Comparative study of the effect of aqueous
and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel
on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro
Subject Areas :
microbiology
Faranak Kalantare dezfuly
1
(MSc., Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran)
Zohreh Momeni
2
(Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran)
Mahdis Ebrahim Zadeh
3
(Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.)
Received: 2021-10-29
Accepted : 2022-07-28
Published : 2021-12-22
Keywords:
Aqueous extract,
Alcoholic extract,
Trichomonas vaginalis,
pomegranate peel,
IC50,
Abstract :
Objectives: Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection in the world. Metronidazole is currently used for the treatment of trichomoniasis, which has side effects. In recent years, the use of plants has been considered by researchers. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-trichomonal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.Methods: In this experimental study, the extracts were prepared, and to evaluate the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel on Trichomonas vaginalis parasites, the concentrations of 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 µg/ml were prepared. Metronidazole and TYM medium were considered positive and negative controls, respectively. Afterward, 105 live parasites were added to all wells, and all groups were kept at 37°C. Live parasites were counted at 24 and 48 h intervals by Trypan Blue using a neobar slide microscope (Hemocytometer). Also, the effect of metronidazole (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 µg/ml) was investigated as a drug control. Subsequently, the IC50 value for the above extract was calculated using GraphPad Prism 9. It should be noted that all steps of the experiment were performed in triplicate and the results were considered as average.Results: The IC50 of aqueous and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel on Trichomonas vaginalis were calculated at 226.3, 109.9 μg/ml after 24h and 60.16 and 32.6 μg/ml after 48h, respectively. The IC50 of metronidazole was calculated at 0.28 and 0.1 μg/ml after 24h and 48h. The highest mortality rate (100%) was observed at a concentration of 3200 μg/ml after 24h of exposure.Conclusion: While the aqueous and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel has an anti-Trichomonas effect, the anti-Trichomonas properties of the alcoholic extract are more than its aqueous extract. Further and more comprehensive studies are suggested to investigate this plant's constituents and the parasite's lethal effect in vitro and in vivo conditions.
References:
Van Gerwen OT & Muzny CA. Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. F1000Research. 2019; 8.
DOI: 12688/f1000research.19972.1
Korich F, Reddy N & Trent M. Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis: addressing disparities and promoting public health control of two emerging sexually transmitted infections. Current opinion in pediatrics. 2020; 32(4): 482.
Swygard H, Miller WC, Kaydos-Daniels SC, Cohen MS, Leone PA, Hobbs MM & et al. Targeted screening for Trichomonas vaginalis with culture using a two-step method in women presenting for STD evaluation. Sex Transm Dis. 2004; 31(11): 659-64.
Rasti S, Taghriri A & Behrashi M. Trichomoniasis in parturients referring to Shabihkhani hospital in Kashan, 2001-02. Feyz J Kashan Univ Med Sci. 2003; 7. (in Persian)
Brandelli CLC, Vieira PdB, Macedo AJ & Tasca T. Remarkable anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of plants traditionally used by the Mbyá-Guarani indigenous group in Brazil. Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013. DOI: 1155/2013/826370
Rafieian-Kopaei M, Yousofi Darani H, Delaram M, Safdari F, Banaian S, Sereshti M & et al. Effects of eucalyptus camaldulensis exracts on trichimonas vaginalis growth in vitro. J Med Plants. 2012; 2(42): 116-20. (in Persian).
Cunningham F, Leveno K, Bloom S, Spong CY & Dashe J. Williams obstetrics, 24e. Mcgraw-hill New York, NY, USA; 2014.
Berek JS & PJA H. Berek & Novak, s gynecology, 15th Tehran: Artin teb; 2012.
Jafarnezhad F, Kiyani Mask M, Rakhshandeh H & Taghi Shakeri M. Comparison of the percentage of medical success for Phytovagex vaginal suppository and Metronidazole oral tablet in women with bacterial vaginosis. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2017; 20(3):
29-39. (in Persian).
Ezatpour B, Badparva E, AHMADI S, Rashidipour M & Ziaei H. Investigation of anti Trichomonas vaginalis activity of Lavandula angyustifolia essential oil in invitro media. JOURNAL OF ILAM UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES. 2009; 14(4): 31-6. (in Persian)
Naemi F, Asghari G, Yousofi H & Yousefi HA. Chemical composition of essential oil and anti trichomonas activity of leaf, stem, and flower of Rheum ribes L. extracts. Avicenna J phytomedicine. 2014; 4(3): 191-9. (in Persian)
Khalili B, Rafieian M, Hejazi SH, Yusefi HA, Yektaian N & SHIRANI BL. Effect of Achillea millefolium, Artemisia absinthium & Juglans regia leaves extracts on Trichomonas vaginalis, in vitra. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 12(4): 62-9. (in Persian)
Lansky E, Shubert S, Neeman I & oet al. Pharmacological and therapeutic properties
of pomegranate. In: Symposium on production, processing and marketing of pomegranate in the Mediterranean region: advances in research and technology Séminaires Méditerranéens (CIHEAM); 2000: 231-5.
Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, Nitecki S, Hoffman A, Dornfeld L & et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr. 2004; 23(3): 423-33.
Zhang L, Zhang Y & Yang X. Antioxidant effects on oil and antibacterial activities of extracts from different parts of pomegranate. ZHONGGUO LIANGYOU XUEBAO. 2010; 25: 38-43.
Momeni Z, Sadraei J, Kazemi B & Dalimi A. Molecular typing of the actin gene of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by PCR-RFLP in Iran [Internet]. Experimental parasitology Elsevier. 2015; 159: 259-63. DOI:1016/j.exppara.2015.10.011
Meri T, Jokiranta TS, Suhonen L & Meri S. Resistance of Trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole: Report of the first three cases from Finland and optimization of in vitro susceptibility testing under various oxygen concentrations. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38(2): 763-7.
Moon T, Wilkinson JM & Cavanagh HMA. Antiparasitic activity of two Lavandula essential oils against Giardia duodenalis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Hexamita inflata. Parasitol Res. 2006; 99(6): 722-8.
Tonkal A. In Vitro Antitrichomonal Effect of Nigella Sativa Aqueous Extract and Wheat Germ Agglutinin. J King Abdulaziz Univ Sci. 2009; 16(2): 17-34.
Vazini H & Rahimi Esboei B. In vitro study of the effect of hydroalcholic extracts of Carum copticum and Ferula asafetida against Trichomonas vaginalis. Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci. 2018; 23(1): 76-83. (in Persian)
FAKHRIE KZ, Arbabi M, Delavari M, TAGHIZADEH M, Hooshyar H & Solaymani F. The effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Pelarqonium roseum on the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. 2014; 18(4): 369-75. (in Persian)
Yousefi M & et al. In-Vitro Effect of Menthe Piperita and Salvia Officinalis Extracts on Trichomonas Vaginalis. J Isfahan Med. 2013; 31(240): 811-8. (in Persian)
Baharvandi Z & Sadraei J. Comparison of the Effect of Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Mango and Blueberry Extracts on Trichomonas vaginalis in Vitro. Infect Epidemiol Med. 2016; 2(3): 24-7.
Ziaei Hezarjaribi H, Nadeali N, Fakhar M & Soosaraei M. Medicinal plants with anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity in Iran: A systematic review. Iran J Parasitol. 2019; 14(1): 1-9. (in Persian)
Mehriardestani M, Aliahmadi A, Toliat T, Rahimi R, Baharvandi Z, Sadraei J & et al. Medicinal plants and their isolated compounds showing anti-Trichomonas vaginalis-activity. Biomed & Pharmacother. 2017; 88(3): 885-93.
Rezaie-Kahkhaieh KPF. Evaluation of the Effect of Myrtus Comminus Extract on Trichomonas Vaginalis. J Zabol Med Sch. 2020; 3(1): 29-33. (in Persian)
Dahham SS, Ali MN, Tabassum H & Khan M. Studies on antibacterial and antifungal activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci. 2010; 9(3): 273-81.
Opara LU, Al-Ani MR & Al-Shuaibi YS. Physico-chemical properties, vitamin C content, and antimicrobial properties of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.). Food Bioprocess Technol. 2009; 2(3): 315-21.
Salahvarzi Y, Tehranifar A, Jahanbakhsh V & et al. Relation of antioxidant and antifungal activity of different parts of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extracts with its phenolic content. Iran J Med Aromat Plants. 2011; 27(1). (in Persian)
_||_
Van Gerwen OT & Muzny CA. Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. F1000Research. 2019; 8.
DOI: 12688/f1000research.19972.1
Korich F, Reddy N & Trent M. Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis: addressing disparities and promoting public health control of two emerging sexually transmitted infections. Current opinion in pediatrics. 2020; 32(4): 482.
Swygard H, Miller WC, Kaydos-Daniels SC, Cohen MS, Leone PA, Hobbs MM & et al. Targeted screening for Trichomonas vaginalis with culture using a two-step method in women presenting for STD evaluation. Sex Transm Dis. 2004; 31(11): 659-64.
Rasti S, Taghriri A & Behrashi M. Trichomoniasis in parturients referring to Shabihkhani hospital in Kashan, 2001-02. Feyz J Kashan Univ Med Sci. 2003; 7. (in Persian)
Brandelli CLC, Vieira PdB, Macedo AJ & Tasca T. Remarkable anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of plants traditionally used by the Mbyá-Guarani indigenous group in Brazil. Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013. DOI: 1155/2013/826370
Rafieian-Kopaei M, Yousofi Darani H, Delaram M, Safdari F, Banaian S, Sereshti M & et al. Effects of eucalyptus camaldulensis exracts on trichimonas vaginalis growth in vitro. J Med Plants. 2012; 2(42): 116-20. (in Persian).
Cunningham F, Leveno K, Bloom S, Spong CY & Dashe J. Williams obstetrics, 24e. Mcgraw-hill New York, NY, USA; 2014.
Berek JS & PJA H. Berek & Novak, s gynecology, 15th Tehran: Artin teb; 2012.
Jafarnezhad F, Kiyani Mask M, Rakhshandeh H & Taghi Shakeri M. Comparison of the percentage of medical success for Phytovagex vaginal suppository and Metronidazole oral tablet in women with bacterial vaginosis. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2017; 20(3):
29-39. (in Persian).
Ezatpour B, Badparva E, AHMADI S, Rashidipour M & Ziaei H. Investigation of anti Trichomonas vaginalis activity of Lavandula angyustifolia essential oil in invitro media. JOURNAL OF ILAM UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES. 2009; 14(4): 31-6. (in Persian)
Naemi F, Asghari G, Yousofi H & Yousefi HA. Chemical composition of essential oil and anti trichomonas activity of leaf, stem, and flower of Rheum ribes L. extracts. Avicenna J phytomedicine. 2014; 4(3): 191-9. (in Persian)
Khalili B, Rafieian M, Hejazi SH, Yusefi HA, Yektaian N & SHIRANI BL. Effect of Achillea millefolium, Artemisia absinthium & Juglans regia leaves extracts on Trichomonas vaginalis, in vitra. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 12(4): 62-9. (in Persian)
Lansky E, Shubert S, Neeman I & oet al. Pharmacological and therapeutic properties
of pomegranate. In: Symposium on production, processing and marketing of pomegranate in the Mediterranean region: advances in research and technology Séminaires Méditerranéens (CIHEAM); 2000: 231-5.
Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, Nitecki S, Hoffman A, Dornfeld L & et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr. 2004; 23(3): 423-33.
Zhang L, Zhang Y & Yang X. Antioxidant effects on oil and antibacterial activities of extracts from different parts of pomegranate. ZHONGGUO LIANGYOU XUEBAO. 2010; 25: 38-43.
Momeni Z, Sadraei J, Kazemi B & Dalimi A. Molecular typing of the actin gene of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by PCR-RFLP in Iran [Internet]. Experimental parasitology Elsevier. 2015; 159: 259-63. DOI:1016/j.exppara.2015.10.011
Meri T, Jokiranta TS, Suhonen L & Meri S. Resistance of Trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole: Report of the first three cases from Finland and optimization of in vitro susceptibility testing under various oxygen concentrations. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38(2): 763-7.
Moon T, Wilkinson JM & Cavanagh HMA. Antiparasitic activity of two Lavandula essential oils against Giardia duodenalis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Hexamita inflata. Parasitol Res. 2006; 99(6): 722-8.
Tonkal A. In Vitro Antitrichomonal Effect of Nigella Sativa Aqueous Extract and Wheat Germ Agglutinin. J King Abdulaziz Univ Sci. 2009; 16(2): 17-34.
Vazini H & Rahimi Esboei B. In vitro study of the effect of hydroalcholic extracts of Carum copticum and Ferula asafetida against Trichomonas vaginalis. Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci. 2018; 23(1): 76-83. (in Persian)
FAKHRIE KZ, Arbabi M, Delavari M, TAGHIZADEH M, Hooshyar H & Solaymani F. The effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Pelarqonium roseum on the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. 2014; 18(4): 369-75. (in Persian)
Yousefi M & et al. In-Vitro Effect of Menthe Piperita and Salvia Officinalis Extracts on Trichomonas Vaginalis. J Isfahan Med. 2013; 31(240): 811-8. (in Persian)
Baharvandi Z & Sadraei J. Comparison of the Effect of Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Mango and Blueberry Extracts on Trichomonas vaginalis in Vitro. Infect Epidemiol Med. 2016; 2(3): 24-7.
Ziaei Hezarjaribi H, Nadeali N, Fakhar M & Soosaraei M. Medicinal plants with anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity in Iran: A systematic review. Iran J Parasitol. 2019; 14(1): 1-9. (in Persian)
Mehriardestani M, Aliahmadi A, Toliat T, Rahimi R, Baharvandi Z, Sadraei J & et al. Medicinal plants and their isolated compounds showing anti-Trichomonas vaginalis-activity. Biomed & Pharmacother. 2017; 88(3): 885-93.
Rezaie-Kahkhaieh KPF. Evaluation of the Effect of Myrtus Comminus Extract on Trichomonas Vaginalis. J Zabol Med Sch. 2020; 3(1): 29-33. (in Persian)
Dahham SS, Ali MN, Tabassum H & Khan M. Studies on antibacterial and antifungal activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci. 2010; 9(3): 273-81.
Opara LU, Al-Ani MR & Al-Shuaibi YS. Physico-chemical properties, vitamin C content, and antimicrobial properties of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.). Food Bioprocess Technol. 2009; 2(3): 315-21.
Salahvarzi Y, Tehranifar A, Jahanbakhsh V & et al. Relation of antioxidant and antifungal activity of different parts of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extracts with its phenolic content. Iran J Med Aromat Plants. 2011; 27(1). (in Persian)
