A Multi-Layer Analysis of the Structural–Perceptual Relationships of In-Between Spatial Systems in Historic Complexes Using Indicators of Presence Quality (Case Study: Isfahan Traditional Bazaar)

Ehsan Zarei ¹ ( Department of Architecture, Shi. C., Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran )
Jamaledin Mahdinejad Darzi ² ( Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University (SRTTU), Tehran, Iran )
Hamed Moztarzadeh ³ ( Department of Urban Planning, Shi. C., Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran )
Vahideh Hojjati ⁴ ( Department of Urban Planning, Shi. C., Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran )

Submited date : 2025-09-11

Keywords: In-between spatial systems, presence quality, collective spaces, Isfahan Traditional Bazaar,

Abstract :

In-between spaces in traditional bazaars significantly influence presence quality and social interaction, though recent physical changes have reduced their legibility and vitality. This study examines the link between spatial configuration and presence quality in Isfahan's Traditional Bazaar, using a mixed-method approach combining statistical analysis and space syntax theory. Four key dimensions—environmental, physical, functional, and psychological—were assessed via questionnaires from 372 users. Findings show functional and psychological aspects, especially activity and vitality, ranked highest. Conversely, the physical dimension—particularly morphological aspects and scale proportion—garnered the lowest levels of satisfaction. Qualitative analysis of spatial structure, applying space syntax indicators including spatial integration, movement choice, overall intelligibility, and agent-based simulation, revealed that primary axes such as Shah Bazaar and Zarrabkhaneh, Naqsh-e Jahan Square, and major intersections like Chitsazha and Qeysarieh demonstrated the highest levels of spatial cohesion, legibility, and movement attraction. In contrast, forecourts, corridors, and secondary intersections exhibited low integration values and weak intelligibility (R² = 0.11), signaling the need for substantial design interventions. Agent-based simulations further highlighted concentrated movement patterns in primary spaces and inadequate user distribution across peripheral areas. The integrated quantitative and qualitative findings confirm that in-between spaces in the core layers of the Isfahan Bazaar, due to high spatial cohesion, dynamic functions, and favorable perceptual quality, serve as central nodes in reinforcing presence quality. Conversely, weaker layers require spatial–physical regeneration focused on improving legibility, functional diversity, and human scale. Ultimately, this research provides an operational framework of strategies and design guidelines to enhance presence quality, addressing both physical and perceptual dimensions of historic collective spaces, and offering a foundation for sustainable regeneration policies in the Isfahan Traditional Bazaar.

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