Virtual Inertia Control of Microgrid Consisting of Low Inertia Resources
Subject Areas : Power Smart Grid
Sahar Roudi
1
,
Reza Ebrahimi
2
,
Mahmood Ghanbari
3
,
Soheil Ranjbar
4
1 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
2 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
3 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University
4 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Velayat University, Iranshahr, Iran
Keywords: Inter-area oscillation, Virtual generator-based damping controller, low inertia resources, Controlled islanding scheme,
Abstract :
In this paper, an adaptive concept of virtual generator based controller for dynamic stability of microgrids consisting of low inertia resources. For this purpose, considering a set of energy storage systems dispatched in the network, a controlled islanding scheme is provided to dynamically control the microgrid frequency. In this context, based on the concept of center of inertia, the proposed virtual generator scheme is developed through mathematical formulation. Also, from the Inter-area torques evaluated by microgrid control areas in the center of inertia frame are used as input signals of the developed virtual generator based controller. For the energy storage systems, an equivalent dispatch model is provided and developed through the microgrid dynamic model for improving frequency stability during inter-area oscillations. The proposed virtual generator-based controller is an online and non-model-based scheme which controls several microgrid systems together as an integrated network connected to the upstream network. In order to evaluate the ability of the proposed scheme, realtime simulations are carried out on one test system consisting of several microgrids. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in increasing system inertia constant resulting in a proper dynamic performance with a high damping ratio in facing severe inter-area oscillation.
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[30] M. Lemmon," Comparison of Hardware Tests with SIMULINK Models of UW Microgrid," Technical Report, University of Notre Dame, 2010
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[34] H. Bevrani, T. Ise and Y. Miura," Virtual synchronous generators: a survey and new perspectives," Int J Electr Power Energy Syst., vol. 54, pp. 244-254, January 2014, doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.07.009.
_||_[1] D. E. Olivares et al., "Trends in Microgrid Control," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1905-1919, July 2014, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2013.2295514.
[2] H. Bevrani,” Robust power system frequency control,” New York: springer., vol. 4, July 2014, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07278-4.
[3] T. V. Van et al., "Virtual synchronous generator: An element of future grids," IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), pp. 1-7, Oct. 2010, doi: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2010.5638946.
[4] U. Tamrakar et al.,"Improving transient stability of photovoltaic-hydro microgrids using virtual synchronous machines," IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, pp. 1-6,June 2015, doi: 10.1109/PTC.2015.7232663.
[5] M. Zhang, Z. Zhang, H. Yi and X. Tang, "Demand Response Featured Dynamic Voltage Regulation of Active Distribution Network," IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia), Shanghai, China, 2022, pp. 1034-1039, doi: 10.1109/ICPSAsia55496.2022.9949836.
[6] R. Wu, W. Li, Z. Li, H. Zeng, N. Zou and Z. Wang, "Quantification Method for Inertia Heterogeneity of Power System Considering Node Coupling," IEEE 2nd International Conference on Electronic Technology, Communication and Information (ICETCI), Changchun, China, 2022, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICETCI55101.2022.9832214.
[7] Q. Peng, J. Fang, Y. Yang, T. Liu and F. Blaabjerg, "Maximum Virtual Inertia From DC-Link Capacitors Considering System Stability at Voltage Control Timescale," in IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 79-89, March 2021, doi: 10.1109/JETCAS.2021.3049686.
[8] K. M. Cheema and K. Mehmood, "Improved virtual synchronous generator control to analyse and enhance the transient stability of microgrid," IET Renewable Power Generation., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 495-505,March 2020, doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0855.
[9] H. Golpîra, H. Seifi, A. R. Messina and M. -R. Haghifam, "Maximum Penetration Level of Micro-Grids in Large-Scale Power Systems: Frequency Stability Viewpoint," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 5163-5171, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2538083.
[10] J. Varela, N. Hatziargyriou, L. J. Puglisi, M. Rossi, A. Abart and B. Bletterie, "The IGREENGrid Project: Increasing Hosting Capacity in Distribution Grids," in IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 30-40, May-June 2017, doi: 10.1109/MPE.2017.2662338.
[11] V. Knap, S. K. Chaudhary, D. -I. Stroe, M. Swierczynski, B. -I. Craciun and R. Teodorescu, "Sizing of an Energy Storage System for Grid Inertial Response and Primary Frequency Reserve," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3447-3456, Sept. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2503565.
[12] M. Karami, H. Seifi and M. Mohammadian,”Seamless control scheme for distributed energy resources in microgrids,” IET Gener Transm Distrib., vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 2756-2763, Aug. 2016, doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.1466.
[13] I. Sepehrirad et al.,”gent differential protection scheme for controlled islanding of microgrids based on decision tree technique,” J Control Autom Electr Syst (JCAE)., vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1233-1250, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s40313-020-00588-7.
[14] J. Zhu, C. D. Booth, G. P. Adam, A. J. Roscoe and C. G. Bright, "Inertia Emulation Control Strategy for VSC-HVDC Transmission Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1277-1287, May 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2213101.
[15] Q. -C. Zhong, "Power-Electronics-Enabled Autonomous Power Systems: Architecture and Technical Routes," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 5907-5918, July 2017, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2677339.
[16] Milano, F. Dörfler, G. Hug, D. J. Hill and G. Verbič, "Foundations and Challenges of Low-Inertia Systems (Invited Paper)," Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), Dublin, Ireland, 2018, pp. 1-25, doi: 10.23919/PSCC.2018.8450880.
[17] M. Choopani, S. Hosseinain and B. Vahidi, "A novel comprehensive method to enhance stability of multi-VSG grids," Int J Electr Power Energy Syst, vol. 104,pp. 502-514, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.07.027.
[18] K.M. Cheema, "A comprehensive review of virtual synchronous generator," Int J Electr Power Energy Syst., vol. 120, p. 106006, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106006.
[19] M.J. Alinezhad, M. Radmehr, and S. Ranjbar. "Adaptive wide area damping controller for damping inter‐area oscillations considering high penetration of wind farms." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems , vol. 30, no. 6, 2020, doi: 10.1002/2050-7038.12392.
[20] S. Katoch,, S.S. Chauhan and V. Kumar, "A review on genetic algorithm: past, present, and future," Multimed Tools Appl, vol. 80, pp. 8091–8126, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11042-020-10139-6.
[21] J.L. Meriam and L.G. Kraige," Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics," Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.,July 2012.
[22] H. Bevrani, "Robust Power System Frequency Control" 2nd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 2014.
[23] T. Amraee and S. Ranjbar,"Transient instability prediction using decision tree technique," IEEE Trans Power Syst., vol. 28, pp. 3028-3037, February 2013, doi: 10.1109/PESGM.2017.8274126.
[24] F. Teng, V. Trovato and G. Strbac,"Stochastic scheduling with inertia-dependent fast frequency response requirements," IEEE Trans Power Syst., vol. 31, no. 2, pp.1557-1566 ,June 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2434837.
[25] J. Fang et al., "Distributed power system virtual inertia implemented by grid-connected power converters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics., vol 33, no. 10, pp. 8488-8499, December 2017, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2785218.
[26] S. D'Arco, J.A. Suul and O.B. Fosso, "A virtual synchronous machine implementation for distributed control of power converters in SmartGrids," Electr Power Syst Res., vol. 122, pp.180-197, May 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2015.01.001.
[27] J. Fang, H. Li, Y. Tang and F. Blaabjerg, "Distributed Power System Virtual Inertia Implemented by Grid-Connected Power Converters," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 8488-8499, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2785218.
[28] C. Li, J. Xu and C. Zhao, "A Coherency-Based Equivalence Method for MMC Inverters Using Virtual Synchronous Generator Control," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 1369-1378, June 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2015.2499262.
[29] J. Rocabert, A. Luna, F. Blaabjerg and P. Rodríguez, "Control of Power Converters in AC Microgrids," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4734-4749, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2199334.
[30] M. Lemmon," Comparison of Hardware Tests with SIMULINK Models of UW Microgrid," Technical Report, University of Notre Dame, 2010
[31] S. Roudi et al.,"Virtual generator‐based damping controller for microgrids with low inertia resources based on energy storage systems," International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems., vol. 31, no. 5, p. 12832, May 2021,doi: 10.1002/2050-7038.12832.
[32] S.P. Kundur and O.P. Malik, Power System Stability and Control, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2022.
[33] Y. Sun,"The impact of voltage-source-converters' control on the power system: the stability analysis of a power electronics dominant grid," Technical Report., Phd Thesis., Technische Universiteit Eindhoven., Dec 2018.
[34] H. Bevrani, T. Ise and Y. Miura," Virtual synchronous generators: a survey and new perspectives," Int J Electr Power Energy Syst., vol. 54, pp. 244-254, January 2014, doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.07.009.
