Comparative Effect of Stocker® Fertilizer and Evisect® on Greenhouse Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hem.: Aleyrodidae) to Optimize Tomato Pest Control Management

Subject Areas : Optimizing the use of fertilizers and poisons

Mozhdeh Momeni ¹ , Mehdi Dehghani-Zahedani ² , A. R. Jalalizand ³

1 - Master's degree of Agricultural Entomology, Khurasegan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Esfahan, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
3 - Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad Unversity, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran

Received: 2025-01-17 Accepted : 2024-06-20 Published : 2024-06-20

Keywords: Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Stoker, Evisect, Tomato, Central composite design.,

Abstract :

Objective: Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)., is one of the most critical greenhouse pests in the world. It is spreading rapidly, and various pesticides and biological control agents are generally used. Due to the large number of generations and the occurrence of resistance to pesticides in whiteflies, it has become essential to study and research new and alternative insecticides to be more effective and reduce genetic resistance in whiteflies

Material and methods: In this research, the effect of Stoker and Evisect on T. vaporariorum was done in the form of a completely randomized block design with seven treatments and five replications (Tomato plants). The treatments include three Pesticide-fertilizer (combination of insecticide, surfactant, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash), Stoker at the ratios of 2.5, 2, and 1.5 per thousand, and three treatments of Evisect at the ratios of 1.5, 1, 0.5 per thousand, and control treatment (Distilled water). Determining the mortality rate and counting the nymphs was done after 24, 48 and 72 hours.

Results: The comparison of the averages of the interaction effect of treatment and time showed that the highest percentage of whitefly losses was 63.2%, related to the treatment of Stoker's pesticide-fertilizer with a concentration of 2.5 per thousand on the third day. The results of the central composite design (CCD) showed that Stocker (with a mortality rate of 85%) compared to Evisect (with a mortality rate of 50%) is more effective on whitefly nymphs.

Conclusion: In the end, it was determined that Stoker was more effective than Evisect for controlling greenhouse whiteflies on tomato plants, and it can be recommended in the integrated pest management programs.

References:

Abbott, W.S. 1952. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J.Econ. Entomol.18: 265-267.
Aboutalebi, A. 2012. The effect of lethal doses of the cyclam and chromofenoside on the biological parameters of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Platellidae). Msc Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran. [In Farsi]
Al-shareef, L.A.H. 2011. Influence of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), infestation on Micronutrients Content in some vegetable plants in a greenhouse. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, A 1: 897-901.
Arjmandinezhad A. and Sheikhigorjan, A. 2011. Invesytigating the effect of new Pesticides on Greenhouse whitefly and Cotton whitefly. 2nd Proceeding of national pest management. [In Farsi]
Behdad, E. 2002. Introductory entomology and important plant pests in Iran. Yadboud Press.840 pp.[In Farsi]
Binkmoenen RM, Mound LA. 1990. Whiteflies: diversity, biosystematics and evolutionary patterns, pp:1-12, In: Gerling D, [ed.] Whiteflies: their bionomics, pest status and management, Intercept Ltd.
Bolano, R.E. 1997. Bemisia tabaci economic injury level in tomato crops in the northren area of Cesar, Colombia. Manejo Integrado-de-Plagas. No 46, pp: 29-33.
Borisov, B.A. and Akhatov A.K. 1991. Greenhouse whitefly control: an analysis of difficulties and the quest for rotation way. Zash. Rast, No. 9, pp: 6-10.
Crawley, M.J. 1992. Natural Enemies: The Population Biology of Predators, Parasites and Diseases. Blackwell scientific publications. 575 pp.
Croft, B.A. 1990. Arthroptera biological control agents and pesticides. Wiley, New York. 723pp.
Dehghani-Zahedani, M., Nazari, A. and Sarafrazi, A. 2018. Optimization of predation condition of three Orius species (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) with adjustable relative humidity using central composite design. J. ent. Res. 42 (1) : 5-12.
Ghahari, H. and Hatami, B. 2001. Taxonomic survey of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Isfahan province. Journal of Entomology and Phytopathology.69:141-170. [In Farsi]
Esmaeili, A. and Hatami B. 2014. The effect of Moyan as a surfactant along with Evisect in controlling Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae). Proceedings of The second national conference on the application of new sciences and technologies in agriculture, natural resources and environment.Meybod.Islamic Azad University.Meybod.Iran.[In Farsi]
Farnisi, M. Investigating the effect of some biorational insecticides on the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) in laboratory and greenhouse conditions.MSc Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture .Khrasegan branch.Islamic Azad University.Esfahan.Iran.145 p. [In Farsi]
French, N.F., Ludlem F.A.B. and Wardlow L.R. 1973. Observation on the effects of insecticides on glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). Plant Pathol. 22: 99-107.
Heidari, A.,Moharramipour, S.,Pourmirza, A.A. and Talebi, A.A.2004. The effects of pyriproxyfen, buprofezin and fenpropatrin insecticides on the growth indices of Greenhouse whitefly populations. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.36:353-361.[In Farsi]
Hodges, G.S. and Evans GA. 2005. An identification guide to the whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) of southeastern united states. Florida Entomol. 88(4): 518-534.
Horowitz, A.R. and Ishaaya. I. 1994. Managing resistance to insect growth regulators in the sweetpotato whitefly. J. Econ. Ent. Vol. 87, No. 4, pp: 866-871.
Ibade, K.W., Farhan, D.D., Abed, M.M. and Saleh, H.M. 2022. Effect of Seaweed extract and Evisect Pesticide on the population density of Bemisia tabaci and some characteristics of Eggplant growth. Biochem. Cell. Arch. 22(2): 3845-3849.
Khatun, P., Islam, A., Sachi, S., Zaherol Islam, M. D. and Islam, P. 2023. Pesticides in vegetable production in Bangladesh: A systemic review of contamination levels and associated health risks in the last decade. Toxicology Reports.11:199-211.
IL Choi, W., Lee E.H., Choi, B.R., Park, H.M. and Ahn Y.J. 2003. Toxicity of Plant Essential Oils to Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Horticultural Entomology, 96(5): 1479-1484.
Malekan, N., Hatami, B., Ebadi, R., Akhavan, A., Binti Abdulaziz, A. and Radjabi, R. 2013. Effect of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium muscarium on Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood. Indian Journal of Entomology. 75(2): 95-98.
Martin, N.A. 1999. Withefly biology, identification and life cycle. Crop and Food Research, Broadsheet No. 91. Februrary 1999.
Ming-Hui, Q., Qiong-Bo, H., Shun-Xiang, R., Mandour, N.S., Bao-Li, Q. and Stansly, P.A. 2012. Delayed development of the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and increased parasitism by Encarsia bimaculata in response to sublethal doses of piperonyl butoxide. Insect Science, 19(3): 4003-4011.
Mirzamohammadzadeh, S., Iranipour, Sh., Lotfalizadeh, H. and Jafarloo.M. 2014. Biological parameters of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hem.: Aleyrodidae) in four greenhouse cucumber cultivars. Journal of Entomological society of Iran. 34(4): 53-67.[In Farsi]
Naamvar, P.2016. Efficacy of two new insecticides, flubendiamide and thiocyclam, in controlling tomato moth. National Plant Medicine Research Institute. Technology research news magazine.6(4):33-62.[In Farsi]
Nazari, A., Montazer, M. and Dehghani-Zahedani, M. 2013. Nano TiO2 as a new tool for mothproofing of wool: Protection of Wool against Anthrenus verbasci. Indust. and Engg. Chem. Res., 52: 1365-1371.
Omer, A.D., Johnson M.W., Tabashnick, B.E., Costa, H.S. and Ullman D.E. 1993. Sweetpotato whitefly resistance to insecticide in Hawaii: intra-island variation is related to insecticide use. Entomol. Exp. Appl. Vol. 67, No. 2, pp: 173-182.
Prabhaker, N., Tascano, N.C. and Henneberry T.J. 1998. Evaluation of insecticide rotation and mixturesas resistance management strategies for Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), J. Econ. Ent. Vol. 91, No. 4, pp: 820-26.
Price, P. W. 1975. Insect Ecology. Editions 1-3. Wiley, New York.
Sanderson, J.P. and Roush, R.T. 1992. Monitoring insecticide resistance in greenhouse whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) with yellow sticky card. J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 634-41.
Sheikhi-Gorjan, A. 2005. Efficacy of two new insecticides, flubendiamide and thiocyclam, in controlling tomato moth. National Plant Medicine Research Institute. Technology research news magazine.5(4):25-50.[In Farsi]
Van Emden, H.F. and Peakall, D.V. 1996. Beyond the silent spring: Integrated pest management and chemical safety. Springer publication. 569 pp.
Van Ieresel, M.W., Oeting, R.D. and Hall, D.B. 2000. Imidacloprid Applications by Subirrigation for Control of Silverleaf Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Poinsettia. Journal of Economic Entomology. 93(3): 813-819.
Wisler, G.C, Li, R.H., Liu, H.Y., Lowry, D.S and Duffus, J.E. 1998. Tomato chlorosis virus a new whitefly-transmitted, phloem-limited, bipartite closterovirus of tomato. Phytopathology, 88: 402- 409.
Xu, Y.Y., Liu, T.X., Leibee, G.L. and Jones W.A. 2004. Effects of selected insecticides on Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Biocontrol Science and Technology. 14: 713–723.