Interaction between biological tissues and extremely low frequency fields
Subject Areas : Communication Engineering
1 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Boushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boushehr, Iran
Keywords: Electric Fields, Magnetic Fields, Biological Effects, Extremely Low Frequency.,
Abstract :
Studing biological effects of electromagnetic fields is an attractive subject for researchers all of the world. The extremely low frequency fields frequency band (0-3KHz) is very applicable in the human life because of its benefits and utilizations. In this paper it is tried to investigate the biological effects of extremely low frequency fields (50/60 Hz) on biological effects of electromagnetic fields. It is due to computers, shavers, TVs, hair dryers and other low frequency devices. Some systems and equipment such as high voltage transmission lines are extremely low frequency fields sources too. The effects of these sources are divided into thermal and non-thermal which in turn focus on micronucleus formation, DNA strand, chromosome effects, enzyme activity, cell proliferation, leukemia, effects on memory and learning, brain tumor and effects on nervous system. Some exposure standard limits are introduced from IEEE and ICNIRP. Also, standard values and protection for human safety against extremely low frequency fields are proposed.
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[1] F. S. Alqurashi, A. Trichili, N. Saeed, B. S. Ooi, and M.-S. Alouini, “Maritime Communications: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Opportunities, and Challenges,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, pp. 1–1, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3219674.
[2] H. Aliyari, H. Sahraei, S. Gholabi, M.B. Menhaj, M. Kazemi, and Seyed Hossein Hosseinian, “The Effect of Electrical Fields From High-voltage Transmission Line on Cognitive, Biological, and Anatomical Changes in Male Rhesus macaque Monkeys Using MRI: A Case Report Study,” Basic and clinical neuroscience, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 433–442, Jul. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.1340.3.
[3] Asaad Shemshadi and Pourya Khorampour, “Novel Electric Field Exposure Control Methods for Multi-Story Buldings Installed in Vicinity of High-Voltage Apparatus Using FEM,” ASEAN Engineering Journal, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 179–203, Oct. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v11.17872.
[4] X. Zhang, “Magnetic Field Parameters and Biological Sample Differences That Lead to Differential Bioeffects,” pp. 1–30, Jan. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8869-1_1
[5] P. Stavroulakis, Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
[6] M. Feychting, A. Ahlbom, and L. Kheifets, “EMF AND HEALTH,” Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 165–189, Apr. 2005, doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144445.
[7] G. Vianale, M. Reale, P. Amerio, M. Stefanachi, S. Di Luzio, and R. Muraro, “Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field enhances human keratinocyte cell growth and decreases proinflammatory chemokine production,” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 158, no. 6, pp. 1189–1196, Jun. 2008, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08540.x.
[8] C. D’Angelo, E. Costantini, M. A. Kamal, and M. Reale, “Experimental model for ELF-EMF exposure: Concern for human health,” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 75–84, Jan. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.07.006.
[9] D. Belpomme, L. Hardell, I. Belyaev, E. Burgio, and D. O. Carpenter, “Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 242, pp. 643–658, Nov. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.019.
[10] A. Lak, “Evaluation of Biological Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Fields on human body,” The national conference of electrical engineering and computer science of south of Iran, April 2013.
[11] A. Lak and Homayoon Oraizi, “Evaluation of SAR Distribution in Six-Layer Human Head Model,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2013, pp. 1–8, Jan. 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/580872.
[12] M. Biesuz, T. Saunders, D. Ke, M. J. Reece, C. Hu, and S. Grasso, “A review of electromagnetic processing of materials (EPM): Heating, sintering, joining and forming,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology, vol. 69, pp. 239–272, Apr. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.06.049.
[13] C. J. Hu and F. S. Barnes, “A simplified theory of pearl chain effects,” Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 71–76, Jun. 1975, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02339811.
[14] http://www.environmentalhealth.ir
[15] http://www.radiologyandphysicalmedicine.es
[16] R. Y. Habash, Electromagnetic radiation and safety, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
[17] WHO Magnetic fields, Environmental health criteria, Genova, World Health Orgenization, 1987.
[18] Per Lövsund, P. Öberg, G. Nilsson, and T. Reuter, “Magnetophosphenes: a quantitative analysis of thresholds,” Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 326–334, May 1980, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02443387.
[19] J. Patrick Reilly, Applied Bioelectricity. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
[20] T. Wessapan, P. Rattanadecho, N. Somsuk, M. Yamfang, M. Guptasa, and P. Montienthong, “Thermal Effects of Electromagnetic Energy on Skin in Contact with Metal: A Numerical Analysis,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 16, p. 5925, Jan. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165925.
[21] Hye Sun Kim et al., “Effect of Exposure to a Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Body Temperature in Anesthetized and Non‐Anesthetized Rats,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 104–112, Dec. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22236.
[22] ICNIRP Guidelines for limiting exposure to time varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields(up to 300GHz), 2020.
[23] ICNIRP General approach to protection against non-ionizing radiation, Health physics, 2002.
[24] R. Torchio, A. Arduino, Luca Zilberti, and Oriano Bottauscio, “A fast tool for the parametric analysis of human body exposed to LF electromagnetic fields in biomedical applications,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 214, pp. 106543–106543, Feb. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106543.
[25] J. Malmivuo and R. Plonsey, Bioelectromagnetism : principles and applications of bioelectric and biomagnetic fields. New York, N.Y. ; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
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