A Review on Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Humans and the Potential Role of Bovine Leukemia Virus on Its Occurrence
Subject Areas :
محمد آراد زندیه
1
,
سعید بکایی
2
1 - دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران
2 - استادگروه بهداشت مواد غذایی، دانشکده دامپزشکی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
Keywords: Breast Cancer, Epidemiology, Bovine Leukemia Virus, Bovine Leukosis,
Abstract :
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and one of the causes of death due to cancer. This disease occurs due to the interaction between genetic and internal factors with environmental factors. Its early detection is through screening methods such as mammography, but not detecting it in time causes death and metastasis to different organs of the body. Infectious factors such as bovine leukosis virus, which is the causative agent of bovine enzootic leukosis disease in cattle population and has been proposed as a possible risk factor in breast cancer in humans. In this descriptive review study, searching for the words "breast cancer" along with "epidemiology" and "breast cancer" along with "bovine leukemia" and in Farsi in Persian databases in the period from 1399 to 1402 And English equivalents of words were searched in English databases in the years 2018 to 2023 and related articles. Factors such as genetics, gender, age, living environment, pregnancy, the results of individual behavior and infectious agents are among the most important risk factors for breast cancer. In a number of studies conducted on infectious agents such as bovine leukosis disease, which is found in cow's milk, it is observed that this virus is found in cancerous breasts. Also, in some studies, this factor has been raised as a risk in human-caused breast cancer, but in other studies, this factor was not found in breast cancer tissue and showed the possibility of its carcinogenesis. Therefore, considering the possible role of this virus in human breast cancer, it is suggested to carry out comprehensive epidemiological studies and practical laboratory studies to diagnose and investigate the cancer process of this virus.
Aida, Y., H. Murakami, M. Takahashi and S.-N. Takeshima (2013). "Mechanisms of pathogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus as a model for human T-cell leukemia virus." Frontiers in microbiology 4: 328.
Alibek, K., A. Mussabekova, A. Kakpenova, A. Duisembekova, Y. Baiken, B. Aituov, N. Karatayeva and S. Zhussupbekova (2013). "Childhood cancers: what is a possible role of infectious agents?" Infectious agents and cancer 8(1): 1-9.
Ashrafizadeh, M., K. Hushmandi, E. Rahmani Moghadam, V. Zarrin, S. Hosseinzadeh Kashani, S. Bokaie, M. Najafi, S. Tavakol, R. Mohammadinejad and N. Nabavi (2020). "Progress in delivery of siRNA-based therapeutics employing nano-vehicles for treatment of prostate cancer." Bioengineering 7(3): 91.
Axel, R., J. Schlom and S. Spiegelman (1972). "Presence in human breast cancer of RNA homologous to mouse mammary tumour virus RNA." Nature 235(5332): 32-36.
Balmana, J., O. Diez, I. Rubio and F. Cardoso (2011). "BRCA in breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines." Annals of Oncology 22: vi31-vi34.
Bane, A. L., J. C. Beck, I. Bleiweiss, S. S. Buys, E. Catalano, M. B. Daly, G. Giles, A. K. Godwin, H. Hibshoosh and J. L. Hopper (2007). "BRCA2 mutation-associated breast cancers exhibit a distinguishing phenotype based on morphology and molecular profiles from tissue microarrays." The American journal of surgical pathology 31(1): 121-128.
Biswas, H. H., Z. Kaidarova, G. Garratty, J. W. Gibble, B. H. Newman, J. W. Smith, A. Ziman, J. L. Fridey, R. A. Sacher and E. L. Murphy (2010). "Increased all-cause and cancer mortality in HTLV-II infection." Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 54(3): 290.
Bittner, J. J. (1936). "SOME POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF NURSING ON THE MAMMARY GLAND TUMOR INCIDENCE IN MICE." Science 84(2172): 162.
Bray, F., M. Laversanne, E. Weiderpass and I. Soerjomataram (2021). "The ever‐increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide." Cancer 127(16): 3029-3030.
Bray, F., P. McCarron and D. M. Parkin (2004). "The changing global patterns of female breast cancer incidence and mortality." Breast cancer research 6(6): 1-11.
Brewer, H. R., M. E. Jones, M. J. Schoemaker, A. Ashworth and A. J. Swerdlow (2017). "Family history and risk of breast cancer: an analysis accounting for family structure." Breast cancer research and treatment 165: 193-200.
Brujeni, G. N., T. T. Poorbazargani, S. Nadin-Davis, M. Tolooie and N. Barjesteh (2010). "Bovine immunodeficiency virus and bovine leukemia virus and their mixed infection in Iranian Holstein cattle." The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 4(09): 576-579.
Buehring, G., P. M. Kramme and R. D. Schultz (1994). "Evidence for bovine leukemia virus in mammary epithelial cells of infected cows." Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology 71(3): 359-365.
Buehring, G. C., A. DeLaney, H. Shen, D. L. Chu, N. Razavian, D. A. Schwartz, Z. R. Demkovich and M. N. Bates (2019). "Bovine leukemia virus discovered in human blood." BMC infectious diseases 19(1): 1-10.
Buehring, G. C., S. M. Philpott and K. Y. Choi (2003). "Humans have antibodies reactive with Bovine leukemia virus." AIDS research and human retroviruses 19(12): 1105-1113.
Buehring, G. C., S. M. Philpott and K. Y. Choi (2003). "Humans have antibodies reactive with Bovine leukemia virus." AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 19(12): 1105-1113.
Buehring, G. C., H. Shen, D. A. Schwartz and J. S. Lawson (2017). "Bovine leukemia virus linked to breast cancer in Australian women and identified before breast cancer development." PLoS One 12(6): e0179367.
Buehring, G. C., H. M. Shen, H. M. Jensen, K. Y. Choi, D. Sun and G. Nuovo (2014). "Bovine leukemia virus DNA in human breast tissue." Emerg Infect Dis 20(5): 772-782.
Buehring, G. C., H. M. Shen, H. M. Jensen, D. L. Jin, M. Hudes and G. Block (2015). "Exposure to bovine leukemia virus is associated with breast cancer: a case-control study." PloS one 10(9): e0134304.
Burd, E. M. (2003). "Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer." Clinical microbiology reviews 16(1): 1-17.
Catsburg, C., A. B. Miller and T. E. Rohan (2015). "Active cigarette smoking and risk of breast cancer." International journal of cancer 136(9): 2204-2209.
Chen, S. and G. Parmigiani (2007). "Meta-analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 penetrance." Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 25(11): 1329.
Dall, G. V. and K. L. Britt (2017). "Estrogen effects on the mammary gland in early and late life and breast cancer risk." Frontiers in oncology 7: 110.
De Flora, S. and S. La Maestra (2015). "Epidemiology of cancers of infectious origin and prevention strategies." Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene 56(1): E15.
De Martel, C., J. Ferlay, S. Franceschi, J. Vignat, F. Bray, D. Forman and M. Plummer (2012). "Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis." The lancet oncology 13(6): 607-615.
Delarmelina, E., M. A. Buzelin, B. S. Souza, F. M. Souto, J. M. Bicalho, R. J. F. Câmara, C. F. Resende, B. L. Bueno, R. M. Victor, G. C. F. Galinari, C. B. Nunes, R. C. Leite, A. Costa É and J. Reis (2020). "High positivity values for bovine leukemia virus in human breast cancer cases from Minas Gerais, Brazil." PLoS One 15(10): e0239745.
DeSantis, C. E., S. A. Fedewa, A. Goding Sauer, J. L. Kramer, R. A. Smith and A. Jemal (2016). "Breast cancer statistics, 2015: Convergence of incidence rates between black and white women." CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 66(1): 31-42.
Deshpande, T. M., A. Pandey and S. Shyama (2017). "Breast cancer and etiology."
Dudley, J. P., T. V. Golovkina and S. R. Ross (2016). "Lessons Learned from Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus in Animal Models." Ilar j 57(1): 12-23.
Efird, J. T., S. W. Davies, W. T. O’Neal and E. J. Anderson (2014). "Animal viruses, bacteria, and cancer: a brief commentary." Frontiers in public health 2: 14.
Gao, A., V. L. Kouznetsova and I. F. Tsigelny (2020). "Bovine leukemia virus relation to human breast cancer: Meta-analysis." Microbial Pathogenesis 149: 104417.
Gersten, O. and J. R. Wilmoth (2002). "The cancer transition in Japan since 1951." Demographic Research 7: 271-306.
Gillet, N. A. and L. Willems (2016). "Whole genome sequencing of 51 breast cancers reveals that tumors are devoid of bovine leukemia virus DNA." Retrovirology 13(1): 75.
Globocan, W. (2012). "Estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012." Int Agency Res Cancer.
Hamajima, N., K. Hirose, K. Tajima, T. Rohan, E. Calle, C. Heath, R. Coates, J. Liff, R. Talamini and N. Chantarakul (2002). "Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease." British journal of cancer 87(11): 1234-1245.
Hassanpour, M., M. Nadalian, S. Safi, R. Madani and S. Bokaie (2014). "Epidemiological survey of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection and its effective factors emphasis ELISA & nested PCR in dairy herds around Babol city (North of Iran) as a Caspian climate." European Journal of Zoological Research 3(1): 166-171.
Heer, E., A. Harper, N. Escandor, H. Sung, V. McCormack and M. M. Fidler-Benaoudia (2020). "Global burden and trends in premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer: a population-based study." The Lancet Global Health 8(8): e1027-e1037.
Hill, A. B. (1965). The environment and disease: association or causation?, Sage Publications.
Jackson, R. B. and C. Little (1933). "The existence of non-chromosomal influence in the incidence of mammary tumors in mice." Science 78(2029): 465-466.
Ji, J., J. Sundquist and K. Sundquist (2015). "Lactose intolerance and risk of lung, breast and ovarian cancers: aetiological clues from a population-based study in Sweden." British journal of cancer 112(1): 149-152.
Joko‐Fru, W. Y., E. Jedy‐Agba, A. Korir, O. Ogunbiyi, C. P. Dzamalala, E. Chokunonga, H. Wabinga, S. Manraj, A. Finesse and N. Somdyala (2020). "The evolving epidemic of breast cancer in sub‐Saharan Africa: Results from the African Cancer Registry Network." International Journal of Cancer 147(8): 2131-2141.
KARGAR, M. R., S. BOKAEI and M. MESHKOT (2002). "SEROEPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR ANTIBODIES AGAINST BLV, BH4, BVD, IBR, P13 AMONG BUFFALO IN CENTER OF BUFFALO SPERM PREPARATION IN OROMIEH."
Kettmann, R., D. Portetelle, M. Mammerickx, Y. Cleuter, D. Dekegel, M. Galoux, J. Ghysdael, A. Burny and H. Chantrenne (1976). Bovine leukemia virus: an exogenous RNA oncogenic virus? Modern Trends in Human Leukemia II: Biological, Immunological, Therapeutical and Virological Aspects, Springer.
Khan, Z., M. Abubakar, M. J. Arshed, R. Aslam, S. Sattar, N. A. Shah, S. Javed, A. Tariq, N. Bostan and S. Manzoor (2022). "Molecular investigation of possible relationships concerning bovine leukemia virus and breast cancer." Scientific Reports 12(1): 4161.
Kispert, S. and J. McHowat (2017). "Recent insights into cigarette smoking as a lifestyle risk factor for breast cancer." Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy: 127-132.
Lawson, J. S., B. Salmons and W. K. Glenn (2018). "Oncogenic viruses and breast cancer: mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), bovine leukemia virus (BLV), human papilloma virus (HPV), and epstein–barr virus (EBV)." Frontiers in oncology 8: 1.
Lemon, S. M. and D. R. McGivern (2012). "Is hepatitis C virus carcinogenic?" Gastroenterology 142(6): 1274-1278.
Majeed, W., B. Aslam, I. Javed, T. Khaliq, F. Muhammad, A. Ali and A. Raza (2014). "Breast cancer: major risk factors and recent developments in treatment." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 15(8): 3353-3358.
Melkonian, S. C., S. J. Henley, V. Senkomago, C. C. Thomas, M. A. Jim, A. Apostolou and M. Saraiya (2020). "Cancers associated with human papillomavirus in american indian and alaska native populations—United States, 2013–2017." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69(37): 1283.
Mesa, G., J. C. Ulloa, A. M. Uribe and M. F. Gutierrez (2013). "Bovine leukemia virus gene segment detected in human breast tissue."
Moore, P. S. and Y. Chang (2010). "Why do viruses cause cancer? Highlights of the first century of human tumour virology." Nature reviews cancer 10(12): 878-889.
Moore, P. S. and Y. Chang (2017). "Common commensal cancer viruses." PLoS pathogens 13(1): e1006078.
Munro, A. C. and C. Houldcroft (2016). Human cancers and mammalian retroviruses: should we worry about bovine leukemia virus?, Future Medicine. 11: 163-166.
NIKBAKHT, B. G., M. Rabbani, M. Emam and E. Rezatofighi (2010). "Serological and genomic detection of bovine leukemia virus in human and cattle samples."
Pal, A. K., M. Nandave and R. K. Gautam (2021). Chapter 31 - Advances in delivery of nanomedicines and theranostics for targeting breast cancer. Advanced Drug Delivery Systems in the Management of Cancer. K. Dua, M. Mehta, T. de Jesus Andreoli Pinto et al., Academic Press: 387-407.
Rastegar, H., H. A. Ashtiani, S. Anjarani, S. Bokaee, A. Khaki and L. Javadi (2013). "The role of milk thistle extract in breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) apoptosis with doxorubicin." Acta Medica Iranica: 591-598.
Rosewick, N., K. Durkin, M. Artesi, A. Marcais, V. Hahaut, P. Griebel, N. Arsic, V. Avettand-Fenoel, A. Burny and C. Charlier (2017). "Cis-perturbation of cancer drivers by the HTLV-1/BLV proviruses is an early determinant of leukemogenesis." Nature communications 8(1): 15264.
Rosewick, N., M. Momont, K. Durkin, H. Takeda, F. Caiment, Y. Cleuter, C. Vernin, F. Mortreux, E. Wattel and A. Burny (2013). "Deep sequencing reveals abundant noncanonical retroviral microRNAs in B-cell leukemia/lymphoma." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(6): 2306-2311.
Saha, T., J. Solomon, A. O. Samson and H. Gil-Henn (2021). "Invasion and metastasis as a central hallmark of breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10(16): 3498.
Sánchez, H., M. W. Paul, M. Grosbart, S. E. van Rossum-Fikkert, J. H. Lebbink, R. Kanaar, A. B. Houtsmuller and C. Wyman (2017). "Architectural plasticity of human BRCA2–RAD51 complexes in DNA break repair." Nucleic acids research 45(8): 4507-4518.
Schwingel, D., A. P. Andreolla, L. M. Erpen, R. Frandoloso and L. C. Kreutz (2019). "Bovine leukemia virus DNA associated with breast cancer in women from South Brazil." Scientific reports 9(1): 2949.
Selgrad, M., P. Malfertheiner, L. Fini, A. Goel, C. R. Boland and L. Ricciardiello (2008). "The role of viral and bacterial pathogens in gastrointestinal cancer." Journal of Cellular Physiology 216(2): 378-388.
Siegel, R. L., K. D. Miller, H. E. Fuchs and A. Jemal (2022). "Cancer statistics, 2022." CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 72(1): 7-33.
Siegel, R. L., K. D. Miller and A. Jemal (2018). "Cancer statistics, 2018." CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 68(1): 7-30.
Sung, H., J. Ferlay, R. L. Siegel, M. Laversanne, I. Soerjomataram, A. Jemal and F. Bray (2021). "Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries." CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 71(3): 209-249.
Szabo, S., A. M. Haislip, V. Traina-Dorge, J. M. Costin, B. E. Crawford, 2nd, R. B. Wilson and R. F. Garry (2005). "Human, rhesus macaque, and feline sequences highly similar to mouse mammary tumor virus sequences." Microsc Res Tech 68(3-4): 209-221.
Tang, K.-W., B. Alaei-Mahabadi, T. Samuelsson, M. Lindh and E. Larsson (2013). "The landscape of viral expression and host gene fusion and adaptation in human cancer." Nature Communications 4(1): 2513.
Tolouei, M., B. T. Taghipour, B. G. R. NIKBAKHT, Z. Khaki, S. Bokaei and I. Ashrafi (2009). "AN ABATTOIR SURVEY ON PREVALENCE OF ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS VIRUS INFECTION AND ASSOCIATED CLINICAL, HAEMATOLOGICAL AND FLOW CYTOMETRIC FINDINGS IN HOLESTEIN CATTLE IN TEHRAN."
Troisi, R., D. Altantsetseg, G. Davaasambuu, J. Rich-Edwards, D. Davaalkham, S. Tretli, R. N. Hoover and A. L. Frazier (2012). "Breast cancer incidence in Mongolia." Cancer Causes & Control 23: 1047-1053.
Villalobos-CortÃ, A. (2017). "Enzootic bovine leukosis and the risk to human health." African Journal of Biotechnology 16(15): 763-770.
Vinner, L., T. Mourier, J. Friis-Nielsen, R. Gniadecki, K. Dybkaer, J. Rosenberg, J. L. Langhoff, D. F. S. Cruz, J. Fonager and J. M. Izarzugaza (2015). "Investigation of human cancers for retrovirus by low-stringency target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing." Scientific reports 5(1): 13201.
Voisset, C., R. A. Weiss and D. J. Griffiths (2008). "Human RNA “rumor” viruses: the search for novel human retroviruses in chronic disease." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 72(1): 157-196.
Washbrook, E. (2006). "Risk factors and epidemiology of breast cancer." Women's Health Medicine 3(1): 8-14.
Whitley, C., K. Gunst, H. Müller, M. Funk, H. Zur Hausen and E.-M. de Villiers (2014). "Novel replication-competent circular DNA molecules from healthy cattle serum and milk and multiple sclerosis-affected human brain tissue." Genome announcements 2(4): e00849-00814.
WHO. (2023 ). "WHO launches new roadmap on breast cancer." from https://www.who.int/news/item/03-02-2023-who-launches-new-roadmap-on-breast-cancer.
Zhang, R., J. Jiang, W. Sun, J. Zhang, K. Huang, X. Gu, Y. Yang, X. Xu, Y. Shi and C. Wang (2016). "Lack of association between bovine leukemia virus and breast cancer in Chinese patients." Breast Cancer Research 18: 1-2.
Zhao, Y., L.-J. Jin and X.-Y. Zhang (2021). "Exosomal miRNA-205 promotes breast cancer chemoresistance and tumorigenesis through E2F1." Aging (Albany NY) 13(14): 18498.
Zhu, X. and L. Li (2021). "Circ-DONSON knockdown inhibits cell proliferation and radioresistance of breast cancer cells via regulating SOX4." Journal of Oncology 2021.
Zur Hausen, H. and E. M. de Villiers (2015). "Dairy cattle serum and milk factors contributing to the risk of colon and breast cancers." International journal of cancer 137 (4): 959-967
