The potential and prospects of using phytogenics in ornamental fish nutrition and disease management
Subject Areas : clinical veterinary science
1 -
Keywords: Phytogenic, nutrition, ornamental fish, growth, immune system, pigmentation.,
Abstract :
Nowadays, the use of phytogenics in aquaculture has become a new and interesting topic due to its environmentally friendly nature and positive effects on host growth and health. The importance of this issue has increased due to the increasing concerns about the development of drug-resistant pathogens in aquaculture due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and synthetic chemical compounds. This phenomenon in ornamental fish due to the high economic value of these fish doubles the need to identify alternative compounds. Bioactive compounds present in phytogenics (such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, terpenes, phenols, flavonoids, essential oils or steroids) act by improving growth performance, increasing appetite, enhancing the immune system, stimulating reproduction, etc. in aquatic animals. Therefore, phytogenics have become an effective additive in fish farming and an alternative to antibiotics and other chemical compounds. The present article is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on phytogenics, supporting the need for a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to aquaculture.
References:
1.Alavinejad, S.S., Kazempoor, R. and Khajehrahimi, A., 2022. Potential protective effect of Oregano vulgare on toxic effects of naproxen on brain of Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Ornamental Aquatics, 9(3), pp.1-9.
2.Amoah, Y.T., Moniruzzaman, M., Lee, S., Bae, J., Won, S., Seong, M. and Bai, S.C., 2017. Evaluation of different dietary additives based on growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance in juvenile Amur catfish, Silurus asotus. International Aquatic Research, 9, pp.351-360.
3.Assefa, A. and Abunna, F., 2018. Maintenance of fish health in aquaculture: review of epidemiological approaches for prevention and control of infectious disease of fish. Veterinary medicine international, 2018(1), p.5432497.
4.Baby Joseph, B.J., Sujatha, S., Shalin, J.J. and Palavesam, A., 2011. Effect of four ornamental flowers on the growth and colouration of orange sword tail Chicilidae fish (Xiphophorus hellerei Heckel, 19840).
5.Balachandran, N. and Tissera, K., 2013. A study on the effect of using mangrove leaf extracts as a feed additive in the progress of bacterial infections in marine ornamental fish. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 1(3), pp.217-224.
6.Bandeira Junior, G., Sutili, F.J., Gressler, L.T., Ely, V.L., Silveira, B.P., Tasca, C., Reghelin, M., Matter, L.B., Vargas, A.P.C. and Baldisserotto, B., 2018. Antibacterial potential of phytochemicals alone or in combination with antimicrobials against fish pathogenic bacteria. Journal of applied microbiology, 125(3), pp.655-665.
7.Besen, K.P., Melim, E.W.H., da Cunha, L., Favaretto, E.D., Moreira, M. and Fabregat, T.E.H.P., 2019. Lutein as a natural carotenoid source: Effect on growth, survival and skin pigmentation of goldfish juveniles (Carassius auratus). Aquaculture Research, 50(8), pp.2200-2206.
8.Bhanja, A., Payr, P. and Mandal, B., 2023. Phytobiotics: Response to Aquaculture as Substitute of Antibiotics and other Chemical Additives. South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology, 13(5).
9.Brasil, E.M., Figueredo, A.B., Cardoso, L., Santos, M.D.C., Bertaglia, E.D.A., Furtado, W.E., Viana, J.D.S., Carmo, I.D., Chaves, F.C.M., Mouriño, J.L. and Martins, M.L., 2019. In vitro and in vivo antiparasitic action of essential oils of Lippia spp. in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed supplemented diets.
10.Chandel, A.K., Narasu, M.L., Chandrasekhar, G., Manikyam, A. and Rao, L.V., 2009. Use of Saccharum spontaneum (wild sugarcane) as biomaterial for cell immobilization and modulated ethanol production by thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae VS3. Bioresource technology, 100(8), pp.2404-2410.
11.Chansue, N. and Assawawongkasem, N., 2011. The in vitro antibacterial activity and ornamental fish toxicity of the water extract of Indian almond leaves (Terminalia catappa Linn.). KKU Veterinary Journal, 18(1), pp.36-45.
12.Chansue, N. and Tangtrongpiros, J., 2005. Effect of dried Indian almond leaf (Terminalia catappa) on monogenean parasite of gold fish (Carassius auratus). Wetchasan Sattawaphaet, 35.
13.Chansue, N. and Tangtrongpiros, J., 2006. Efficacies of dry Indian almond leaf (Terminalia catappa) and Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) Wall. Ex Nees Extract on tail regeneration and Hematocrit of Fancy Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linn.). J Thai Vet Med Assoc, 57(2), pp.52-62.
14.Chansue, N., Mataderm, T. and Suilasuta, A., 2004. Preliminary study of Effects of Dried Indian Almond Terminalia catappa leaf on ultrastuctural morphology of scale in Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens). Proceeding of Thai Herbal: Opportunities and Alternative way for Agriculture-Animal industries, pp.15-16.
15.de Carvalho, C.C. and Caramujo, M.J., 2017. Carotenoids in aquatic ecosystems and aquaculture: a colorful business with implications for human health. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, p.93.
16.de Medeiros, P.B., Furtado, W.E., Cardoso, L., Fernandes, M.C., dos Santos, G.G., Lisboa, T.R., Dutra, S.A.P., Costa, D.S., Chaves, F.C.M., Mouriño, J.L.P. and Martins, M.L., 2023. Food supplementation with essential oil of Lippia sidoides for Cyprinus carpio koi as prevention against Aeromonas hydrophila. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 51(5), pp.617-628.
17.de Moura, L.B., Cavalcante, J.G., Nascimento, E.T.D.S., Silva, I.C.E., Salaro, A.L., Barbas, L.A.L., Veras, G.C. and Campelo, D.A.V., 2022. Dietary Euterpe oleracea essential oil, the Amazon Açaí, as feed additive to Amazonian ornamental fish, during post-larvae growing stage: A preliminary study. Fishes, 7(6), p.369.
18.Ekman, A., Wallberg, O., Joelsson, E. and Börjesson, P., 2013. Possibilities for sustainable biorefineries based on agricultural residues–A case study of potential straw-based ethanol production in Sweden. Applied Energy, 102, pp.299-308.
19.FAO., 2019. The ornamental fish trade - globefish research programme - volume 102 GLOBEFISH food and agriculture organization of the united nations (n.d.), http://www.fao.org/inaction/globefish/publications/details-publication/en/c/347680.
20.Guz, L., Sopinska, A. and Oniszczuk, T., 2011. Effect of Echinacea purpurea on growth and survival of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) challenged with Aeromonas bestiarum. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(6), pp.695-700.
21.Harms, C.A., 1996, April. Treatments for parasitic diseases of aquarium and ornamental fish. In Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 54-63). WB Saunders.
22.Inama, L., Dirè, S., Carturan, G. and Cavazza, A., 1993. Entrapment of viable microorganisms by SiO2 sol-gel layers on glass surfaces: Trapping,
catalytic
performance and immobilization durability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of biotechnology, 30(2), pp.197-210.
23.Kaur, S., Kaur, V.I., Holeyappa, S.A. and Khairnar, S.O., 2016. Effect of dietary supplementation of synthetic and natural-carotene on survival, growth and pigmentation in freshwater ornamental koi (Cyprinus carpio L.) carp. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 33(4), pp.448-455.
24.Kazempoor, R., Alavinezhad, S.S., Pargari, M.M., Shakeri, Y.S. and Haghighi, M.M., 2022. A review on the application of phytogenics as feed additives for aquatic animals. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Environmental Studies, 2(2), pp.46-78.
25.Kurnia, A., Nur, I., Muskita, W.H., Hamzah, M., Iba, W., Patadjai, R.S., Balubi, A.M. and Kalidupa, N., 2019. Improving skin coloration of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with red dragon fruit peel meal. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 12(4), pp.1045-1053.
26.Lê, H.V., Pham, L.V.B., Vo, B.N.H., Le, N.T.H., Nguyen, Q.H., Luu, P.V., Huynh, T.D., Nguyen, K.D. and Nguyen, N.H., 2024. Novel application of orange marigold flower petal (Tagetes erecta L.) as a dietary supplement to improve skin redness of Koi carps (Cyprinus carpio L.). VNUHCM Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(1), pp.2167-2176.
27.Levy, G., Zilberg, D., Paladini, G. and Fridman, S., 2015. Efficacy of ginger-based treatments against infection with Gyrodactylus turnbulli in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata (Peters)). Veterinary parasitology, 209(3-4), pp.235-241.
28.Mohammadiazarm, H., Maniat, M., Ghorbanijezeh, K. and Ghotbeddin, N., 2021. Effects of spirulina powder (Spirulina platensis) as a dietary additive on Oscar fish, Astronotus ocellatus: Assessing growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activity, immune‐biochemical parameters, blood indices and total pigmentation. Aquaculture nutrition, 27(1), pp.252-260.
29.Motlagh, H.A., Safari, O., Selahvarzi, Y., Baghalian, A. and Kia, E., 2020. Non-specific immunity promotion in response to garlic extract supplemented diets in female Guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Fish & shellfish immunology, 97, pp.96-99.
30.Mousavi, S.N., Mohammadiazarm, H. and Azadbakht, F., 2021. Mucosal Immune Responses and Total Carotenoid Content of Juvenile Male Guppy Fish (Poecilia Reticulata) Fed With Different Herbal Supplements.
31.Mousavi, S.N., Mohammadiazarm, H. and Azadbakht, F., 2024. Growth, mucosal immune responses, and total carotenoid content of juvenile red fantail male guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) fed with different herbal supplements. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 36(2), pp.308-320.
32.Naderi, I., Mehdipour, M., Firozbakhsh, F. and Kazempoor, R., 2022. Effect of Oregano Vulgare essential oil supplement on growth and histopathological changes of gill and spleen of koi fish (Cyprinus carpio) under long-term exposure to naproxen.
33.Nazari, A. and Roozbehani, S., 2015. Influence of fennel Foeniculum vulgar extract on fertility, growth rate and histology of gonads on guppy Poecilia reticulata. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15(4), pp.463-469.
34.Nugroho, R.A., Manurung, H., Saraswati, D., Ladyescha, D. and Nur, F.M., 2016. The effects of Terminalia catappa L. leaves extract on the water quality properties, survival and blood profile of ornamental fish (Betta sp) cultured. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(2), pp.240-247.
35.Park, J.J., Bae, J.S., Lee, C.W., Yang, C.Y., Jeong, E.H., Park, K.H., Seo, J.S., Kwon, M.G. and Lee, J.H., 2024. Effects of Marigold Extract and Carophyll Red on Growth, Body Color Development, Antioxidant Properties, and Innate Immunity in the Ornamental Fish Golden Severum (Heros efasciatus). Life, 14(12), p.1660.
36.Pazira A. Antifungal Effect of Thymus Vulgaris Essence on the Separated Fungals from Koi Fish's Skin (Cyprinus Carpio Var. Koi), in Vitro. JAD 2017; 11 (2) :13-22.
37.Prut, L. and Belzung, C., 2003. The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review. European journal of pharmacology, 463(1-3), pp.3-33.
38.Rajaee, A.H., 2011. Genetic approaches to the analysis of body colouration in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
39.Rana, S., Al Bari, A., Shimul, S.A., Al Mazed, M. and Al Nahid, S.A., 2023. Enhancement of body coloration of sword-tail fish (Xiphophorus helleri): Plant-derived bio-resources could be converted into a potential dietary carotenoid supplement. Heliyon, 9(4).
40.Rani, K.U., Latha, C., Pratheeba, M., Dhanasekar, K., Devi, S., Munuswamy, N. and Ramesh, B., 2014. Effect of formulated feeds on growth performance and colour enhancement in the fresh water gold fish Carrassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758). World journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 3(9), pp.1117-1133.
41.Rashidian, G., Boldaji, J.T., Rainis, S., Prokić, M.D. and Faggio, C., 2021. Oregano (Origanum vulgare) extract enhances zebrafish (Danio rerio) growth performance, serum and mucus innate immune responses and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Animals, 11(2), p.299.
42.Rezaeipour, A., Kazempoor, R., Mortazavi, P. and Ghorbanzadeh, A., 2024. Histopathological alterations in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) under acute fluoxetine exposure. International Journal of Veterinary Research, 4(2), pp.21-33.
43.Rottmann, R.W., Francis-Floyd, R. and Durborow, R., 1992. The role of stress in fish disease (p. 474). Stoneville, MS: Southern Regional Aquaculture Center.
44.Safari, O., Sarkheil, M. and Paolucci, M., 2019. Dietary administration of ferula (Ferula asafoetida) powder as a feed additive in diet of koi carp, Cyprinus carpio koi: effects on hemato-immunological parameters, mucosal antibacterial activity, digestive enzymes, and growth performance. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 45, pp.1277-1288.
45.Safari, R., Hoseinifar, S.H., Van Doan, H. and Dadar, M., 2017. The effects of dietary Myrtle (Myrtus communis) on skin mucus immune parameters and mRNA levels of growth, antioxidant and immune related genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish & shellfish immunology, 66, pp.264-269.
46.Safari, R., Roosta, Z., Vakili, F., Rahmani, E., Hossain, M.S., Raeisi, M., Van Doan, H., Paolucci, M. and Hoseinifar, S.H., 2022. Dietary dragonhead effects on growth, immunity and antioxidant and related genes expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquaculture Reports, 27, p.101384.
47.Sahandi, J., Bagherzadeh Lakani, F., Zorriehzahra, M.J. and Shohreh, P., 2023. Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) extracts on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis parasite in Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(1), pp.18-28.
48.Saraiva, J.L., Arechavala-Lopez, P., Castanheira, M.F., Volstorf, J. and Heinzpeter Studer, B., 2019. A global assessment of welfare in farmed fishes: The FishEthoBase. Fishes, 4(2), p.30.
49.Sirati, R., Khajehrahimi, A.E., Kazempoor, R., Kakoolaki, S. and Ghorbanzadeh, A., 2024. Development, physicochemical characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of niosome-loaded oregano essential oil against fish-borne pathogens. Heliyon, 10(5).
50.Smith, K.F., Schmidt, V., Rosen, G.E. and Amaral-Zettler, L., 2012. Microbial diversity and potential pathogens in ornamental fish aquarium water.
51.Sotoudeh, A. and Yeganeh, S., 2017. Effects of supplementary fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil in diet on growth and reproductive performance of the ornamental fish, Convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum). Aquaculture Research, 48(8), pp.4284-4291.
52.Steiner, T. and Syed, B., 2015. Phytogenic feed additives in animal nutrition. Medicinal and aromatic plants of the world: Scientific, production, commercial and utilization aspects, pp.403-423.
53.Syahidah, A., Saad, C.R., Daud, H.M. and Abdelhadi, Y.M., 2015. Status and potential of herbal applications in aquaculture: A review. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 14(1), pp.27-44.
54.Thomas, G.S., Nair, G. and Subramanian, A., 2020. Effect of formulated feeds on growth performance and pigmentation in ornamental fishes-A cohort study. Oceanography & Aquaculture Res, 1(1), pp.1-3.
55.Toranzo, A.E., Romalde, J.L., Magariños, B. and Barja, J.L., 2009. Present and future of aquaculture vaccines against fish bacterial diseases.
56.Treit, D. and Fundytus, M., 1988. Thigmotaxis as a test for anxiolytic activity in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 31(4), pp.959-962.
57.Vallejos-Vidal, E., Reyes-López, F., Teles, M. and MacKenzie, S., 2016. The response of fish to immunostimulant diets. Fish & shellfish immunology, 56, pp.34-69.
58.Wagde, M.S., Sharma, S.K. and Sharma, B.K., 2018. Effect of natural β-carotene sources-Carrot (Daucus carota) and Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) on the growth of an ornamental fish-sword tail (Xiphophorus hellerii). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 6(5), pp.2112-2115.
59.Windisch, W., Schedle, K., Plitzner, C. and Kroismayr, A., 2008. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of animal science, 86(suppl_14), pp.E140-E148.
60.Yeşilayer, N., Mutlu, G. and Yıldırım, A., 2020. Effect of nettle (Urtica spp.), marigold (Tagetes erecta), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) extracts and synthetic xanthophyll (zeaxanthin) carotenoid supplementations into diets on skin pigmentation and growth parameters of electric yellow cichlid (Labidochromis caeruleus). Aquaculture, 520, p.734964.
61.Yılmaz, E., Çek, Ş. and Mazlum, Y., 2009. The effects of combined phytoestrogen administration on growth performance, sex differentiation and body composition of sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 9(1).
62.Yuli, A., Muhamad, D.C., Yaya, R. and Dikdik, K., 2024. Role of antioxidants in the pigmentation of ornamental fishes. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 23(3), pp.389-407.
63.Zago, D.C., Santos, A.C., Lanes, C.F., Almeida, D.V., Koakoski, G., de Abreu, M.S., Zeppenfeld, C.C., Heinzmann, B.M., Marins, L.F., Baldisserotto, B. and Barcellos, L.J., 2018. Aloysia triphylla in the
zebrafish food: effects on physiology, behavior, and growth performance.
Fish physiology and biochemistry, 44, pp.465-474.
64.Zareen , M.K., Muhammad Sultan H., Nasim A., Sadia F., and Adeela H., 2023. Effect of Foeniculum Vulgare Mingled Diet Upon Growth, Reproduction and Spawning Performance of Guppy Fish. Asian Journal of Research in Zoology 6 (4):88-99. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i4126.
65.Zhang, R., Wang, X.W., Liu, L.L., Cao, Y.C. and Zhu, H., 2020. Dietary oregano essential oil improved the immune response, activity of digestive enzymes, and intestinal microbiota of the koi carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture, 518, p.734781.
1.Alavinejad, S.S., Kazempoor, R. and Khajehrahimi, A., 2022. Potential protective effect of Oregano vulgare on toxic effects of naproxen on brain of Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Ornamental Aquatics, 9(3), pp.1-9.
2.Amoah, Y.T., Moniruzzaman, M., Lee, S., Bae, J., Won, S., Seong, M. and Bai, S.C., 2017. Evaluation of different dietary additives based on growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance in juvenile Amur catfish, Silurus asotus. International Aquatic Research, 9, pp.351-360.
3.Assefa, A. and Abunna, F., 2018. Maintenance of fish health in aquaculture: review of epidemiological approaches for prevention and control of infectious disease of fish. Veterinary medicine international, 2018(1), p.5432497.
4.Baby Joseph, B.J., Sujatha, S., Shalin, J.J. and Palavesam, A., 2011. Effect of four ornamental flowers on the growth and colouration of orange sword tail Chicilidae fish (Xiphophorus hellerei Heckel, 19840).
5.Balachandran, N. and Tissera, K., 2013. A study on the effect of using mangrove leaf extracts as a feed additive in the progress of bacterial infections in marine ornamental fish. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 1(3), pp.217-224.
6.Bandeira Junior, G., Sutili, F.J., Gressler, L.T., Ely, V.L., Silveira, B.P., Tasca, C., Reghelin, M., Matter, L.B., Vargas, A.P.C. and Baldisserotto, B., 2018. Antibacterial potential of phytochemicals alone or in combination with antimicrobials against fish pathogenic bacteria. Journal of applied microbiology, 125(3), pp.655-665.
7.Besen, K.P., Melim, E.W.H., da Cunha, L., Favaretto, E.D., Moreira, M. and Fabregat, T.E.H.P., 2019. Lutein as a natural carotenoid source: Effect on growth, survival and skin pigmentation of goldfish juveniles (Carassius auratus). Aquaculture Research, 50(8), pp.2200-2206.
8.Bhanja, A., Payr, P. and Mandal, B., 2023. Phytobiotics: Response to Aquaculture as Substitute of Antibiotics and other Chemical Additives. South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology, 13(5).
9.Brasil, E.M., Figueredo, A.B., Cardoso, L., Santos, M.D.C., Bertaglia, E.D.A., Furtado, W.E., Viana, J.D.S., Carmo, I.D., Chaves, F.C.M., Mouriño, J.L. and Martins, M.L., 2019. In vitro and in vivo antiparasitic action of essential oils of Lippia spp. in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed supplemented diets.
10.Chandel, A.K., Narasu, M.L., Chandrasekhar, G., Manikyam, A. and Rao, L.V., 2009. Use of Saccharum spontaneum (wild sugarcane) as biomaterial for cell immobilization and modulated ethanol production by thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae VS3. Bioresource technology, 100(8), pp.2404-2410.
11.Chansue, N. and Assawawongkasem, N., 2011. The in vitro antibacterial activity and ornamental fish toxicity of the water extract of Indian almond leaves (Terminalia catappa Linn.). KKU Veterinary Journal, 18(1), pp.36-45.
12.Chansue, N. and Tangtrongpiros, J., 2005. Effect of dried Indian almond leaf (Terminalia catappa) on monogenean parasite of gold fish (Carassius auratus). Wetchasan Sattawaphaet, 35.
13.Chansue, N. and Tangtrongpiros, J., 2006. Efficacies of dry Indian almond leaf (Terminalia catappa) and Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) Wall. Ex Nees Extract on tail regeneration and Hematocrit of Fancy Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linn.). J Thai Vet Med Assoc, 57(2), pp.52-62.
14.Chansue, N., Mataderm, T. and Suilasuta, A., 2004. Preliminary study of Effects of Dried Indian Almond Terminalia catappa leaf on ultrastuctural morphology of scale in Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens). Proceeding of Thai Herbal: Opportunities and Alternative way for Agriculture-Animal industries, pp.15-16.
15.de Carvalho, C.C. and Caramujo, M.J., 2017. Carotenoids in aquatic ecosystems and aquaculture: a colorful business with implications for human health. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, p.93.
16.de Medeiros, P.B., Furtado, W.E., Cardoso, L., Fernandes, M.C., dos Santos, G.G., Lisboa, T.R., Dutra, S.A.P., Costa, D.S., Chaves, F.C.M., Mouriño, J.L.P. and Martins, M.L., 2023. Food supplementation with essential oil of Lippia sidoides for Cyprinus carpio koi as prevention against Aeromonas hydrophila. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 51(5), pp.617-628.
17.de Moura, L.B., Cavalcante, J.G., Nascimento, E.T.D.S., Silva, I.C.E., Salaro, A.L., Barbas, L.A.L., Veras, G.C. and Campelo, D.A.V., 2022. Dietary Euterpe oleracea essential oil, the Amazon Açaí, as feed additive to Amazonian ornamental fish, during post-larvae growing stage: A preliminary study. Fishes, 7(6), p.369.
18.Ekman, A., Wallberg, O., Joelsson, E. and Börjesson, P., 2013. Possibilities for sustainable biorefineries based on agricultural residues–A case study of potential straw-based ethanol production in Sweden. Applied Energy, 102, pp.299-308.
19.FAO., 2019. The ornamental fish trade - globefish research programme - volume 102 GLOBEFISH food and agriculture organization of the united nations (n.d.), http://www.fao.org/inaction/globefish/publications/details-publication/en/c/347680.
20.Guz, L., Sopinska, A. and Oniszczuk, T., 2011. Effect of Echinacea purpurea on growth and survival of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) challenged with Aeromonas bestiarum. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(6), pp.695-700.
21.Harms, C.A., 1996, April. Treatments for parasitic diseases of aquarium and ornamental fish. In Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 54-63). WB Saunders.
22.Inama, L., Dirè, S., Carturan, G. and Cavazza, A., 1993. Entrapment of viable microorganisms by SiO2 sol-gel layers on glass surfaces: Trapping,
catalytic
performance and immobilization durability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of biotechnology, 30(2), pp.197-210.
23.Kaur, S., Kaur, V.I., Holeyappa, S.A. and Khairnar, S.O., 2016. Effect of dietary supplementation of synthetic and natural-carotene on survival, growth and pigmentation in freshwater ornamental koi (Cyprinus carpio L.) carp. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 33(4), pp.448-455.
24.Kazempoor, R., Alavinezhad, S.S., Pargari, M.M., Shakeri, Y.S. and Haghighi, M.M., 2022. A review on the application of phytogenics as feed additives for aquatic animals. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Environmental Studies, 2(2), pp.46-78.
25.Kurnia, A., Nur, I., Muskita, W.H., Hamzah, M., Iba, W., Patadjai, R.S., Balubi, A.M. and Kalidupa, N., 2019. Improving skin coloration of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with red dragon fruit peel meal. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 12(4), pp.1045-1053.
26.Lê, H.V., Pham, L.V.B., Vo, B.N.H., Le, N.T.H., Nguyen, Q.H., Luu, P.V., Huynh, T.D., Nguyen, K.D. and Nguyen, N.H., 2024. Novel application of orange marigold flower petal (Tagetes erecta L.) as a dietary supplement to improve skin redness of Koi carps (Cyprinus carpio L.). VNUHCM Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(1), pp.2167-2176.
27.Levy, G., Zilberg, D., Paladini, G. and Fridman, S., 2015. Efficacy of ginger-based treatments against infection with Gyrodactylus turnbulli in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata (Peters)). Veterinary parasitology, 209(3-4), pp.235-241.
28.Mohammadiazarm, H., Maniat, M., Ghorbanijezeh, K. and Ghotbeddin, N., 2021. Effects of spirulina powder (Spirulina platensis) as a dietary additive on Oscar fish, Astronotus ocellatus: Assessing growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activity, immune‐biochemical parameters, blood indices and total pigmentation. Aquaculture nutrition, 27(1), pp.252-260.
29.Motlagh, H.A., Safari, O., Selahvarzi, Y., Baghalian, A. and Kia, E., 2020. Non-specific immunity promotion in response to garlic extract supplemented diets in female Guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Fish & shellfish immunology, 97, pp.96-99.
30.Mousavi, S.N., Mohammadiazarm, H. and Azadbakht, F., 2021. Mucosal Immune Responses and Total Carotenoid Content of Juvenile Male Guppy Fish (Poecilia Reticulata) Fed With Different Herbal Supplements.
31.Mousavi, S.N., Mohammadiazarm, H. and Azadbakht, F., 2024. Growth, mucosal immune responses, and total carotenoid content of juvenile red fantail male guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) fed with different herbal supplements. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 36(2), pp.308-320.
32.Naderi, I., Mehdipour, M., Firozbakhsh, F. and Kazempoor, R., 2022. Effect of Oregano Vulgare essential oil supplement on growth and histopathological changes of gill and spleen of koi fish (Cyprinus carpio) under long-term exposure to naproxen.
33.Nazari, A. and Roozbehani, S., 2015. Influence of fennel Foeniculum vulgar extract on fertility, growth rate and histology of gonads on guppy Poecilia reticulata. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15(4), pp.463-469.
34.Nugroho, R.A., Manurung, H., Saraswati, D., Ladyescha, D. and Nur, F.M., 2016. The effects of Terminalia catappa L. leaves extract on the water quality properties, survival and blood profile of ornamental fish (Betta sp) cultured. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(2), pp.240-247.
35.Park, J.J., Bae, J.S., Lee, C.W., Yang, C.Y., Jeong, E.H., Park, K.H., Seo, J.S., Kwon, M.G. and Lee, J.H., 2024. Effects of Marigold Extract and Carophyll Red on Growth, Body Color Development, Antioxidant Properties, and Innate Immunity in the Ornamental Fish Golden Severum (Heros efasciatus). Life, 14(12), p.1660.
36.Pazira A. Antifungal Effect of Thymus Vulgaris Essence on the Separated Fungals from Koi Fish's Skin (Cyprinus Carpio Var. Koi), in Vitro. JAD 2017; 11 (2) :13-22.
37.Prut, L. and Belzung, C., 2003. The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review. European journal of pharmacology, 463(1-3), pp.3-33.
38.Rajaee, A.H., 2011. Genetic approaches to the analysis of body colouration in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
39.Rana, S., Al Bari, A., Shimul, S.A., Al Mazed, M. and Al Nahid, S.A., 2023. Enhancement of body coloration of sword-tail fish (Xiphophorus helleri): Plant-derived bio-resources could be converted into a potential dietary carotenoid supplement. Heliyon, 9(4).
40.Rani, K.U., Latha, C., Pratheeba, M., Dhanasekar, K., Devi, S., Munuswamy, N. and Ramesh, B., 2014. Effect of formulated feeds on growth performance and colour enhancement in the fresh water gold fish Carrassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758). World journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 3(9), pp.1117-1133.
41.Rashidian, G., Boldaji, J.T., Rainis, S., Prokić, M.D. and Faggio, C., 2021. Oregano (Origanum vulgare) extract enhances zebrafish (Danio rerio) growth performance, serum and mucus innate immune responses and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Animals, 11(2), p.299.
42.Rezaeipour, A., Kazempoor, R., Mortazavi, P. and Ghorbanzadeh, A., 2024. Histopathological alterations in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) under acute fluoxetine exposure. International Journal of Veterinary Research, 4(2), pp.21-33.
43.Rottmann, R.W., Francis-Floyd, R. and Durborow, R., 1992. The role of stress in fish disease (p. 474). Stoneville, MS: Southern Regional Aquaculture Center.
44.Safari, O., Sarkheil, M. and Paolucci, M., 2019. Dietary administration of ferula (Ferula asafoetida) powder as a feed additive in diet of koi carp, Cyprinus carpio koi: effects on hemato-immunological parameters, mucosal antibacterial activity, digestive enzymes, and growth performance. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 45, pp.1277-1288.
45.Safari, R., Hoseinifar, S.H., Van Doan, H. and Dadar, M., 2017. The effects of dietary Myrtle (Myrtus communis) on skin mucus immune parameters and mRNA levels of growth, antioxidant and immune related genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish & shellfish immunology, 66, pp.264-269.
46.Safari, R., Roosta, Z., Vakili, F., Rahmani, E., Hossain, M.S., Raeisi, M., Van Doan, H., Paolucci, M. and Hoseinifar, S.H., 2022. Dietary dragonhead effects on growth, immunity and antioxidant and related genes expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquaculture Reports, 27, p.101384.
47.Sahandi, J., Bagherzadeh Lakani, F., Zorriehzahra, M.J. and Shohreh, P., 2023. Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) extracts on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis parasite in Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(1), pp.18-28.
48.Saraiva, J.L., Arechavala-Lopez, P., Castanheira, M.F., Volstorf, J. and Heinzpeter Studer, B., 2019. A global assessment of welfare in farmed fishes: The FishEthoBase. Fishes, 4(2), p.30.
49.Sirati, R., Khajehrahimi, A.E., Kazempoor, R., Kakoolaki, S. and Ghorbanzadeh, A., 2024. Development, physicochemical characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of niosome-loaded oregano essential oil against fish-borne pathogens. Heliyon, 10(5).
50.Smith, K.F., Schmidt, V., Rosen, G.E. and Amaral-Zettler, L., 2012. Microbial diversity and potential pathogens in ornamental fish aquarium water.
51.Sotoudeh, A. and Yeganeh, S., 2017. Effects of supplementary fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil in diet on growth and reproductive performance of the ornamental fish, Convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum). Aquaculture Research, 48(8), pp.4284-4291.
52.Steiner, T. and Syed, B., 2015. Phytogenic feed additives in animal nutrition. Medicinal and aromatic plants of the world: Scientific, production, commercial and utilization aspects, pp.403-423.
53.Syahidah, A., Saad, C.R., Daud, H.M. and Abdelhadi, Y.M., 2015. Status and potential of herbal applications in aquaculture: A review. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 14(1), pp.27-44.
54.Thomas, G.S., Nair, G. and Subramanian, A., 2020. Effect of formulated feeds on growth performance and pigmentation in ornamental fishes-A cohort study. Oceanography & Aquaculture Res, 1(1), pp.1-3.
55.Toranzo, A.E., Romalde, J.L., Magariños, B. and Barja, J.L., 2009. Present and future of aquaculture vaccines against fish bacterial diseases.
56.Treit, D. and Fundytus, M., 1988. Thigmotaxis as a test for anxiolytic activity in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 31(4), pp.959-962.
57.Vallejos-Vidal, E., Reyes-López, F., Teles, M. and MacKenzie, S., 2016. The response of fish to immunostimulant diets. Fish & shellfish immunology, 56, pp.34-69.
58.Wagde, M.S., Sharma, S.K. and Sharma, B.K., 2018. Effect of natural β-carotene sources-Carrot (Daucus carota) and Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) on the growth of an ornamental fish-sword tail (Xiphophorus hellerii). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 6(5), pp.2112-2115.
59.Windisch, W., Schedle, K., Plitzner, C. and Kroismayr, A., 2008. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of animal science, 86(suppl_14), pp.E140-E148.
60.Yeşilayer, N., Mutlu, G. and Yıldırım, A., 2020. Effect of nettle (Urtica spp.), marigold (Tagetes erecta), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) extracts and synthetic xanthophyll (zeaxanthin) carotenoid supplementations into diets on skin pigmentation and growth parameters of electric yellow cichlid (Labidochromis caeruleus). Aquaculture, 520, p.734964.
61.Yılmaz, E., Çek, Ş. and Mazlum, Y., 2009. The effects of combined phytoestrogen administration on growth performance, sex differentiation and body composition of sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 9(1).
62.Yuli, A., Muhamad, D.C., Yaya, R. and Dikdik, K., 2024. Role of antioxidants in the pigmentation of ornamental fishes. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 23(3), pp.389-407.
63.Zago, D.C., Santos, A.C., Lanes, C.F., Almeida, D.V., Koakoski, G., de Abreu, M.S., Zeppenfeld, C.C., Heinzmann, B.M., Marins, L.F., Baldisserotto, B. and Barcellos, L.J., 2018. Aloysia triphylla in the
zebrafish food: effects on physiology, behavior, and growth performance.
Fish physiology and biochemistry, 44, pp.465-474.
64.Zareen , M.K., Muhammad Sultan H., Nasim A., Sadia F., and Adeela H., 2023. Effect of Foeniculum Vulgare Mingled Diet Upon Growth, Reproduction and Spawning Performance of Guppy Fish. Asian Journal of Research in Zoology 6 (4):88-99. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i4126.
65.Zhang, R., Wang, X.W., Liu, L.L., Cao, Y.C. and Zhu, H., 2020. Dietary oregano essential oil improved the immune response, activity of digestive enzymes, and intestinal microbiota of the koi carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture, 518, p.734781.
