The Effectiveness of Spiritual Group Psychotherapy on Hardiness of Female Students in High Schools of Isfahan City
Subject Areas : EducationalFazlolah Mirdricvand 1 , Tahere Rahimipour 2 , Hosein Salimi 3
1 - عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه لرستان
2 - دانشجوی دکترای روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه لرستان
3 - دانشجوی دکترای روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه لرستان
Keywords: Spirituality, hardiness, psychotherapy, spiritual psychotherapy,
Abstract :
The goal the present study was to investigate the effect of spiritual group psychotherapy on hardiness of students in female high schools of Isfahan city This semi-experimental study employed a pre-test , post-test, with control group design. Population included all the students in female high schools of Isfahan city in 2013-2014 academic year. A sample of 30 students were selected through convenient sampling method and were randomly allocated in in one experimental and one control group (each, 15 students). The Questionnaire of Kobasa’s Hardiness (1982) was used as research instrument. The experimental group received group psychothrapy for 90 minutes in twelve sessions., and Questionnaire of Kobasa,s was administered at the pre-test and post-test stages for both experimental and control groups. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance by SPSS. The research results showed that using spiritual group psychotherapy increases hardiness of students (P < 0.05).
Bartone, P., Ursano, R.J., Wright, K.M. &. Ingraham, L.H. (1989). The Impact of a Military Air Disaster on the Health of Assistance Workers, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 317-328.
Baumeister, R. & Kathleen, D.U. (2004). Handbook of self- regulation research, theory and applications, New York: The Guilford Press.
Benson CK. (1992). Forgiveness and the psychotherapeutic process, Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 11(1), 76-81.
Bergin, AE., Richards, PS. (2004). Casebook for a spiritual strategy of counseling and psychotherapy, 1st ed. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Bergin, AE. (1983). Religiosity and mental health: a critical revolution and Meta-Analysis, Professional Psychology: Journal of Research and Practice, 14, 170-184.
Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future world, Child Development, 71, 543-562.
Delgado, C. (2005).A Discussion of the Concept of Spirituality, Instructor, School of Nursing. Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio.
Fincham, F., Beach, S. (2007). Forgiveness and marital quality: Precursor or consequence in well-established relationship, Journal of Positive Psychoogy, 2(4), 260-8.
Fisher, J. (2000). Making sense of spiritual health and well-being, Being human, becoming whole, A colloquium paper presented at the School of Nursing, University of Ballarat.
Fountoulakis, K.N., Siamouli, M., Magiria, S. & Kaprinis, G. (2008). Late-Life depression, religiosity, cerebral vascular disease, Cognitive impairment and attitudes towards death in the elderly: Interpreting the data. Medical hypotheses, 70, 493-96.
Francis, L.J., Robbins, M., Lewis, C.A., Quigley, C.F. and Wheeler, C. (2004). Religiosity and general health among undergraduate students: a response to O’Connor, Cobb and O’Connor (2003). Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 485-94.
Fraser, M.W. Richman, J.M. and Galinsky, M.J. (1999). Risk, Protection, and Resilience: Toward a Conceptual Framework for Social Work Practice, Social Work Research, 23, 131-43.
Graham, S., Furr, S., Flowers, C. & Burke, M.T. (2001). Religion and Spirituality in Coping with Stress, Counseling and Values, 46(1), 2-13.
Hauser, S.T. (2006). Understanding resilient outcomes: Adolescent lives across time and generations, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 9, 1-24.
Hermann, C.P. (2001). Spiritual needs of dying patients: A qualitative study, Oncology Nursing Forum, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Janda, L. (2001). The psychologist’s book of personality tests, New York: Wiley.
Kalayjian, A., & Shahinian, S.P. (1998). Recollections of aged American survivors of the Ottoman Turkish genocide: Resilience through endurance, coping, and life accomplishments, The psychoanalytic Review, 85, 489-504.
Kalil, A. (2003). Family resilience and good child outcomes, A review of literature.Centre for Social Research and Evaluation.
Karasu, B. (1999). Spiritual psychotherapy, American, Journal of Psychotherapy, 53(2), 143-162.
Kelly, E.W. (1995). Spirituality and religion in counseling and psychotherapy: Diversity in theory and practice. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Kim, T-H., Lee, S.M., Yu, K., Le, S.K. and Puig, A. (2005). Hope and the Meaning of Life as Influences on Korean Adolescents Resilience: Implications for Counselor, Asia Pacific Education Review, 6, 143-52.
Kirchner, T., Patino C. (2010). Stress and depression in Latin American immigrants: the mediating role of religiosity, Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 25(8), 479-84.
Kobasa, SC., Maddi, SR., Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: a prospective study, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 168-77.
Kobasa, S.C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 1-11.
Kobasa, S.C. (1982). Commitment and coping in stress resistance aming lawyers, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 797-717.
Maddi, S.R. (1997). Personal Views Survey II: a Measure of Dispositional Hardiness. In C.P. Zalaquett & R.J. Woods (Eds). Evaluating Stress: a book of Resources, New York: Univ. Press.
Maddi, S.R. (1998). Hardiness in Health and Effectiveness. In H.S. Friedman (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Mental Health. (323-335), San Diego: Academic Press.
Maddi, S.R. (2001). The Story of Hardiness: Twenty Years of Theorizing, Research, and Practice, Consulting Psychology Journal. In press.
Maddi, S.R.D.M. Khoshaba; M. Lu Persico; M.R. Harvey & B. Felicia. (2002). The Personality Construct of Hardiness, Relationship With Comprehensive Tests of Personality and Psychopathology, Journal of Research in Personality, 72- 85.
Marcoen, A. (1994). Spirituality and personal well-being in old age. Ageing and Society, 14, 521-536.
Margetic, AB., Jakovljevic, M., Margetic, B., Biscan, M., Samija, M. (2005). Religiosity, depression and pain in patients with breast cancer, General Hospital Psychiatry, 27, 250-5.
McEwan, W. (2004). Spirituality in nursing: what are the issues? Orthopaedic Nursing, 23(5), 321-6.
Pargament, K.I. Smith, B. & Koeing, H. (1996). Religious coping with the Oklahoma City bombing: the brief RCOPE, Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, ON.
Pargament, K.I. (2007). Spirituality integrated psychotherapy: understanding and addressing the Sacred, New York: Guilford, 1-3.
Park, C.L. (1998). Stress related growth and thriving through coping: The roles of personality and cognitive procuresses. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 267-277.
Perkins, D.F. & Jones, K.R. (2004). Risk behaviors and resiliency within physically abused adolescents, Child Abuse & Neglect: 28, 547-63.
Piedmont, R.L. (1999). Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality Spiritual transcendence and the five-factor model? Journal of personality, 6, 685–1013.
Richards, P.S., Bergin, A.E (2007). A Spiritual Strategy for Counseling and Psychotherapy. U.S.A.: American Psychological Association.
Richards, P.S., Hardman, R.K. & Berrett, M. (2007). Spiritual Approaches in the Treatment of Women with Eating Disorders, Washington: American Psychological Association.
Sloan, E. (2005). Effects of religiosity on Mental Health. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 16, 14-18.
Smith, B.W., Tooley, E.M., Montague, E.Q., Robinson, A.E., Cosper, Ca.J. and Paul G., Mullins. (2009). The Role of Resilience and Purpose in Life in Habituation to Heat and Pain, Journal of Pain, 10(5), 493-500.
Sulmasy, D.P. (1997). The healer’s calling: A spirituality for physicians and other health care professionals, New York: Paulist Press.
Valentine, L. & Feinauer. (1993). Resilience factors associated with female survivors of childhood sexual abuse, American Journal of Family Therapy, 21, 3.
Walt, V., Alletta, E. (2006). A descriptive and exploratory study towards a spiritual intelligent transitional Model of organizational communication University of South Africa, Journal of Nursing Research, 35(2), 273-80.
Worthington, E., Diblasio, F. (1990). Promoting mutual forgiveness within the fractured relationship, Psychology, 27(2), 219-23.
Yang, KP. (2006). The spiritual intelligence of nurses in Taiwan., Journal of Nursing Research, 14(1), 24-35.
Yang, K.P., Mao, X.Y. (2007). A study of nurses\' spiritual intelligence: A cross- sectional questionnaire survey, Journal of Nursing Studies, 144, 999-1010.
