV.0000042079.91846.68.

World Health Organization, 27 November 2017: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ violence-against-women

Zare Shahabadi, A. Nadarpoor, Y. (2016). An Investigation into the Relationship between Patriarchy and Violence against Women in Koohdasht. Refahj. 2016; 16 (60):61-86 [Persian]