Evaluation the Dimensions of Physical-Spatial Resilience of Urban Tissues in Crisis Conditions (Case study: Districts 2 and 12 of Tehran City)
Subject Areas :الهه بیگدلی 1 , کریم حسین زاده دلیر 2 , بختیار عزت پناه 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی رشته شهرسازی، واحد مرند ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، مرند، ایران.
2 - استاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد مرند ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، مرند، ایران.
3 - استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد مرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرند، ایران
Keywords: Urban Resilience, Physical-Spatial Dimensions, Crisis, Spatial Rupture, Districts 2 and 12 of Tehran City,
Abstract :
Introduction: Considering the results of research and acknowledging that Iran is one of the ten most catastrophic countries in the world due to its geographical location and geology, there are always human and financial losses due to disasters such as floods, earthquakes, droughts, storms, etc. Attention has been paid to the country, which has caused the cities and villages of Iran to be highly vulnerable. From this perspective, Tehran is considered as one of the metropolises with a very high degree of vulnerability in terms of natural disasters due to its vulnerability in various dimensions. Areas 2 and 12 of Tehran are two new and old areas with scattered and compact textures and a range of high to low risk of environmental crises. These areas are located in the old part of Tehran and its surroundings with some differences, and in general, the risk of vulnerability in these areas is very different. District 12 is the commercial heart, the center of the body and historical context of Tehran and in a word, its birthplace. The existing ossification of its texture is more or less in line with the historical ossification of the central part of the city. Due to the establishment of many parts of services and political institutions (urban and extra-urban scale) as well as the allocation of large areas of land in this area for extra-regional use and higher levels, it can be considered as the center of gravity of Tehran. On the other hand, the aristocracy of Region 2 over the territory and a significant part of Tehran, the existence of areas or settlements with homogeneous characteristics and dominant elements such as Milad Tower, intensify its characteristics for the centrality of the region. Therefore, it is important to explain the relationship between resilience and threats and reduce its effects, given the consequences and the emphasis that this analysis has on the resilience dimension. In fact, the purpose of this approach is to reduce vulnerability and strengthen the ability of local citizens to deal with the dangers posed by threats such as natural disasters.
Methodology:The present research is methodologically descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose. The time and place of these areas are 2 and 12 of Tehran metropolis, which was done in the summer of 1400. The statistical population of the study is the experts in the field of resilience in the field of executive and research, from which 73 people were selected as a sample and questioned. All data related to the research design have been collected in the form of documents and field. In order to review the theoretical foundations and related views, the latest available sources have been used and after compiling the relevant questionnaire and conducting the pre-test, the questionnaire has been completed and the survey has been completed. The mentioned questionnaire is of researcher-made type and has a Likert scale in 5 scales from very high to very low and its completion has been done by field studies and postal questionnaire. The variables of this study included two dimensions of resilience (physical-spatial and social) along with its indicators. Confirmation and determination of the studied indicators in this study based on theoretical principles and validity of its validity according to the importance of each to the study area, was confirmed by 11 experts. To determine the reliability of resilience dimensions, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.87 was used, which indicates the high reliability of the questions. Statistical analyzes such as frequency, percentages, maximum and minimum, mean and standard deviation have been used to analyze the data in the descriptive part. In the inferential section, one-sample t-test and Friedman test were used with the help of required statistical analysis.
Results and discussion:The results of the evaluation of physical, spatial and social dimensions and the status of urban resilience in the 12th metropolitan area of Tehran show that the frequency percentage of physical-spatial dimension is 34.25% moderate, 36.99% low and 28.77% very low. Therefore, according to the final score of the physical-spatial dimension level, according to all its indicators and criteria, it is average and less and has a tendency towards low spectrum. The prevalence of social dimension is 9.59% very high, 32.88% high, 34.25% medium, 19.18% low and 4.11% very low. Therefore, according to the final score, the level of social dimension is moderate according to all its components and criteria and tends to the average spectrum. Also, the evaluation score of urban resilience was 5.48% high, 21.92% medium, 43.84% low and 28.77% very low. Therefore, according to the final score, it was found that the level of urban resilience variable in the 12th metropolitan area of Tehran, considering all its dimensions, components and indicators, is low and its tendency towards the spectrum is very low. Evaluation of the results of Zone 2 shows that the frequency percentage of the physical-spatial dimension is 16.44% very high, 39.73% high, 34.25% moderate, 8.22% low and 1.37% very low. Therefore, according to the final score of the physical-spatial dimension, it is high according to all its indicators and criteria and has a very high tendency towards the spectrum. The frequency percentage of social dimension is 15.07% very high, 42.47% high, 28.77% medium, 10.96% low and 2.74% very low. Therefore, according to the final score, the level of social dimension is high according to all its components and indicators and tends to be very high. Also, the evaluation score of urban resilience was 38.36% high, 32.88% medium, 16.44% low and 12.33% very low. Therefore, according to the final score, it was found that the level of urban resilience variable in District 2 of Tehran metropolis with all its dimensions, components and indicators is high and its tendency towards the spectrum is very high.
Conclusion:Spatial distribution of resilience status and the possibility of crisis occurring between the 2nd and 12th districts of Tehran and also at the level of neighborhoods are not uniform. In this regard, the study and evaluation of the evaluated criteria show that among the 33 evaluated indicators, in total, the indicators of structure type, building quality, building life (year), population density (people per hectare), land use mixing index, location of uses and activities, Social capital, social vulnerability and socio-economic status have been more important. According to the final score of the physical-spatial dimension level, according to all its indicators and criteria, it is average and less and has a tendency towards low spectrum. According to the final score of the level of social dimension in region 12, all its components and criteria are moderate and tend to the middle spectrum, and the general index of urban resilience tends to the spectrum is very low. Evaluation of the results of Zone 2 shows that the level of physical-spatial dimension is high according to all its indicators and criteria and tends to the spectrum is very high. According to the final score, the level of social dimension is high according to all its components and indicators and tends to be very high. Therefore, according to the final score, it was found that the level of urban resilience variable in Tehran metropolitan area 2 is high due to all its dimensions, components and indicators and its tendency is very high. Assessing the average indicators of urban resilience in crisis and based on the 5-level Likert scale (very high, high, medium, low and very low), shows that the average physical-spatial dimension of region 12, between 9 to 31, is 47.39 and has a level (moderate).
Aghdasi A, Abbaspour M, Ahmadi A. (2022). Identifying and Prioritizing the Risks of Urban Rail Transportation Networks with Emphasis on Resilience (Case Study: Tehran Metro). j. health; 13 (1) :110-122. (In Persian).
Ainuddin, S., & Routray, J. K. (2012) Community resilience framework for an earthquake prone area in Baluchistan, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 25-36.
Arvin, M., Faraji, A., Bazrafkan, S. (2018). Study of Social Capital Effect on Earthquake Disaster Management with Emphasis on Resiliency (Case: Tehran City Region 9). Social Capital Management, 5(1), 1-24. doi: 10.22059/jscm.2018.245715.1490. (In Persian).
Bazgeer, S., Firoozi, Z., Shamsipour, A., Moghbel, M. (2019). Spatial Analysis of Environmental Conditions for Urban Agriculture in Tehran Metropolis (Case Study: District 5). Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), 7(1), 111-125. (In Persian).
Beilin, R., & Wilkinson, C. (2015). Introduction: Governing for urban resilience. Urban Studies, 52(7), 1205-1217.
Bildan, L. (2003) Disaster management in southeast Asia: an overview. Asian Disaster Preparedness Center.
Brent, W. Ritchie. (2004) Chaos, crises and disasters: a strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry. Tourism management, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 669-683.
Bristow, G. (2010) Resilient regions: Re-placating regional competitiveness. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.153-167.
Cai, Heng., Lam, Nina S.N., Qiang, Yi., Zou, Lei, Correll, Rachel M., Mihunov, V. (2018) A Synthesis of Disaster Resilience Measurement Methods and Indices, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 844-855.
Chandrashekar, H., Lokesh, K. V., Sameena, M., & Ranganna, G. (2015) GIS–based morphometric analysis of two reservoir catchments of Arkavati River, Ramanagaram District, Karnataka. Aquatic Procedia, Vol. 4, No. 14, pp. 1345-1353.
Chelleri, L., & Baravikova, A. (2021) Understandings of urban resilience meanings and principles across Europe. Cities, Vol. 108, No.10, pp.29-85.
Cloke, H. L., & Pappenberger, F. (2009) Ensemble flood forecasting: A review. Journal of hydrology, Vol. 375, No. 3-4, pp. 613-626.
Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008) A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global environmental change, Vo. 18, No. 4, pp. 598-606.
Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008) A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global environmental change, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 598-606.
D’Urso, P., and Giordani, P., (2006) A Weighted Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Model for Fuzzy Data. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, Vol.50, No.6, PP. 1496-1523.
Das, S. (2019) Geospatial mapping of flood susceptibility and hydro-geomorphic response to the floods in Ulhas basin, India. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, Vol. 14, No.3, pp. 60-74.
Desouza, K. C., & Flanery, T. H. (2013) Designing, planning, and managing resilient cities: A conceptual framework. Cities, Vol. 35, No. 14, pp. 89-99.
Detailed Plan of Region 2 (2006) Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Center for Studies and Planning of Tehran Municipality. (In Persian).
Ernstson, H., Van der Leeuw, S. E., Redman, C. L., Meffert, D. J., Davis, G., Alfsen, C., & Elmqvist, T. (2010). Urban transitions: on urban resilience and human-dominated ecosystems. Ambio, 39(8), 531-545.
Folke, C. (2012) Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social - ecological systems analyses. Global environmental change, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 253-267.
Gralepois, M. (2020) What Can We Learn from Planning Instruments in Flood Prevention? Comparative Illustration to Highlight the Challenges of Governance in Europe. Water, Vol.12, No. 6, pp.18-41.
Gunderson, L. (2009) Some Comparisons between Ecological and Human Community Resilience. INSCT, 14.
Hataminejad H, Vahedian Beiki L, Parnoon Z. (2014). The spatial distribution pattern of urban services Measurement in fifth region of Tehran using Entropy and Williamson models. GeoRes; 29 (3) :17-28. (In Persian).
Hawley, R. J., Bledsoe, B. P., Stein, E. D., & Haines, B. E. (2012) Channel Evolution Model of Semiarid Stream Response to Urban‐Induced Hydro modification 1, JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, Vol. 48, No.4, pp. 722-744.
Heinzlef, C., Barroca, B., Leone, M., & Serre, D. (2022). Urban resilience operationalization issues in climate risk management: A review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 102974.
Herreria, E., Byron, I., Kancans, R., & Stenekes, N. (2006). Assessing dependence on water for agriculture and social resilience. Canberra: Bureau of Rural Sciences.
Hogan, D. M., Jarnagin, S. T., Loperfido, J. V., & Van Ness, K. (2014) Mitigating the effects of landscape development on streams in urbanizing watersheds, JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, Vol. 50, No.1, pp. 163-178.
Holling, C. S. (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual review of ecology and systematics, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-23.
Jabareen, Y. (2013) Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk. Cities, Vol. 31, No. 20, pp. 220-229.
Kamrholm, A., Mechler, R., Mochizuki, J., Kunreuther, H., Bayer, J., Hanger, S., ... & Egan, C. (2014) Operationalizing resilience against natural disaster risk: opportunities, barriers, and a way forward. White Paper, Zurich Flood Resilience Alliance.
Laskar, J. (2003) requency map analysis and particle accelerators, In Proceedings of the 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference IEEE, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 378-382
Lechner, S., Jacometti, J., McBean, G., & Mitchison, N. (2016) Resilience in a complex world–Avoiding cross-sector collapse. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 84-91.
Lee, J. H., Nam, S. K., Kim, A. R., Kim, B., Lee, M. Y., & Lee, S. M. (2009) Resilience: a meta‐analytic approach. Journal of Counseling & Development, Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 269-279.
Leitner, H., Sheppard, E., Webber, S., & Colven, E. (2018). Globalizing urban resilience. Urban Geography, 39(8), 1276-1284.
León, J., & March, A. (2014) Urban morphology as a tool for supporting tsunami rapid resilience: A case study of Talcahuano, Chile. Habitat international, Vol. 43, No. 21, pp. 250-262.
Madzharov, S., (2013) the chalets of the future and the increasing significance of crisis management, university of Illinois Press. Retrieved from: https://www.longdom.org/.../the impact-of-strategic planning-on-crisis.
Maguire, B., & Hagan, P. (2007) Disasters and communities: understanding social resilience. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, The, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 16-20.
Marwitz, S., Maxson, N., Koch, B., Aukerman, T., Cassidy, J., & Belonger, D. (2008) Corporate crisis management: Managing a major crisis in a chemical facility, Journal of hazardous materials, Vol. 159, No. 1, pp. 92-104.
Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and urban planning, 147, 38-49.
Meng, M., Dabrowski, M., & Stead, D. (2020) Enhancing Flood Resilience and Climate Adaptation: The State of the Art and New Directions for Spatial Planning. Sustainability, Vol. 12, No.19, pp.64-78.
Mitchell, T., & Harris, K. (2012) Resilience: A risk management approach. ODI background note, 1-7.
Moaddab, R., Amini Hosseini, K. (2022). Development of a model for evaluating system performance in resilience of historical-commercial fabrics (traditional bazaars) against earthquake- Case study: Tabriz historical bazaar. Bulletin of Earthquake Science and Engineering, (In Press).
Monzavi, M., Soleimani, M., Tavallaii, S., Chavooshi, E. (2010). Vulnerability of City Deteriorated Districts of Centeral Tehran to Earthquake (case study of zone 12). Human Geography Research, 42 (73), pp.1-18. (In Persian).
Morelli, S., Battistini, A., & Catani, F. (2014) Rapid assessment of flood susceptibility in urbanized rivers using digital terrain data: Application to the Arno river case study (Firenze, northern Italy). Applied Geography, Vol. 54, No. 13, pp. 35-53.
Morelli, S., Battistini, A., & Catani, F. (2014) Rapid assessment of flood susceptibility in urbanized rivers using digital terrain data: Application to the Arno river case study (Firenze, northern Italy). Applied Geography, Vol. 54, No.13, pp. 35-53.
Norris, F. H., Sherrieb, K., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2011). Community resilience: concepts, assessment, and implications for. Resilience and mental health: Challenges across the lifespan, 162.
Rashid, H. (2011) Interpreting flood disasters and flood hazard perceptions from newspaper discourse: Tale of two floods in the Red River valley, Manitoba, Canada. Applied Geography, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 35-45.
Ribeiro, P. J. G., & Gonçalves, L. A. P. J. (2019). Urban resilience: A conceptual framework. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, 101625.
Saedi, G., Adhami, A., Saeedi, A. (2022). Prioritize the dimensions of resilience in the face of sanctions based on the views of citizens in Tehran. Political Sociology of Iran, 5(1), 249-271. (In Persian).
Sasanpour F, ahangari N, hajinejad S. (2017). Evaluation of the urban resilience against natural hazards in 12 region of Tehran Metropolis. jsaeh; 4 (3) :85-98. (In Persian).
Statistics Center of Iran (2016) Detailed results of the general population and housing census of Tehran. (In Persian).
Sun, H., Zhen, F., & Xie, Z. (2021) Urban resilience assessment based on contradiction between supply and demand of the daily activity–environment system: A case study on Nanjing, China. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 765, No. 14, pp.45-67.
Tierney, K., & Bruneau, M. (2007) Conceptualizing and measuring resilience: A key to disaster loss reduction. TR news, (250).
UNDP. (2016) An overview of disaster management: Assessing the role of human development. Oxford Development Studies, 44(1), 28-48.
Usamah, M., Handmer, J., Mitchell, D., & Ahmed, I. (2014) Can the vulnerable be resilient? Co-existence of vulnerability and disaster resilience: Informal settlements in the Philippines. International journal of disaster risk reduction, Vol. 10, No. 33, pp. 178-189.
Werchoch, V. (2012) Evaluation of multifunctional indicators to measure earthquake resilience in urban areas: A new literature review. International journal of disaster risk reduction, Vol. 31, No.12, pp. 311-330.
Zeng, X., Yu, Y., Yang, S., Lv, Y., & Sarker, M. N. I. (2022). Urban resilience for urban sustainability: Concepts, dimensions, and perspectives. Sustainability, 14(5), 2481
