Formulation of the causal model of emotions of shame and guilt based on parenting style: mediating role of attachment styles

Subject Areas : Tectonostratigraphy

saadolla hashemi ¹ (گروه روانشناسی تربیتی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی)
fariborz dortaj ² (استاد دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی تهران)
esmaeel sadipoor ³ (استاد دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی)
hasan asadzadeh ⁴ (هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی)

Received: 2017-08-14 Accepted : 2020-02-08 Published : 2019-05-22

Keywords: parenting styles, Attachment styles, : causal model, feelings of shame and guilt,

Abstract :

The purpose of this study was the causal model of emotion of shame and guilt on the basis of parenting style: mediating role of attachment styles. The sample consisted of 394 students (205 boys and 189 girls) from second grade high school students in Tehran and their parents selected by multistage cluster sampling. In this study, students completed attachment styles questionnaires, scale of shame and guilt emotions. Their parents also completed the parenting style questionnaire. The analyzes were based on the structural equation model. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the proposed model is grateful for data. The direct paths of authoritarian style, avoidant attachment, and anxiety attachment were positive and significant. The direct paths of authoritative parenting style, safe attachment to negative feelings of sin were positive and significant. The direct path of easy parenting style was negatively related to guilt feelings. Regarding indirect routes, the results showed that the indirect effect of child-rearing on feelings of guilt was negatively affected by the secure attachment. The indirect effect of effective parenting on guilty feelings through safe and positive attachment, the indirect effect of childbirth on feelings of shame through attachment, anxiety and avoidance, positive and significant, and the indirect effect of authoritarian parenting on shameful feelings through anxiety and avoidance attachment Positive and meaningful

References:

Akbag, M., Erden imanoglu, S.(2010).The Prediction of Gender and Attachment Styles on Shame, Guilt, and Loneliness. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri / Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice. 10 (2). 669-682.

Alborzi, M. (2010). Evaluating the Mediation Role of the Attribution Beliefs for Childrens’ Perception of Parents and Academic Achievement. Quarterly Journal of psychological models and methods.  Volume 1, Issue 3. Page 1-17.

Campos, J. J., Thein, S., & Owen, D. (2004). A Darwinian legacy to understanding human infancy: Emotional expressions as behavior regulators. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1000, 1–26.

Cherry, M.G., Taylor, O.J., Brown, S.L., Rigby, J.W., Sellwood, W. (2017). Guilt, shame and expressed emotion in carers of people with long-term mental health difficulties: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research 249.  139–151

Claesson, K., & Sohlberg, S. (2002). Internalized shame and early interactions characterized by indifference, abandonment and rejection: Replicated findings. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 9(4), 277-284. doi:10.1002/cpp.331

Cohen, T. R., Wolf, S. T., Panter, A. T., & Insko, C. A. (2011). Introducing the GASP Scale:_A new measure of guilt and shame proneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100 (5), 947-966.

Daniel. G. L.S & Marc-Robert L. d. (2006). The role of child negative affect in the relations between parenting styles and play. Early Child Development and Care. Vol. 176, No. 5, pp. 461–477

Esenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, Regulation and Moral Development.  Annu. Rev. Psychol. 51:665–697.

Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539–579.

Hareli, S., & Hess, U. (2008). The role of causal attribution in hurt feelings and related social emotions elicited in reaction to other’s feedback about failure. Cognition and Emotion. 22 (5), 862_880

Harrison, T. L. (2012).  Parenting styles and self-forgiveness: Are guilt and shame mediators? Dissertations & Theses – Gradworks.

Inan, E. (2016). The relations between parental attitudes guilt, shame, and self- compassion and differentiation of guilt prone and shame- prone indinidual in terms of their responses and expectations: a mixed study. Ph.D., Department of Psychology.

Jakupcak, M., Tull, M. & Roemer, L. (2005). Masculinity, shame, and fearof emotions as predictors of men's expressions of anger and hostility. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 6, 4. 275-284.

Jessica Van Vliet, .K. (2009). the role of attribution in process of overcoming shame: A qualitative analysis. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 82, 137-152.

 Jokar, b.,  Kamali, f. (2015). Relation between Spirituality and the Feeling of Shame and Sin. Iranian journal of culture in the Islamic university. Volume 5, Issue 14. Page 3-20.

Khalilifar, M., kazemi, S & javidi, H. (2014).Mediating Role of Religious Orientation for Parenting Styles and Meaning of Life in Junior High School Students in Shiraz. Quarterly Journal of psychological models and methods. Volume 4, Issue 15, Page 59-73.

Leary, M. R. (2007). Motivational and emotional aspects of theself. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 317–344. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085658.

Lewis, M. (2000) Self‐Conscious Emotions: Embarrassment, Pride, Shame and Guilt. In Lewis, M.; Haviland‐Jones, J. M.; Feldman Barett, L. (eds.), 742‐57.

Lewis, M. (2008) Self‐Conscious Emotions: Embarrassment, Pride, Shame and Guilt. In Lewis, M.; Haviland‐Jones, J. M.; Feldman Barett, L. (eds.), 742‐57.

Mills, R. L. (2003). Possible antecedents and developmental implications of shame in young girls. Infant and Child Development, 12(4), 29-349. doi:10.1002/icd.308

Mills, R. L., Arbeau, K. A., Lall, D. K., & De Jaeger, A. E. (2010). Parenting and child characteristics in the prediction of shame in early and middle childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56(4), 500-528. doi:10.1353/mpq.2010.0001.

Parvaz,  Y.,  Khanipour,  H.,  Parvaz,  P. (2014). Role of Self-conscious Emotions (Shame-proneness, Guilt Proneness) and Attribution Style in Prediction of General Psychiatric Symptoms. Modern psychological research. Volume 9, Issue 35, Page 33-48

Rostaminezhad, M. A. & Shokatirad, A. R.(2016). Predicting students’ membership in virtual networks and their academic performance based on parenting styles and adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology: Vol. 10, No. 2(38).

Saif, A.A. (2007). Modern Educational Psychology (Psychology of Learning and Instruction). Doran Publisher Company.

Shokouhi Yekta, M.,  Parand,  A., & Faghihi A. N. (2006). A Comparative Study on Child Rearing Styles. Biquarterly journal of Islamic Education. Volume 2, Issue 3, Page 115-140.

Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford Press.

Tangney, J., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345-372.

Tangney, J., Tracy, J. (2012). Self-conscious emotions. In: Leary, M., Tangney, J. (Eds.), Handbook of Self and Identity2nd ed. Guilford Press, New York.

Tracey, J., & Robins, R. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 103-125.

Tracy, J., Robins, R. (2006). Appraisal antecedents of shame and guilt: support for a theoretical model. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 32 (10), 1339–1351.

Zamani Foroshani, S., Alighanavati, S., Najaflooi Torkamani, Z., Sharifi, T. (2016). The Structural Model of the Relationship Hexaco Personality Variables and Happiness: Moderating Role of Attribution Style. Quarterly Journal of psychological models and methods. Volume 7, Issue 24, Page 71-90.