Contaminant-immobilization Amendments: Immobilization Mechanisms and Environmental Considerations of Application

Subject Areas : Water and Environment

Ramin Salmasi ¹

1 - Scientific research member of agricultural and natural resources of east Azerbayjan

Received: 2011-04-29 Accepted : 2012-02-19 Published : 2013-01-20

Keywords: Heavy Metals, agricultural systems, Industrial products,

Abstract :

Pollutant discharge from agricultural systems as a result if agricultural activities is as one of the factors for soil and water quality. Various soil and water remediation techniques including the use of chemical amendments have been applied to reduce the risks associated with these contaminants.  This paper reviews the use of chemical amendments for immobilizing chemical amendments, the chemistry of contaminant immobilization, and environmental concerns associated with the use of these products.  The commonly used chemical amendments were grouped into aluminum-, calcium-, and iron-containing products. Other products of interest include phosphorus-containing compounds and silicate clays. Mechanisms of contaminant immobilization include one or a combination of the following: surface precipitation, adsorption to mineral surfaces (ion exchange and formation of stable complexes), precipitation as salts, and co-precipitation. Reviews of environmental implications revealed that undesirable substances such as trace elements, fluoride, sulfate, total dissolved solids, as well as radioactive materials associated with some industrial wastes used as amendment could be leached to ground water or lost through runoff to receiving water bodies. The acidity or alkalinity associated with some of the industrial-waste amendments could also constitute a substantial environmental hazard. Chemical amendments have elements capable of affecting the activities of certain microbes that could influence geochemical processes such as mineral dissolution and formation, weathering, and organic matter mineralization.

References:

1. USEPA. National Water Quality Inventory [Online]. Available at http://www.epa. Gov/305b/2000report/2003 (verified 14 Nov. 2003). USEPA, Washington, D.C.


2. Adriano, DC, 2001. Trace elements in terrestrial environments: biogeochemistry, bioavailability, and risks of metals. 2^nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag.


3.  Kabata-Pendias, A., and Pendias, H., 1992. Trace elements in soils and plants, CRC Press.


4. Agyei, N., Strydom, C., Potgieter, J., 2002. The removal of phosphate ions from aqueous solution by fly ash, slag, ordinary Portland cement and related blends. Cem Concrete Res, 32:1889–97.


5. Alvarez-Ayuso, E., Garcia-Sanchez, A., 2003a. Palygorskite as a feasible amendment to stabilize heavy metal polluted soils. Environ Pollut., 125:337–44.


6. Alvarez-Ayuso E, Garcia-Sanchez A. 2003b. Sepiolite as a feasible soil additive for the immobilization of cadmium and zinc. Sci Total Environ., 305:1-12.


7. Anderson, D., Tuovinen, O., Faber, A., Ostrokowski, I., 1995. Use of soil amendments to reduce  soluble phosphorus in dairy soils. Ecol Eng, 5:229–46.


8. Bouwer, H., 1989. Agricultural contamination: problems and solutions. Water Environ Technol, 1(2):292–7.


9. USEPA. National Water Quality Inventory: 2002. Rep. No. 841R02001. Washington, DC: USEPA; 468 pp.


10. Yu, J., Lei, T., Shainberg, I., Mamedov, A., Levy, G., Infiltration and erosion in soils treated with dry PAM and gypsum. 2003. Soil Sci Soc Am J., 67:630–6.


11. Zhu, B., Alva, A., 1993. Trace metal and cation transport in a sandy soil with various amendments. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 57:723–727.


12. Summers, RN, Guise, NR, Smirk, DD, Summers, KJ., 1996. Bauxite residue (red mud)       improves pasture growth on sandy soils in Western Australia. Aust J Soil Res.,  34:569–581.


13. Sims J, Luka-McCafferty N. On-farm evaluation of aluminum sulfate (alum) as a poultry litter amendment: effects on litter properties. J Environ Qual 2002;31:2066–73.


14. Udeigwe, TK, Wang, JJ, Zhang, H., 2009. Effectiveness of bauxite residues in immobilizing contaminants in manure-amended soils. Soil Sci.,174:676–87.


15. Sparks, D., 2003. Environmental soil chemistry. California: Academic Press.


16. McBride, M, Sauve S, Hendershot W., 2005. Solubility control of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in contaminated soils. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 48:337–46.


17. McConchie D, Clark MW, Davies-McConchie F., 2002. New strategies for the management of bauxite refinery residues (red mud). P. 327–332. Proceedings of the 6^th International Alumina Quality Workshop. Australia: Brisbane. P. 8-13. September.


18. Sawyer, C., McCarty, P., Parkin, G., 2002. Chemistry for environmental engineering and science. New Jersey, McGraw-Hill.


19. Gier, S., Johns, W., 2000. Heavy metal-adsorption on micas and clay minerals studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Appl. Clay Sci., 16, 289–99.


20. Dyer, J., Trivedi, P., Scrivner,  N., Sparks, D., 2004. Surface complexation modeling of zinc sorption onto ferrihydrite. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 270, 56–65.


21. Jain, A., Raven, KP, Loeppert, RH, 1999. Arsenite and arsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite: surface  charge reduction and net OH− release stoichiometry. Environ Sci Technol.,  33, 1179–84.


22. Sang-Hwan, Lee, A., Eui, Young, Kim, A., Hyun, Park, B., Jihoon, Yun, C., Jeong-Gyu, Kim, 2011. In situ stabilization of arsenic and metal-contaminated agricultural soil usingindustrial by-products, Geoderma 161, 1–7


23. Vandecasteele, C., Dutré, V., Geysen, D., Wauter, G., 2002. Solidification/stabilization of arsenic bearing fly ash from metallurgical industry. Immobilization mechanism of arsenic. Waste Manage. 22, 143–146.


24. Wenzel, W.W., Kirchbaumer, N., Prohask, T., Stingeder, G., Lombi, E., Adriano, D.C., 2001. Arsenic fractionation in soils using an improved sequential extraction procedure. Anal. Chim. Acta 436, 309–323.


25. Mench, M., Vangronsveld, J., Beckx, C., Ruttens, A., 2006. Progress in assisted natural remediation of arsenic contaminated soil. Environ. Pollut. 144, 51–61.


26. Narwal, R.P., Singh, B.R., Salbu, B., 1999. Association of cadmium, zinc, copper, and nickel with components in naturally heavy metal-rich soils studied by parallel and sequential extractions. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 30, 1209–1230.


27. Hinojosa, M.B., Carreira, J.A., García-Ruíz, R., Dick, R.P., 2004. Soil moisture pretreatment effects on enzyme calcium as indicators of heavy metal-contaminated and reclaimed soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36, 1559–1568.


28. Hinojosa, M.B., Carreira, J.A., Rodríguez-Maroto, J.M., García-Ruíz, R., 2008. Effects of pyrite sludge pollution on soil calcium activities: ecological dose–response model. Sci. Total Environ. 396, 89–99.


29. ISO 11466, 1995. Soil Quality — Extraction of Trace Elements Soluble in Aqua Regia.International Organization of Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.


30. Hartley W, Lepp N. Remediation of arsenic contaminated soils by CaO application, evaluated in terms of plant productivity, arsenic and phytotoxicmetal uptake. Sci Total Environ 2008;390:35–44.


31. Hartley W, Edwards R, Lepp N. Arsenic and heavy metal mobility in calcite amended contaminated soils as evaluated by short- and long-term leaching tests. Environ Pollut 2004;131: 495–504.


32. Han FX, Kingery WL, Selim HM, Gerard PD. Accumulation of heavy metals in a longterm poultry waste-amended soil. Soil Sci 2000;165:260–8.


33. Hao X, Larney F, Chang C, Travis G, Nichol C, Bremer E. The effect of phosphogypsum on greenhouse gas emissions during cattle manure composting. J Environ Qual 2005;34: 774–81.


34. Harmel R, Smith D, Haney R, Dozier M. Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff from cropland and pasture fields fertilized with poultry litter. J Soil Water Conserv 2009;64: 400–12.


35. Hartley W, Lepp N. Remediation of arsenic contaminated soils by bentonite  application, evaluated in terms of plant productivity, arsenic and phytotoxic metal uptake. Sci Total Environ 2008;390: 35–44.


36. Chiu VQ, Hering JG. Arsenic adsorption  and oxidation at manganite surfaces. 1. Method for simultaneous determination of adsorbed and dissolved arsenic species. Environ Sci Technol 2000;34: 2029–34.


37. Kaggwa R, Mulalelo C, Denny P, Okurut T. The impact of alum discharges on a natural tropical wetland in Uganda. Water Res 2001; 35: 795–807.


38. Kaiser K, Guggenberger G. The role of  DOM sorption to mineral surfaces in the preservation of heavy metals in soils. Org Geochem 2000; 31:711–25.


39. Okhoovat, M., Dadeny, P., and Eradat, S. 1994. A mechanistic description of Cd and Pb sorption on montmorillonite. J. Con. Hyd., 14, 57-63.


40. Kuvirel, J., Lagerkvist, A., Maurice, C., 2008. Stabilization of As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil using amendments—a review. Waste Manage. 28, 215–225.


41. سلماسی، ر.، 1374. بررسی حرکت نیکل، کادمیوم و سرب در خاک های جنوب تهران. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، گروه خاک­شناسی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران.


42. Jala, S., Goyal, D., 2006. Fly ash as a soil ameliorant for improving crop production—a review. Bioresour Technol., 97, 1136–47.


43. Brown S, Christensen B, Lombi E, McLaughlin M, McGrath S, Colpaert J.,  2005. An interlaboratory study to test the ability of amendments to reduce the availability of Cd, Pb, and Zn in situ. Environ Pollut., 138, 34–45.


44. Sharpley, A., 2000. Agriculture and phosphorus management: the Chesapeake Bay. CRC.


45. Khare, N., Hesterberg, D., Martin, JD., 2005. XANES investigation of phosphate sorption in single and binary systems of iron and aluminum oxide inerals. Environ Sci. Technol., 39, 2152–60.


46. McBride, M. B., 1981. Chemisorption of Cd on calcite surfaces. SSSAJ, 44: 26-28.


47. Jain, A., Raven, KP, Loeppert, RH., 1999. Arsenite and arsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite: surface charge reduction and net OH− release stoichiometry. Environ Sci Technol., 33, 1179–84.


48. Tournassat C, Charlet L, Bosbach D, Manceau A., 2002. Arsenic(III) oxidation by birnessite and precipitation of manganese(II) arsenate. Environ Sci Technol;36:493–500.


49. Porter SK, Scheckel KG, Impellitteri CA, Ryan JA., 2004. Toxic metals in the environment: thermodynamic considerations for possible mmobilization strategies for Pb, Cd, As, and Hg. Crit Rev Env Sci Technol, 34:495–604.


50. Temminghoff E, Van der Zee S, de Haan F. 1997. Copper mobility in a copper-contaminated sandy soil as affected by pH and solid and dissolved  organic matter. Environ Sci Techno, 31:1109–15.


51. Udeigwe TK, Wang JJ, Zhang H., 2009. Effectiveness of bauxite residues in immobilizing contaminants in manure-amended soils. Soil Sci., 174:676–87.


52. Yu J, Lei T, Shainberg I, Mamedov A, Levy G., 2003. Infiltration and erosion in soils treated with dry PAM and gypsum. Soil Sci Soc Am J; 67:630–6.


53. Zachara, J., 1992. Cadmium sorption to soil separates, SSSA, 56:1074-1084.


54. Jackson B, Miller W. Effectiveness of phosphate and hydroxide for desorption of arsenic and selenium species from iron oxides. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2000; 64:1616–22.


55. Udeigwe TK, Wang JJ, Zhang H. 2007. Predicting runoff of suspended solids and particulate phosphorus for selected Louisiana soils using simple soil tests. J Environ Qual., 36, 1310–1317.


56. Zhu B, Alva A., 1993. Trace metal and cation transport in a sandy soil with various amendments. Soil Sci Soc Am J., 57, 723–727.


57. Whalen J., 2002.  Calcium co-amendments modify extractable orthophosphate levels in fresh and composted cattle manure. Water Air Soil Pollut, 141, 105–124.


58. Scheckel KG, Ryan JA, Allen D, Lescano NV., 2005. Determining speciation of Pb in phosphate amended soils: method limitations. Sci Total Environment, 350:261–272.


59. Arnich N, Lanhers MC, Laurensot F, Podor R, Montiel A, Burnel D., 2003.  In vitro and in vivo studies of lead immobilization by synthetic hydroxyapatite. Environ Pollut; 124: 139–149.


60. Melamed R, Cao X, Chen M, Ma LQ., 2003. Field assessment of lead immobilization in a contaminated soil after phosphate application. Sci Total Environ; 305: 117–127.


61. Garcia-Sanchez A, Alvarez-Ayuso E, Rodriguez-Martin F. 2002. Sorption of As (V) by some oxyhydroxides and clay minerals. Application to its mmobilization in two polluted mining soils. Clay Miner., 37:187–194.


62. Hartley W, Edwards R, Lepp N., 2004. Arsenic and heavy metal mobility in iron oxideamended contaminated soils as evaluated by short- and long-term leaching tests. Environ Pollut;131: 495–504.


63. Dyer J, Trivedi P, Scrivner N, Sparks D. 2004. Surface complexation modeling of zinc sorption onto zeolite. J Colloid Interface Sci., 270:56–65.


64. Domek MJ, LeChevallier MW, Cameron SC, McFeters GA., 1984. Evidence for the role of copper in the injury process of coliform bacteria in drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol., 48:289–293.


65. Pearson HW, Mara DD, Bartone CR., 1987. Guidelines for the minimum evaluation of the performance of full-scale wastes stabilization pond systems. Water Res., 21: 1067–1075.


66. Kaggwa R, Mulalelo C, Denny P, Okurut T., 2001. The impact of alum discharges on a natural tropical wetland in Uganda. Water Res., 35, 795–807.


67. Smith D, Moore Jr P, Griffis C, Daniel T, Edwards D, Boothe D., 2001. Effects of alum and aluminum chloride on phosphorus runoff from swine manure. J Environ Qual., 30:992–998.


68. Rutherford P, Dudas M, Samek R., 1994. Environmental impacts of phosphogypsum. Sci Total Environ; 149:1-38.


69. McConchie D, Clark MW, Davies-McConchie F., 2002. New strategies for the management of bauxite refinery residues (red mud). P. 327–332. Proceedings of the 6^th International Alumina Quality Workshop. Australia: Brisbane;. P. 8-13.


70. Menzies NW, Fulton IM, Morrell WJ, 2004. Seawater neutralization of alkaline bauxite residue and implications for revegetation. J Environ Qual; 33:1877–1884.


71. Abbady A, El-Arabi A., 2006. Naturally occurring radioactive material from the aluminium industry—a case study: the Egyptian Aluminium Company, Nag Hammady, Egypt. J Radiol Prot;26:415–422.


72. Lee P, Delay I, Nasserzadeh V, Swithenbank J, McLeod C, Argent B., 2006. Characterization, decontamination  and health effects of fly ash from waste incinerators. Environ Prog;17: 261–269.