Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with almond trees in Sirjan city

Subject Areas :

Mahdieh Rostami ¹ , Farahnaz Jahanshahi Afshar ²

1 -
2 - Department of Plant Nematology, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran.

Received: 2024-11-25 Accepted : 2025-02-17 Published : 2025-02-28

Keywords: Keywords: Amirabad, Nuts, Molecular identification, Root lesion, needle and ring nematodes. ,

Abstract :

One of the nutritious and beneficial nuts for human health is almond, which has high economic importance in agriculture. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are directly and indirectly one of the major causes in reducing the yield of agricultural products, especially fruit trees in the world. In this study, in order to investigate the infection of almond orchards to parasitic nematodes in Sirjan city, some soil samples were collected from rhizosphere of almond trees from different regions in this city. The nematodes were extracted from the soil samples using two methods, centrifugal flotation-sieving and tray technique, fixed and transferred to the anhydrous glycerin. After preparing permanent slides, the nematodes were studied using a light microscopy and species identification was performed according to morphological and morphometric characteristics data in relevant valid references. In total, four important PPNs species were identified as bellow: Criconema mutabile, Pratylenchus thornei, Zygotylenchus guevarai and Longidorus africanus. Due to the importance of agriculture in the region, occurrence of important PPNs such as needle nematode (Longidorus), root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus and Zygotylenchus) and ring nematode (Criconema), it is necessary to monitor their population density in the studied gardens. In addition, the identified species belong to the most important genera of the plant-parasitic nematodes which indicates the possibility of their damage and requires appropriate control proceedings to prevent its further spread. Among the identified species, in order to confirm the traditional identification of Zygotylenchus guevarai, this species was molecularly studied using D2-D3 extension fragments of 28S rDNA. The obtained sequence of the species (recovered from a soil sample in Amirabad, Sirjan city) was 100% identical to the sequences of the other populations of Z. guevarai in the GenBank database. 

References:

منابع:
1. Ahmadian Yazdi, A., Baruti, Sh. and Khairy, A. 2002. Almond leaf gall nematode report from southern Khorasan province, In: Proceedings of the 15th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, septamber, Karaj. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization: p. 606.
2. Alghamdi, A. A. and Alsabehi, R. M. 2024. Almond (Prunus dulcis): Comprehensive overview of cultivars, requirements and field Management. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences, 33 (1): 63.
3. Aminisarteshnizi, M. 2022. Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) orchards. Tropical Agriculture, 99 (2): 6.
4. Ansari, S., Charegani, H., Ghaderi, R., and Abdoli, M. 2018. Concurrent Occurrence of Zygotylenchus guevarai and Fusarium oxysporum in Lovage Medicinal Plant Root and Rhizosphere and Control of the Nematode by Cadusafos Nematicide in Boyer-Ahmad County. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection, 7 (2): 53-63. (In Persian)
5. Barooti, S.H. 1981. Record of two species of nematodes from Iran. Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquées, 49 (9): 27-30, 103-106
6. De Grisse, A. T. 1969. Redescription ou modifications de quelques techniques utilisées dans l'étude des nématodes phytoparasitaires. Mededlingen Rijksfaculteit der and bouwwetenschappen Gent, 34: 351-369.
7. De Ley, P. and Blaxter, M. L. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In: Lee, D.L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes. Taylor and Francis, London: p. 1–30.
8. Decramer, W. and Hunt, D. J. 2006. Structure and classification. In: Perry, R. N. and Moens, M. (Eds.). Plant Nematology. Biddles Ltd, King's Lynn, CABI Publishing. p. 3-32.
9. Geraert, E. 2010. The Criconematidae of the World: Identification of the Family Criconematidae (Nematoda). Academic press, Belgium: pp. 615.
10. Jenkins, W.R. 1964. A rapid centrifugal-flotation technique for separating nematodes from soil. Plant Disease Reporter, 48(9): 692.
11. Kargar-Bideh, A. 1989. Investigation of the harmful nematode fauna of fruit trees (pomegranate, pistachio and almond) in Yazd province. M.Sc. thesis in plant pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. 184PP. (In Persian)
12. Kheiri, A. 1972. Plant parasitic nematodes (Tylenchida) from Iran. Biologisch jaarboek Dodonaea, 40: 224-239.
13. Loof, P. A., Barooti, S. and Kheiri, A. 1990. Predatory nematodes (Mononchina) from Iran. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 57:27-36.
14. Mckenry, M. V. and Kretsch, J. 1987. Survey of nematodes associated with Almond production in California. Plant Disease, 71(1):71-73.
15. Namjoo, S., Tehrani, A. A. F., and Olia, M. 2011. A study on distribution of the longidoridae family in pistachio orchards of Kerman province, Iran. Plant Disease, 47(1):83-92. (In Persian).
16. Nunn, G. B. 1992. Nematode molecular evolution. An investigation of evolutionary patterns among nematodes based on DNA sequences. Nottingham: University of Nottingham.
17. Nur Tan, A., Ocal, L., Ozturk, and Elekcioglu, I. H. 2018. “Plant ParasiticNematodes Associated with Almond (Prunus dolcis Mill.) and Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Orchards in Adiyaman Province.”Turkey. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 3(6): 295‒300.
18. Sahraneshin Samani, S., and Fadaei Tehrani, A. A. 2015. Investigating the pathogenicity and loss of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) on several stocks and scion composition of almond. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 38(1): 25-36. (In Persian)
19. Stirling, G., Nicol, J. and Reay, F. 2002. Advisory Services for Nematode Pests-Operational Guidelines. Biological Crops Protection. Pty. Td. RIRDC publication, Australia:119 pp.
20. Taylor, A.L. 1936. The genera and species of the Criconematinae, a sub-family of the Anguillulinidae (Nematoda). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 55(4): 391-421.
21. Tehranifar, A., Kafi, M. and Adly, M. 1998. Almond cultivation: botany, rootstock and graft selection, agricultural practices, pests and diseases, processing and grading. Jihad Daneshgahi, Mashhad Branch. Iran. 31 P.P. (In Persian).
22. Tobar Jiménez, A. 1963. Pratylenchoides guevarai n. sp., nuevo nematode Tylénchido, relacionado con el ciprés (Cupressus sempervirens L.). Rev. Ibérica Parasitol, 23: 27–36.
23. Whitehead, A. G. and Hemming, J. R. 1965. A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting small vermiform nematodes from soil. Annals of Applied Biology, 55: 25-38.