Comparison of Coping Styles and Grief Reactions in Mothers Who Are Heads of Families Due to Divorce and Death of Spouse
Subject Areas : Psychology of couples
1 - ( Corresponding author), Graduated in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Email: tayebehhajiesfandiary@gmail.com, tell: 09125637780
Keywords: coping strategies, divorce, grief, head of the family,
Abstract :
Abstract Introduction: The experience of loss is challenging, especially when it occurs due to divorce or the death of a spouse, and it can be a difficult experience for mothers. The research aims to to compare the coping styles and grief reactions in mothers who are heads of families due to divorce and the death of spouse. Research method: The current research is descriptive of causal-comparative type. The statistical population of the study included all the heads of families with the age range of 33 to 52 years residing in Karaj city during the 2022-2023 period which included two groups of divorced mothers and mothers whose husbands had died. The sampling method was of convenience type and consisted of two groups of 35 mothers who were heads of the family (one group due to divorce and the second group due to the spouse`s death). The data collection tools used in the study were the Coping Strategies Questionnaire and the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and SPSS version 24. Findings: The findings showed that mothers who are the head of the family due to divorce use more emotion-oriented coping strategies compared to mothers who are the head of the family due to the death of their spouse (p=0.001). Also, mothers who are the head of the family due to divorce experience more blame and anger, separation and withdrawal, as well as confusion compared to mothers who are the head of the family due to the death of their spouse (p=0.001). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the challenges faced by mothers who are the head of the family after divorce create different coping mechanisms and grief reactions compared to those due to the death of their spouses. The results of this research can be used by psychologists and family counselors.
References:
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1. Harris CC. The family: an introduction: Routledge; 2021. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003213284
2. Fromm-Reichmann F. Notes on the mother role in the family group. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1940; 4(5):132. https://www.proquest.com/openview
3. Javed ZH, Asif A. Female households and poverty: A case study of Faisalabad District. International Journal of peace and development studies. 2011; (2): 37-44. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/
4. Kpoor A. Household maintenance and decision making in lone female parent families in Ghana. Journal of Family Issues. 2014;35(14):1959-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13483969
5. Hasani M, Mohammadzadeh F. Compassionately Mothering: Lived Experience of Female Heads of Households from Mothering. Sociology of Social Institutions. 2024;10(22):215-49 10.22080/SSI.2023.26192.2138. [in Persian]
6. Shiyani M, Zare H. A meta-analysis of female-headed household studies in Iran. Sociological Review. 2020;26(2):67-97. 10.22059/JSR.2020.75859 [in Persian]
7. Falakodin Z, Hadjizadeh Meimandi M, Mousavi SM, Kalate Sadati A. Mothers as Household Heads and Family Happiness: A Qualitative Study among Female-Headed Households in Yazd City. Strategic Research on Social Problems. 2021;10(4):91-116. 10.22108/SRSPI.2022.130957.1737 [in Persian]
8. Dorahaki A, Noubahkt R. The Study of Economic and Social Status of Iranian female-headed households: a secondary analysis. Payesh (Health Monitor). 2021;20(4):427-37. https://doi.org/10.52547/payesh.20.4.427 [in Persian]
9. Biblarz TJ, Gottainer G. Family structure and children's success: A comparison of widowed and divorced single‐mother families. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2000;62(2):533-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00533.x
10. Agnafors S, Bladh M, Svedin CG, Sydsjö G. Mental health in young mothers, single mothers and their children. BMC psychiatry. 2019;19:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2082-y
11. Arendell T. Mothers and divorce: Legal, economic, and social dilemmas: Univ of California Press; 2023. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.2430428
12. Weinraub M, Kaufman R. Single parenthood. Handbook of parenting: Routledge; 2019: 271-310. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429433214-8
13. Konstam V, Karwin S, Curran T, Lyons M, Celen-Demirtas S. Stigma and divorce: A relevant lens for emerging and young adult women? Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 2016; 57(3): 173-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2016.1150149
14. Gass-Sternas KA. Single parent widows: Stressors, appraisal, coping, resources, grieving responses and health. Single Parent Families: Routledge; 2014: 411-45. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v20n03_06
15. Khosravan S, Salehi S, Ahmadi F, Mansoorian MR. Social support: The most important need of young I ranian single‐parent widows on their path to widowhood. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2013;19(3):274-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12068
16. Adonis ML. Exploring the economic and psychosocial experiences of widowed mothers: University of Johannesburg (South Africa); 2020. https://www.proquest.com/openview/
17. Rucker N. Cupid's misses: Relational vicissitudes in the analyses of single women. Psychoanalytic Psychology. 1993;10(3)377. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079468
18. Kotwal N, Prabhakar B. Problems faced by single mothers. Journal of Social Sciences. 2009; 21(3): 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2009.11892771
19. Lazarus RS. The stress and coping paradigm. Fifty years of the research and theory of RS Lazarus: An analysis of historical and perennial Issues, 1998:182-220.
20. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping: Springer publishing company; 1984.
21. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Cognitive theories of stress and the issue of circularity. Dynamics of stress: Physiological, psychological and social perspectives: Springer; 1986: 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5122-1_4
22. Folkman S. The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping: Oxford University Press; 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375343.001.0001
23. Kim M-S, Duda JL. The coping process: Cognitive appraisals of stress, coping strategies, and coping effectiveness. The sport psychologist. 2003;17(4):406-25. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.17.4.406
24. Baqutayan SMS. Stress and coping mechanisms: A historical overview. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 2015;6(2):479-88. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p479
25. Lazarus RS. Toward better research on stress and coping. American Psychologist. 2000; 55(6): 665-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.6.665
26. Özel Y, Özkan B, editors. Psychosocial Approach to Loss and Mourning; 2020.
27. Rando TA. Grief and mourning: Accommodating to loss. Dying: Taylor & Francis; 2018: 211-41. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315800806-9
28. Macfie C. Loss, grief and mourning. Modern Medicine. 1997;22(9):36-41.
29. Prashant L, CMTI F. Transforming Somatic Grief; 2018. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA02599333_4253
30. Breuer D. Death–grief–parenting: The mourning process of single parenting widows and widowers after the death of a spouse, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167885254012
31. Trivedi JK, Sareen H, Dhyani M. Psychological aspects of widowhood and divorce. Mens Sana Monogr, 2009;7(1):37-49. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1229.40648
32. Sharma B. Mental and emotional impact of divorce on women. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 2011;37:125-31. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/
33. Williams NY. The relationship between stress, coping strategies, and social support among single mothers: Walden University; 2016.
34. Chami JM, Pooley JA. Widowed young: The role of stressors and protective factors for resilience in coping with spousal loss. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 2023;88(2):477-504. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211047088
35. Skomorovsky A, Norris D, Martynova E, Mclaughlin KJ, Wan C. Work–family conflict and parental strain among Canadian Armed Forces single mothers: The role of coping. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 2019;5(1):93-104. https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh.2017-0033
36. Saeed A, Kehkishan S, Sameer M. Divorce status in the Pakistani workplace: Women's narratives on stigma, outcomes and coping strategies. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 2022;41(6):927-50. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-05-2021-0129
37. Suwardani NP, Yasintha PN. Religious Coping Strategy Management On Social Cultural Pressure In Single Mother. Grand Academic Portal; 2019. https://www.gapbodhitaru.org/res/articles/1%20-%20Copy%20(19).pdf
38. Rezaei MA, Mohammadinia N, Samiezadeh Toosi T. Problems of Female-headed households in Sistan Baluchistan province, Iran. Journal of Research and Health, 2013;3(3):452-7. http://jrh.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-94-en.html [in Persian]
39. Khazaeian S, Kariman N, Ebadi A, Nasiri M. The impact of social capital and social support on the health of female-headed households: a systematic review. Electron Physician. 2017; 9(12): 6027-34. https://doi.org/10.19082/6027
40. Health related quality of life in the female-headed households. Int J Epidemiol Res. 2015;2(4):178-83. https://ehsj.skums.ac.ir/Article/IJER-1504-1037
41. Folkman S, Lazarus RS. Ways of coping questionnaire; 1988. https://doi.org/10.1037/t06501-000
42. Terhorst L, Mitchell AM. Ways of coping in survivors of suicide. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2011;33(1)8-32. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2011.618584
43. Jafari A. The mediating role of efficient and non efficient coping strategies in relationship of positive and negative perfectionism with sport burnout. Sports Psychology. 2018;3(2):29-44. 10.48308/MBSP.3.2.29 [in Persian]
44. S. Hogan DBG, Lee A. Schmidt, Nancy. Development and validation of the Hogan grief reaction checklist. Death studies, 2001; 25(1):1-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180125831
45. Sharifi M, Ahmadi SA, Fatehizade M. Psychometric Properties of the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist in Iranian Bereaved Families. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2013;14(3):69-79. http://dl.iransanjeh.com/Articles/v14n53p69-fa.pdf
46. Shahbeik S, Khanehkeshi A, Khanmohammadi A. Coping strategies and resilience in divorced and non-divorced females: A comparative study. J Health Promot Manag. 2018;7(2):44-9. http://jhpm.ir/article-1-914-en.html [in Persian]
47. Safaah N, Saidah F. Relationship between coping stress strategies and stress levels in post divorce women in Tuban religious courts. Journal of Vocational Nursing. 2020;1(1):17-23. https://doi.org/10.20473/jovin.v1i1.19903 [in Persian]
48. Zare S, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Ahmadi F, Mirzaei Y. Paving the way for a normal life: A qualitative study of coping strategies among Iranian divorced women. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 2019;60(4):270-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2018.1528529 [in Persian]
49. Henry R, Nantongo L, Wagner AK, Embrey M, Trap B. Competency in supportive supervision: a study of public sector medicines management supervisors in Uganda. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice. 2017;10:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-017-0121-y
50. Torres LA, Paradela RS, Martino LM, da Costa DI, Irigoyen MC. Higher perceived stress as an independent predictor for lower use of emotion-focused coping strategies in hypertensive individuals. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022;13:872852. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872852
51. Ngambi SN, Ndhlovu D, Changala M. Popular literature on post-divorce traumatic experiences. Int J Soc Sci Humanit Manag Res. 2023;2(4):212-7. https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2023.v2i4n03
52. Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist K, Sundquist J. Peer deviance, parental divorce, and genetic risk in the prediction of drug abuse in a nationwide Swedish sample: evidence of environment-environment and gene-environment interaction. JAMA psychiatry. 2014;71(4):439-45. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4166
53. Yusof S. How I Survived Emotional Abuse: A Narrative Study. Interdisciplinary Journal of Education. 2018;1(2):250-69. https://doi.org/10.53449/ije.v1i2.62
54. Asghari F, Ramazannia H. Role of social support and coping styles in mental health of women who apply for divorce. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 2017;8(4):49.. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2017.00312.6 [in Persian]
55. Jimerson KE. The influence of inhibited expression of anger, perceived control by partner, and withdrawal cognitions on the association between conflict and relationship dissolution: University of Maryland, College Park; 2010. https://www.proquest.com/openview
56. Dreman S, Spielberger C, Fried R. The experience and expression of anger in divorced mothers: Effects on behavior problems in children. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 1999;30(3-4):25-44. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v30n03_02
57. Dreman S, Spielberger C, Darzi O. The relation of state-anger to self-esteem, perceptions of family structure and attributions of responsibility for divorce of custodial mothers in the stabilization phase of the divorce process. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 1998; 28(1-2):157-70. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v28n01_11
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