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Manuscript ID : JEST-2207-5713 (R1) Visit : 102 Page: 61 - 75

10.30495/jest.2023.68388.5713

Article Type: Original Research

Developing conceptual and evaluative model of low carbon cities

Subject Areas : Urban Environment

Saeedeh Sheikhi 1 (Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.)
Fereshteh Habib 2 (Professor, Department of Architecture, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.*(CorrespondingAuthor))
Farah Habib 3 (Department of Urban Planning, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.)

Received: 2022-07-13 Accepted : 2022-10-10 Published : 2022-10-23

Keywords: Theoretical-Evaluative Model, Carbon, Low Carbon City, City,

Abstract :

Background and Objective: Today, on the city’s issues Context; recent intellectual orientations are being born. Low carbon city is one of the newest theoretical and practical ideas about how modern sustainable urban management and city and urban life development. In this regard, the study of sources in this field shows that the establishment of low-carbon conceptual structures due to the multiplicity of sides in themselves tended to scatter in their subject areas and this process can be effective during on the related knowledge. The main goal of this research is to develop a conceptual model of low-carbon cities in order to read and recognize its concept and theory. Material and Methodology:  In this research, a theoretical and evaluative model of reading low-carbon cities accordance with the available texts with a theoretical orientation has been prepared and compiled by Qualitative approach and Documentary research. The research period is between 1400-1401. Fidings: The low-carbon city is theoretically a multilevel conceptual structure with the possibility of polygonal readings in categories, defining and evaluating procedures. According on the mentioned Gap, formulating one or a set of conceptual and evaluative models; It makes possible the integrated reading of this new mental and objective concept of future urban planning on world scale. Discussion & Conclusion: the conceptual structure of low carbon city has special and unique coordinates that has not been theoretically considered and integrated by researchers. it is possible to have a more accurate and complete knowledge of the low carbon city, and at the same time, the development options of this model are possible in future researches in accordance with the advances in knowledge

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  31. Ma, L. M., Li, Y. J., & Hu, S. J. (2014). Empirical Research on evaluation of low-carbon economy development level in resource-based city. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 869, pp. 1048-1051). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
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  33. Mofidi, Mohammad Ali, Mohammadi, Maryam (2017). Evaluation of the organic texture form of Tajrish neighborhood of Tehran city based on the design principles of low carbon urban neighborhood form, Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning of Islamic World Countries, Tabriz.
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_||_

  1. Constantinou, C. S. (2021). People Have to Comply with the Measures”: Covid-19 in “Risk Society. Journal of Applied Social Science, 15(1), 3-11.
    2.


  1. De la Torre, A., Fajnzylber, P., & Nash, J. (2009). Low carbon, high growth: Latin American responses to climate change: an overview, Washington: World Bank.
    2.
  2. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2020). World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization, https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/10/wcr_2020_report.pdf
    3.
  3. Wang M., Zhang L., Gao K., Liu, L. (2016) Significance of Development of Low-Carbon Healthy Cities. In: Huang W., Wang M., Wang J., Gao K., Li S., Liu C. (eds) China Low-Carbon Healthy City, Technology Assessment and Practice. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp:15-28, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49071-6_2.
    4.
  4. Satterthwaite, D. (2008). Cities' contribution to global warming: notes on the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Environment and urbanization, 20(2), 539-549.
    5.
  5. Griffiths, S.; Sovacool, B.K. (2020). Perspective: Rethinking the future low-carbon city: Carbon neutrality, green design, and sustainability tensions in the making of Masdar City, Energy Research & Social Science 62, 101368, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101368.
    6.
  6. Hodson, M., & Marvin, S. (2011). Can cities shape socio-technical transitions and how would we know if they were.  In Bulkeley, H., Broto, V. C., Hodson, M., & Marvin, S. (Eds.). Cities and low carbon transitions, (Vol. 35).pp: 54-70.
    7.
  7. Wenyao, Y. (2010). Practice and Innovation of Low-carbon Concept in the Planning of Hongqiao Business District, the impact of spatial planning, urban design and built form on urban sustainability, 46thISOCARP Congress 2010,http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/1714.pdf.
    8.
  8. Kennedy, S., & Sgouridis, S. (2011). Rigorous classification and carbon accounting principles for low and Zero Carbon Cities. Energy Policy, 39(9), 5259-5268.
    9.
  9. Academy of Science of South Africa. (2011). Towards a low carbon city: Focus on Durban, report of the ASSAf consensus study on low carbon cities. Pretoria, South Africa: ASSAf.
    10.
  10. Sheikhi, S., Habib, F., Habib, F. (2021). Low Carbon City: from Origin to Definitions and Categories; A brief Theoretical Overview. The Third National Conference on Urban Planning and Knowledge-based Architecture, Tehran: Islamic Azad University, Department of Science and Research.
    11.
  11. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th Ed), Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
    12.
  12. Sadeqi Fasai, S., Erfanmanesh, I. (2015). Methodological Principles of Documentary Research in Social Sciences; Case of Study: Impacts of Modernization on Iranian Family. , 8(29), 61-91.
    13.
  13. Littell, J. H., Corcoran, J., & Pillai, V. (2008). Systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    14.
  14. Cheng, J., Zeng, G., & Fang, T. (2012). The origin and connotation of low Carbon City: A conceptual framework. In 2012 Fifth International Joint Conference on Computational Sciences and Optimization (pp. 706-709). IEEE.
    15.
  15. Urban, F., Nordensvärd, J. (2013). Low carbon development: Key issues. London: Earthscan, Routledge.
    16.
  16. Su, M. R., Chen, B., Xing, T., Chen, C., & Yang, Z. F. (2012). Development of low-carbon city in China: Where will it go? Procedia Environmental Sciences, 13, 1143-1148.
    17.
  17. Yuan, H., Zhou, P., & Zhou, D. (2011). What is low-carbon development? A conceptual analysis. Energy Procedia, 5, 1706-1712.
    18.
  18. Long, Z. F., Li, Y. E., & Liu, D. W. (2011). The Application the Concept of Low-Carbon in City Planning. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 71, pp. 1273-1276). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
    19.
  19. Yang, X., & Li, R. (2018). Investigating low-carbon city: empirical study of Shanghai. Sustainability, 10 (4), 1054.
    20.
  20. Zhang, Y. (2016). Low-Carbon Indicator System – Sino: Evaluating Low-Carbon City Development Level in China, Doctor of Engineering (Dr. -Ing.) Thesis, University of Duisburg, Essen, Faculty of Engineering, Department Civil Engineering, Institute of City Planning and Urban Design.
    21.
  21. Wang, Y., Song, Q., He, J., & Qi, Y. (2015). Developing low-carbon cities through pilots. Climate Policy, 15(sup1), S81-S103.
    22.
  22. Abdul Aziz, N. J., Mohd Yunos, M. Y., Ismail, N. A., & Othuman Mydin, M. A. (2015). Developing low-carbon awareness and low-carbon behavior framework for tackling Co2 emission in a city. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 747, pp. 265-268). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
    23.
  23. Dong, Y., & Wei, D. (2011). The Construction of the Daily Life Mode of Low Carbon City. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 255, pp. 1541-1545). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
    24.
  24. Nie, K. C., Shi, B., & Pan, L. (2011). Low-Carbon Communities and Eco-Building Planning and Design Strategies and Practices in MianYang City, China Science-Technology City. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 71, pp. 87-93). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
    25.
  25. Wang, X., Zhao, G., He, C., Wang, X., & Peng, W. (2016). Low-carbon neighborhood planning technology and indicator system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 1066-1076.
    26.
  26. Ma, J., Li, S., & Zhang, C. (2015). Low Carbon City and Analysis of its Guidance to Urban Planning. In 5th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Transportation (pp. 452-455). Atlantis Press.
    27.
  27. Yuxing, C. (2011). Research on low carbon city development, Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.52-54.1953.
    28.
  28. Thornbush, M. J., & Golubchikov, O. (2020). Sustainable Urbanism in Digital Transitions: From Low Carbon to Smart Sustainable Cities. Springer.
    29.
  29. Luque-Ayala, A., Bulkeley, H., Marvin, S. (2018). Rethinking urban transitions: an analytical framework, In Rethinking Urban Transitions Politics in the Low Carbon City, Andrés Luque-Ayala, Simon Marvin and Harriet Bulkeley (Eds). London: Routledge, pp:13-36.
    30.
  30. Cao, S., & Li, C. (2011). The exploration of concepts and methods for low-carbon eco-city planning. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 5, 199-207.
    31.
  31. Ma, L. M., Li, Y. J., & Hu, S. J. (2014). Empirical Research on evaluation of low-carbon economy development level in resource-based city. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 869, pp. 1048-1051). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
    32.
  32. Fraker, H. (2013). The Hidden Potential of Sustainable Neighborhoods, Lessons from Low-Carbon Communities, Washington: ISLAND PRESS.
    33.
  33. Mofidi, Mohammad Ali, Mohammadi, Maryam (2017). Evaluation of the organic texture form of Tajrish neighborhood of Tehran city based on the design principles of low carbon urban neighborhood form, Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning of Islamic World Countries, Tabriz.
    34.
  34. Borthwick, G. (2012). Toward Zero Carbon: The Chicago Central Area Decarbonization Plan, Adrian Smith & Gordon Gill Architecture, Paris, France.
    35.
  35. Lou, Y., Jayantha, W. M., Shen, L., Liu, Z., & Shu, T. (2019). The application of low-carbon city (LCC) indicators—A comparison between academia and practice. Sustainable Cities and Society, 51, 101677.
    36.
  36. Chan, E.H.W., Conejos, S., Wang, M. (2017). Low Carbon Urban Design: Potentials and Opportunities, IN Creating Low Carbon Cities, Shobhakar Dhakal, Matthias Ruth (Eds). Cham, Springer, PP: 75-88.
    37.
  37. Roosta, M., Javadpoor, M., Ebadi, M. (2020). Developing a "Low-Carbon Neighborhood Model" in Order to Implement It in the Urban Planning & Design. Urban Planning Knowledge, 4(1), 33-48. doi: 10.22124/upk.2020.15513.1383.
    38.


  1. Constantinou, C. S. (2021). People Have to Comply with the Measures”: Covid-19 in “Risk Society. Journal of Applied Social Science, 15(1), 3-11.
    2.


  1. De la Torre, A., Fajnzylber, P., & Nash, J. (2009). Low carbon, high growth: Latin American responses to climate change: an overview, Washington: World Bank.
    2.
  2. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2020). World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization, https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/10/wcr_2020_report.pdf
    3.
  3. Wang M., Zhang L., Gao K., Liu, L. (2016) Significance of Development of Low-Carbon Healthy Cities. In: Huang W., Wang M., Wang J., Gao K., Li S., Liu C. (eds) China Low-Carbon Healthy City, Technology Assessment and Practice. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp:15-28, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49071-6_2.
    4.
  4. Satterthwaite, D. (2008). Cities' contribution to global warming: notes on the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Environment and urbanization, 20(2), 539-549.
    5.
  5. Griffiths, S.; Sovacool, B.K. (2020). Perspective: Rethinking the future low-carbon city: Carbon neutrality, green design, and sustainability tensions in the making of Masdar City, Energy Research & Social Science 62, 101368, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101368.
    6.
  6. Hodson, M., & Marvin, S. (2011). Can cities shape socio-technical transitions and how would we know if they were.  In Bulkeley, H., Broto, V. C., Hodson, M., & Marvin, S. (Eds.). Cities and low carbon transitions, (Vol. 35).pp: 54-70.
    7.
  7. Wenyao, Y. (2010). Practice and Innovation of Low-carbon Concept in the Planning of Hongqiao Business District, the impact of spatial planning, urban design and built form on urban sustainability, 46thISOCARP Congress 2010,http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/1714.pdf.
    8.
  8. Kennedy, S., & Sgouridis, S. (2011). Rigorous classification and carbon accounting principles for low and Zero Carbon Cities. Energy Policy, 39(9), 5259-5268.
    9.
  9. Academy of Science of South Africa. (2011). Towards a low carbon city: Focus on Durban, report of the ASSAf consensus study on low carbon cities. Pretoria, South Africa: ASSAf.
    10.
  10. Sheikhi, S., Habib, F., Habib, F. (2021). Low Carbon City: from Origin to Definitions and Categories; A brief Theoretical Overview. The Third National Conference on Urban Planning and Knowledge-based Architecture, Tehran: Islamic Azad University, Department of Science and Research.
    11.
  11. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th Ed), Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
    12.
  12. Sadeqi Fasai, S., Erfanmanesh, I. (2015). Methodological Principles of Documentary Research in Social Sciences; Case of Study: Impacts of Modernization on Iranian Family. , 8(29), 61-91.
    13.
  13. Littell, J. H., Corcoran, J., & Pillai, V. (2008). Systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    14.
  14. Cheng, J., Zeng, G., & Fang, T. (2012). The origin and connotation of low Carbon City: A conceptual framework. In 2012 Fifth International Joint Conference on Computational Sciences and Optimization (pp. 706-709). IEEE.
    15.
  15. Urban, F., Nordensvärd, J. (2013). Low carbon development: Key issues. London: Earthscan, Routledge.
    16.
  16. Su, M. R., Chen, B., Xing, T., Chen, C., & Yang, Z. F. (2012). Development of low-carbon city in China: Where will it go? Procedia Environmental Sciences, 13, 1143-1148.
    17.
  17. Yuan, H., Zhou, P., & Zhou, D. (2011). What is low-carbon development? A conceptual analysis. Energy Procedia, 5, 1706-1712.
    18.
  18. Long, Z. F., Li, Y. E., & Liu, D. W. (2011). The Application the Concept of Low-Carbon in City Planning. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 71, pp. 1273-1276). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
    19.
  19. Yang, X., & Li, R. (2018). Investigating low-carbon city: empirical study of Shanghai. Sustainability, 10 (4), 1054.
    20.
  20. Zhang, Y. (2016). Low-Carbon Indicator System – Sino: Evaluating Low-Carbon City Development Level in China, Doctor of Engineering (Dr. -Ing.) Thesis, University of Duisburg, Essen, Faculty of Engineering, Department Civil Engineering, Institute of City Planning and Urban Design.
    21.
  21. Wang, Y., Song, Q., He, J., & Qi, Y. (2015). Developing low-carbon cities through pilots. Climate Policy, 15(sup1), S81-S103.
    22.
  22. Abdul Aziz, N. J., Mohd Yunos, M. Y., Ismail, N. A., & Othuman Mydin, M. A. (2015). Developing low-carbon awareness and low-carbon behavior framework for tackling Co2 emission in a city. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 747, pp. 265-268). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
    23.
  23. Dong, Y., & Wei, D. (2011). The Construction of the Daily Life Mode of Low Carbon City. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 255, pp. 1541-1545). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
    24.
  24. Nie, K. C., Shi, B., & Pan, L. (2011). Low-Carbon Communities and Eco-Building Planning and Design Strategies and Practices in MianYang City, China Science-Technology City. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 71, pp. 87-93). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
    25.
  25. Wang, X., Zhao, G., He, C., Wang, X., & Peng, W. (2016). Low-carbon neighborhood planning technology and indicator system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 1066-1076.
    26.
  26. Ma, J., Li, S., & Zhang, C. (2015). Low Carbon City and Analysis of its Guidance to Urban Planning. In 5th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Transportation (pp. 452-455). Atlantis Press.
    27.
  27. Yuxing, C. (2011). Research on low carbon city development, Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.52-54.1953.
    28.
  28. Thornbush, M. J., & Golubchikov, O. (2020). Sustainable Urbanism in Digital Transitions: From Low Carbon to Smart Sustainable Cities. Springer.
    29.
  29. Luque-Ayala, A., Bulkeley, H., Marvin, S. (2018). Rethinking urban transitions: an analytical framework, In Rethinking Urban Transitions Politics in the Low Carbon City, Andrés Luque-Ayala, Simon Marvin and Harriet Bulkeley (Eds). London: Routledge, pp:13-36.
    30.
  30. Cao, S., & Li, C. (2011). The exploration of concepts and methods for low-carbon eco-city planning. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 5, 199-207.
    31.
  31. Ma, L. M., Li, Y. J., & Hu, S. J. (2014). Empirical Research on evaluation of low-carbon economy development level in resource-based city. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 869, pp. 1048-1051). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
    32.
  32. Fraker, H. (2013). The Hidden Potential of Sustainable Neighborhoods, Lessons from Low-Carbon Communities, Washington: ISLAND PRESS.
    33.
  33. Mofidi, Mohammad Ali, Mohammadi, Maryam (2017). Evaluation of the organic texture form of Tajrish neighborhood of Tehran city based on the design principles of low carbon urban neighborhood form, Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning of Islamic World Countries, Tabriz.
    34.
  34. Borthwick, G. (2012). Toward Zero Carbon: The Chicago Central Area Decarbonization Plan, Adrian Smith & Gordon Gill Architecture, Paris, France.
    35.
  35. Lou, Y., Jayantha, W. M., Shen, L., Liu, Z., & Shu, T. (2019). The application of low-carbon city (LCC) indicators—A comparison between academia and practice. Sustainable Cities and Society, 51, 101677.
    36.
  36. Chan, E.H.W., Conejos, S., Wang, M. (2017). Low Carbon Urban Design: Potentials and Opportunities, IN Creating Low Carbon Cities, Shobhakar Dhakal, Matthias Ruth (Eds). Cham, Springer, PP: 75-88.
    37.
  37. Roosta, M., Javadpoor, M., Ebadi, M. (2020). Developing a "Low-Carbon Neighborhood Model" in Order to Implement It in the Urban Planning & Design. Urban Planning Knowledge, 4(1), 33-48. doi: 10.22124/upk.2020.15513.1383.
    38.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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