Detection and Evaluation of residue levels of various pesticides in apple and pear fruit in two cities of Isfahan province and comparing them with national and international standards
Subject Areas : Environmental Toxicology
Mohsen Morowati
1
,
Mohammad Reza Nematollahi
2
1 - Associate Professor, Toxicology, Faculty member, Pesticides Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran *(Corresponding Author)
2 - Assistant Professor, Faculty Member, Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Recourses Research Center of Isfahan Province.
Keywords: Acaricide, Insecticide, Khomeini Shahr, Maximum residue level, Semirom.,
Abstract :
Background and Objectives: Application of various chemical control measures could reduce about 40-60% of the damage caused by the pests. Monitoring of pesticides residue levels in food stuff is very important due to the health, environment and economic impacts. In apple and pear orchards of Isfahan province various pesticides are being used which may have high and harmful residue levels.
Material and Methodology: In order to monitor the residue levels of diazinon, azinphos methyl, amitraz in pear and diazinon, phosalone, bromopropylate and fenpyroximate in apple, two sampling periods were chosen and samples were collected in three pear orchards in Khomeinishahr and seven apple orchards in Semirom. Overall, 18 pear samples and 56 apple samples were collected respectively. Overall, 18 pear and 56 apple samples were collected. In order to analyze diazinon, azinphos methyl, phosalone and amitraz GC/NPD and to analyze bromopropylate GC/ECD and for fenpyroximate HPLC was used. Samples were extracted by liquid-liquid method and after preparation and extraction the pesticide residue levels were measured.
Findings: Results show that about 16% of pear samples contained diazinon residue higher than the MRLs and 25% of the apple samples contained higher residue levels of diazinon and fenpyroximate than the MRLs. Other pesticides measured were at or below the MRLs according to the national MRLs (standard number 13117).
Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, in order to produce safe products with pesticide residue levels at the standard levels it is better to seek the advice of experts about the proper timing, spraying frequency and pesticide quality.
1. Aldhous, J. R. (2000). Pesticides, pollutants, fertilizers and stress: their role in forests and amenity woodlands. Research Studies Press. England. p. 80-95
2. Morowati, M., Mahdavi, V. and Heidari, A. (2024). Classification of the registered Pesticides in Iran based on Possible Risks. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection Publications, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Pp. 47. (In Persian)
3. Heidari, A. (2010). Research Strategic Plan for Pesticides, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection Publications, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. p. 6-53. (In Persian)
4. Hodgson, E. and Live P. (1997). A textbook of modern toxicology. 2nd ed. Appleton &Longe. p. 90-110.
5. Ragsdale, N. and Kuhr, R. J. (1978). Pesticides: minimizing the risk. ACS. p. 45-60.
6. Hotchkiss, J. H. (1992). Pesticides residue controls to ensure food safety, critical review. Food Science and Nutrition. 31: 191-203.
7. Jafari, S. H, Sepahvand, M., Azadbakht, N. and Ahoor, M. (2004). Investigation on the Endosulfan residue level in water, soil and cucumber produced in Chagholvandi region (Lorestan province). Proceedings of the 16th Congress of Plant Protection, Tabriz. Vol. 1, Pests. P. 179. (In Persian)
8. Salahi Ardakani, A., Morowati, M. and Entesari, M. (2012). Endosulfan and Diazinon residues in cucumber and tomato in Kohgiloye and Boyer Ahmad Province. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biosafety, No. 2, Fall and Winter. P. 113. (In Persian)
9. Imani, S., Talebi Jahromi, Kh., Shojaei, M. and Kamali, K. (2006). Multiresidue determination of 8 pesticide residue levels used in cucumber and tomato producing greenhouses. Proceedings of the 17th Congress of Plant Protection, Tehran, Vol. 1, Pests. P. 147. (In Persian)
10. Anonymous, (2015). Manual of methods of analysis of foods, Pesticide Residues, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi. p. 10.
11. 11.Tribolet, L, Gasser, R. B. (1995). Analytical methods for pesticide residues in food stuffs. Analytical methods for pesticide residues in food stuffs. European Commission, Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection. p. 198-201.
12. Noorbakhsh, S., Sahraeyan, H., Sorosh, M. J., Rezaei, V. and Fotuhi, A. R. (2011). Important Pests of major agricultural produces, Pesticides and recommended methods of their control. Plant Protection Organization Publications. (In Persian)
13. Anonymous. (2015). Pesticides- Maximum Residue Levels- Temperate fruits. National Standard number 13117, first revision, Iranian Standard Organization. p. 47. (In Persian)
14. Talebi Jahromi, Kh. (2006). Pesticides Toxicology. Tehran University Publication Institute. P. 292. (In Persian)
15. Hill, A. R. C, Reynolds, S. L. (2002) Unit-to-unit variability of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables. Food Additive and Contaminants 19: 733-747.
16. Mahdavi, V., Eslami, Z., Molaee-Aghaee, Ebrahim, Peivasteh, L., Sadighara, P., Thai, V. N., Fakhri, Y. and Ravanlou, A. A. (2022). Evaluation of pesticide residues and risk assessment in apple and grape from western Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Environmental Research, 203, 111882.
17. Pei, T., Pan, W., Li, J., Cao, J., Qin, S. and Li, L. (2024). Occurrence, distribution, and dietary risk assessment of pesticides in apples at the provincial scale. Food Control. 168, 110847.
18. Zhao, H., Li, R. and Hu J. (2023). Frequently used pesticides and their metabolites residues in apple and apple juice from markets across China: Occurrence and health risk assessment. LWT Food Science and Technology, 178, 114610.
19. Nikolic S., Pantic-Palibrk, V., Ristic, D., Koprivica, D., Stošic, D. and Nikolic, V. (2022). Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Apple in the institute of Public Health of Belgrade for 2022. Proceedings 2023091278.
20. Salamat news. Fruit juices contain more pesticides. Available (2013), from: URL: http://itp.epage.ir/fa/module.content_page.48-26.html. Accessed 2017 May 31 [in Persian].
21. Salamat news. Pesticide and fertilizer residues more than the maximum residue levels on seven highly consumed products. (2015), Available from: URL: http:// tasalamati.com/e/4Mg7M/. Accessed 2017 May 31 [in Persian].
22. Yadegarian, L, Moattar, F, Morowati, M, and Riazi, Z. (2002). Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticide residue levels in Apples stored in Cold Storage in Urmiah. Environ Sc and Tech, 15: 25-42 . (In Persian)
23. Morowati, M, Heidari, A, Faravardeh, L, Tajbakhsh, M. R, Shafiei, P, Razavi, F. (2013). Investigation on the residues of the pesticides used in the fruits provided in the Central Market of Tehran. Final Research Report of Iranian Institute of Plant Protection; Tehran. Iran . (In Persian)
24. Makialeagha, M., Farahani, M. (2012), To Determine Diazinon and Chlorpyriphos residue levels in Golden and Red varieties of Apple in Damavand Region. Environment; 62: 111-116.
25. Afkhami, M. (1999). Effect of Calcium Chloride on the Pesticide residue (Diazinon and Fozalone) in Apple and improving its quality (in Damavand Region) [dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Modarres University, Faculty of Agriculture, Soil Science Department . (In Persian)
26. Parveen, Z., Khuhro, M. I, Rafiq, N, Kausar, N. (2004). Evaluation of Multiple Pesticide Residues in Apple and Citrus Fruits, 1999-2001. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 73: 312-318.
27. Morowati, M., Mahdavi, V., Heidari, A., Nourbakhsh, R., Faravardeh, L. and Heidari Alizadeh, B. (2018). Pesticides Residue in Agricultural Produces (Hazard, Regulations and Residue Limits). Iranian Research Institute of Plant Production Publication, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Pp. 258.
28. Anonymous. (2023). Pesticides- Maximum residue limit of pesticides- Horticultural fruits. National Standard number 13117, second revision, Iranian Standard Organization. Pp. 37. (In Persian)
