Effect of ginseng (Panax ginseng) extract on histological structure of skin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a histomorphometric and biochemical study
Subject Areas : New Technologies in Aquaculture DevelopmentAli Parchami 1 * , Vahid Pouyapur 2
1 - Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University,- Shahrekord-Iran
2 - Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord Iran
Keywords: Skin, Ginseng extract, Rainbow trout, Histochemistry, Histomorphometry,
Abstract :
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ginseng (Panax ginseng) root extract on the histomorphometric and biochemical characteristics of skin in rainbow trout. Study carried out during 60 days within 4 experiments, each with 3 replicates. In each replication 60pcs of fry with average weight of 15gr. were randomly distributed. The experimental groups were fed with aqueous extract of P. Ginseng at 100, 150 & 200 gr./kg. diet respectively. Results obtained from the histological study of the skin of the dorsal and ventral regions of the body showed that the average thickness of none of the skin layers, i.e. epidermis, dermis and hypodermis in the groups receiving ginseng did not show a significant difference in comparison with the control group (p>0.05). The average total number of mucoid cells and the average number of chromatophores in all studied groups were significantly higher in the skin of the dorsal area compared to the ventral region (p0.05). With the increase in the amount of ginseng, the number of mucoid cells in both the dorsal and ventral areas increased significantly in a linear pattern compared to the control group (p0.05).
Akhlaghi, M., Brojerdi M., 1999. Anesthetic effect of Clove tree and LC50 determination in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Veterinary Research, 54(2): 49-52.
Attele, A.S., Wu, J.A., Yuan, C.S., 1999. Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochemical Pharmacology 58(11), 1685-1693.
Brekhman, I.I., Dardymov, I.V., 1969. New substances of plant origin which increase nonspecific resistance. Annual Review of Pharmacology 9, 419-430.
Brenes, A., Roura, E., 2010. Essential oils in poultry nutrition: Main effects and modes of action. Animal Feed Science and Technology 158: 1–14.
Christensen, L.P., 2008. Ginsenosides: chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 55: 90-99.
Clark, R., Nielsen, L.D., Welch, M.P., McPherson, J.M., 1995. Collagen matrices attenuate the collagen-synthetic response of cultured fibroblasts to TGF-beta. Journal of Cell Science 108(3):1251-1261.
Essam, A., Makky A., 2018. Korean Red Ginseng: Benefits Versus Precautions. INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences 1(1): 10-13.
Francis, G., Kerem, Z., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K., 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review. British Journal of Nutrition 88: 587–605.
Genten, F., Terwinghe E., Danguy, A., 2009. Atlas of Fish Histology. Science Publishers. 64-75.
Kang, S., Min, H., 2012. Ginseng, the immunity boost: The effect of Panax ginseng on immune system. Journal of Ginseng Research 36(4): 354-368.
Kim, H.G., Cho, J.H., Yoo, S.R., Lee, J.S., Han, J.M., Lee, N.H., Ahn, Y.C., Son, C.G., 2013. Antifatigue effects of Panax ginseng CA Meyer: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PloS One 8(4): 61-71.
Kim, N., Koo, B., Lee, S., Hwang, E., So, S., Do, J., 2007. Effect of Korean red ginseng on collagen biosynthesis and MMP-I activity in human dermal fibroblast. Journal of Ginseng Research 31: 86-92.
Kim, H., Oh, I., Park, K.H., Kim, N.M., Do, J.H., Cho, Y., 2009. Stimulatory effect of dietary red ginseng on epidermal hydration and ceramide levels in ultraviolet irradiated hairless mice. Journal of Medicinal Food 12, 746-754.
Kim, J.H., Yi, Y.S., Kim. M.Y., Cho, J.Y., 2017. Role of ginsenosides, the main active components of Panax ginseng, in inflammatory responses and diseases. Journal of Ginseng Research 41(4): 435-443.
Lee, Y.S., 2004. Compound K induces expression of hyaluronan synthetase 2 gene in transformed human keratinocytes and increases hyaluronan in hairless mouse skin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 316: 348-355.
Lee, M.Y., Kim, B.A., Yang, J.C., 2016. Effects of extracts derived from red ginseng residue on antioxidant activity and elastase inhibition. Jornal of the Korean Oil Chemists Society 33: 658-866.
Li, M., Qiang, J., Zhu, X., Bao, J., Tao, Y., Zhu, H., 2022. Effect of Siberian Ginseng water extract as a dietary additive on growth performance, blood biochemical indexes, lipid metabolism, and expression of PPARs pathways-related genes in genetically improved farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fishes 7(4): 149-164.
Lu, J.M., Yao, Q., Chen, C., 2009. Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications. Current Vascular Pharmacology 7(3): 293-302.
Mohamed, M.R., Abdi, M., Ronagh, M., Salari, A., Abdi, Basir, Z., 2020. Comparative histomorphometry of dorsal, ventral and lateral skin in macroscopy, microscopy and free scale fish. Iranian Veterinary Journal 67: 47-53.
Mokhtar, D.M., 2022. Fish Histology. From cells to organs. 2nd Edition. Apple Academic Press Inc. 99-136.
Nimalan, N., Sørensen, S.L., Fečkaninová, A.J., Koščová, D., Mudroňová, D., Gancarčíková, S., Bisa, S., Kiron, V., Sørensen, M., 2022. Mucosal barrier status in Atlantic salmon fed marine or plant-based diets supplemented with probiotics. Aquaculture 547: 737516.
Saeidi asl, M.R., Adel, M., Caipang, C.M.A., Davood, M.A.O., 2017. Immunological responses and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles following dietary administration of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 71: 230-238.
Shi, W., Wang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, H., Ding, L., 2007. Investigation of ginsenosides in different parts and ages of Panax ginseng. Food Chemistry 102(3): 664-668.
Shin, H.R., Kim, J.Y., Yun, T.K., Morgan, G., Vainio, H., 2000. The cancer-preventive potential of Panax ginseng: a review of human and experimental evidence. Cancer Causes & Control 11(6): 565-576.
Lee, E.H., Cho, S.Y., Kim, S.J., Shin, E.S., Chang, H.K., Kim, D.H., Yeom, M.H., Woe, K.S., Lee, J., Sim, Y.C., 2003. Ginsenoside F1 protects human HaCaT keratinocytes from ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis by maintaining constant levels of Bcl-2. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 121:607-613.
Sönmez, A.Y., Bilen, S., Tastan, Y., Serag, K.J.B., Toring, C.C., Romero, J.B., Kenanoglu, O.N., Terzi, E., 2021. Oral administration of Sargassum polycystum extracts stimulates immune response and increases survival against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish and Shellfish Immunology117:291–298.
Sönmez, A.Y., Bilen, S., Yürüten Özdemir, K., Alagöz, K., Özçelik, H., 2022. Effect of aqueous methanolic extract of pomegranate peel (Punica granatum) and veratrum (Veratrum album) on oxidative status, immunity and digestive enzyme activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Agricultural Science 28: 159–170.
Van Boeckel, T.P., Glennon, E.E., Chen, D., Gilbert, M., Robinson, T.P., Grenfell, B.T., Levin, S.A., Bonhoeffer, S., Laxminarayan, S., 2017. Reducing antimicrobial use in food animals .Science 357: 1350–1352.
Yuan, H.D., Kim, J.T., Kim, S.H., Chung, S.H., 2012. Ginseng and diabetes: the evidences from in vitro, animal and human studies. Journal of Ginseng Research 36(1): 27.
