Identification and Analysis of Legal and Medical Laws and Regulations of Surrogacy
Subject Areas : Health information management
1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran
Keywords: legal, Surrogacy, laws and regulations, medicine,
Abstract :
Introduction: In today's world, due to the unhealthiness of the environment and the prevalence of infertility, the issue of surrogacy has become common among many societies, and it is important to deal with the laws and regulations in this area. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to identify and analyze the legal and medical laws and regulations of surrogacy.Methods: The research method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). To carry out this research, the method of document study was used, 30 articles were selected from 506 articles, and finally, using the technique of content analysis with MAXQDA12 software, it was used to identify and analyze legal and medical laws and regulations. The statistical population in this research was all experts in the fields of law and medicine with high experience and work experience in the field of surrogacy, which was done after conducting 15 theoretical saturation interviews. The interviews lasted between 75 and 120 minutes. Finally, the basic, organizing and comprehensive themes are extracted and in the quantitative part to determine the importance of using legal and medical laws and regulations from the T-Tech method, a sample with a statistical population of 30 people 15 experts and 15 families (8 renter families and 7 renter's wife) is used.Results: In this research, about 30 articles were examined, 12 Persian articles and 18 English articles, in the method of thematic analysis using basic, organizing and comprehensive themes, 46 indicators of 4 categories and 2 dimensions in two sections of legal laws and regulations. And medicine were identified separately.Conclusion: The results showed that the legal rules and regulations include official (laws and regulations related to the constitution and jurisprudence) and customary (laws and regulations related to the lessor and lessee) and medical laws and regulations including related to the lessor of the uterus. And was a renter, and finally in the quantitative part it was also determined that all laws and regulations are of high importance, especially legal laws and regulations with an average of 4.2 are more important than medical laws and regulations with 3.9.
1- Khatam M., Yaghoubipoor A., montazeri M. Analysis of Relationships between Antecedents Affecting Bureaucracy Phobia Using Fuzzy Demitel Technique Case Study: One of the Medical Universities in Iran. Journal of healthcare management, 2021; 12(2): 87-98. [In persioan]
2- Kazeminia M., Khatony A., jafari F. Assessing Good Governance in the Dimensions of Quality, Effectiveness and Accountability in the Health System of Iran and Selected Countries: A Comparative Study. Journal of healthcare management, 2022; 12(4): 7-18. [In persioan]
3- Safari M, Shahini M. Natural Termination of Surrogacy Contract. MLJ, 2021; 15(56): 261-281. [In persioan]
4- Ramazani S. Jurisprudential and legal analysis of alternative uterus from the perspective of a woman who has a uterus. Biannual Journal of Comparative Studies in Jurisprudence and Jurisprudential Principles of Islamic Schools, 2021; 4(1): 75-52. [In persioan]
5- Nusrat, M. H. Artificial insemination from the point of view of the jurisprudence of Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon him. Essays in medical jurisprudence, 2021(1), 121-93. [In persioan]
6- Mohaghegh Damad M U, Boazar R. Feasibility study of drafting a law regarding the reduction of embryos (with a jurisprudential and legal approach). MLJ, 2021; 15(56): 75-87. [In persioan]
7- Lotfi, H A. Surrogacy from the point of view of Ahl al-Bayt and Sunni jurisprudence. Essays in Medical Jurisprudence, 2021; 1(1): 149-178. [In persioan]
8- Ahmadinejad M. Legal reflection on the Judgments Issued by the European Court of Human Rights on the Surrogacy. MLJ. 2021; 15(56): 317-333. [In persioan]
9- Patel RV, Govani ND, Govani DR. Oocyte Donation and Surrogate Pregnancy-Fertility Options and Challenges, Possibilities and Opportunities for a Patient with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome. Medp J Obstet Gynaecol, 2022; 1(1): mpog-202203001. Medpress Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics Ramnik V. Patel, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Child Health & Research and KT Children Government University Teaching Hospital, Rajkot.; 360005.
10- Puspitasari DE. The Legal Status of Surrogate Mothers in Indonesia. Batulis Civil Law Review, 2022 May 16; 3(1): 19-28.
11- Lahl J, Fell K, Bassett K, Broghammer F, Eastman M, Briggs W. A Retrospective Comparison of American Women’s Spontaneous Conceptions and Gestational Surrogate Pregnancies. Zarvandi Rahmani M. An Evaluation of Precautionary Arguments with the Approach of Permitting Artificial Insemination in a Surrogate Uterus. Fiqh, 2021 Sep 23; 28(107): 178-99.
12- Kim M. The Regulatory-Permitted Approach for Responsible Uses of Commercial Surrogacy: Who Cares about Surrogates in the Commercial Practice of Gestational Surrogacy? Quinnipiac Health LJ, 2022; 25: 1.
13- Ahuja KK, Macklon N. Vitrification and the demise of fresh treatment cycles in ART. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2020 Aug 1; 41(2): 217-24.
14- Cutting E, Catt S, Vollenhoven B, Mol BW, Horta F. The impact of COVID-19 mitigation measures on fertility patients and clinics around the world. Reproductive biomedicine online, 2022 Apr 1; 44(4): 755-63.
15- Golombok S, Blake L, Slutsky J, Raffanello E. Roman G.D, Ehrhardt A. Parenting and the adjustment of children born to gay fathers through surrogacy. Child Develop, 2018; 89: 1223–1233.
16- Hemalal S, Yee S, Ross L, Loutfy M, Librach C. Same-sex male couples and single men having children using assisted reproductive technology: a quantitative analysis. Reprod. Biomed, 2021; 42: 1033–1047.
17- Jacobson H. Cross-border reproductive care in the USA: who comes, why do they come, what do they purchase? Reprod. Biomed. Soc, 2020; 14: 42–47.
18- Lindheim SR, Madeira JL, Ludwin A, Kemner E, Parry JP, Sylvestre G, Pennings G. Societal pressures and procreative preferences for gay fathers successfully pursuing parenthood through IVF and gestational carriers. Reprod Biomed Soc Online, 2019 Oct 26; 9: 1-10
19- Cornet-Bartolomé, D., Rodriguez, A., García, D., Barragán, M., Vassena, R. Efficiency and efficacy of vitrification in 35 654 sibling oocytes from donation cycles. Hum. Reprod, 2020; 35: 2262–2271.
_||_1- Khatam M., Yaghoubipoor A., montazeri M. Analysis of Relationships between Antecedents Affecting Bureaucracy Phobia Using Fuzzy Demitel Technique Case Study: One of the Medical Universities in Iran. Journal of healthcare management, 2021; 12(2): 87-98. [In persioan]
2- Kazeminia M., Khatony A., jafari F. Assessing Good Governance in the Dimensions of Quality, Effectiveness and Accountability in the Health System of Iran and Selected Countries: A Comparative Study. Journal of healthcare management, 2022; 12(4): 7-18. [In persioan]
3- Safari M, Shahini M. Natural Termination of Surrogacy Contract. MLJ, 2021; 15(56): 261-281. [In persioan]
4- Ramazani S. Jurisprudential and legal analysis of alternative uterus from the perspective of a woman who has a uterus. Biannual Journal of Comparative Studies in Jurisprudence and Jurisprudential Principles of Islamic Schools, 2021; 4(1): 75-52. [In persioan]
5- Nusrat, M. H. Artificial insemination from the point of view of the jurisprudence of Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon him. Essays in medical jurisprudence, 2021(1), 121-93. [In persioan]
6- Mohaghegh Damad M U, Boazar R. Feasibility study of drafting a law regarding the reduction of embryos (with a jurisprudential and legal approach). MLJ, 2021; 15(56): 75-87. [In persioan]
7- Lotfi, H A. Surrogacy from the point of view of Ahl al-Bayt and Sunni jurisprudence. Essays in Medical Jurisprudence, 2021; 1(1): 149-178. [In persioan]
8- Ahmadinejad M. Legal reflection on the Judgments Issued by the European Court of Human Rights on the Surrogacy. MLJ. 2021; 15(56): 317-333. [In persioan]
9- Patel RV, Govani ND, Govani DR. Oocyte Donation and Surrogate Pregnancy-Fertility Options and Challenges, Possibilities and Opportunities for a Patient with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome. Medp J Obstet Gynaecol, 2022; 1(1): mpog-202203001. Medpress Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics Ramnik V. Patel, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Child Health & Research and KT Children Government University Teaching Hospital, Rajkot.; 360005.
10- Puspitasari DE. The Legal Status of Surrogate Mothers in Indonesia. Batulis Civil Law Review, 2022 May 16; 3(1): 19-28.
11- Lahl J, Fell K, Bassett K, Broghammer F, Eastman M, Briggs W. A Retrospective Comparison of American Women’s Spontaneous Conceptions and Gestational Surrogate Pregnancies. Zarvandi Rahmani M. An Evaluation of Precautionary Arguments with the Approach of Permitting Artificial Insemination in a Surrogate Uterus. Fiqh, 2021 Sep 23; 28(107): 178-99.
12- Kim M. The Regulatory-Permitted Approach for Responsible Uses of Commercial Surrogacy: Who Cares about Surrogates in the Commercial Practice of Gestational Surrogacy? Quinnipiac Health LJ, 2022; 25: 1.
13- Ahuja KK, Macklon N. Vitrification and the demise of fresh treatment cycles in ART. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2020 Aug 1; 41(2): 217-24.
14- Cutting E, Catt S, Vollenhoven B, Mol BW, Horta F. The impact of COVID-19 mitigation measures on fertility patients and clinics around the world. Reproductive biomedicine online, 2022 Apr 1; 44(4): 755-63.
15- Golombok S, Blake L, Slutsky J, Raffanello E. Roman G.D, Ehrhardt A. Parenting and the adjustment of children born to gay fathers through surrogacy. Child Develop, 2018; 89: 1223–1233.
16- Hemalal S, Yee S, Ross L, Loutfy M, Librach C. Same-sex male couples and single men having children using assisted reproductive technology: a quantitative analysis. Reprod. Biomed, 2021; 42: 1033–1047.
17- Jacobson H. Cross-border reproductive care in the USA: who comes, why do they come, what do they purchase? Reprod. Biomed. Soc, 2020; 14: 42–47.
18- Lindheim SR, Madeira JL, Ludwin A, Kemner E, Parry JP, Sylvestre G, Pennings G. Societal pressures and procreative preferences for gay fathers successfully pursuing parenthood through IVF and gestational carriers. Reprod Biomed Soc Online, 2019 Oct 26; 9: 1-10
19- Cornet-Bartolomé, D., Rodriguez, A., García, D., Barragán, M., Vassena, R. Efficiency and efficacy of vitrification in 35 654 sibling oocytes from donation cycles. Hum. Reprod, 2020; 35: 2262–2271.
