Walnut Farming Systems: Review
Subject Areas : Walnut
Laurine Betty Riziki Kithi
1
,
Éva Lengyel Kónya
2
,
Géza Bujdosó
3
1 -
2 -
3 -
Keywords: Mechanization, Orchard systems, Technological advancement, Tree density, Varieties,
Abstract :
Walnut is a major temperate tree crop that has experienced significant technological advancements in its cultivation. This study provides a comprehensive review of walnut farming systems worldwide, highlighting technological applications and innovations that enhance efficiency in modern agricultural practices. Although intercropping seasonal crops in young walnut orchards remains common, there has been a marked shift from traditional low-density agroforestry and natural forest-based farming toward high-density planting systems in contemporary walnut cultivation. Various planting designs—including hedge row, square, diamond, and hexagonal patterns—have increased orchard tree densities to over 500 trees per hectare. Intensive, high-density planting systems have demonstrated superior productivity compared to conventional farming methods. Mechanization of key operations such as harvesting, along with the adoption of precision agricultural techniques supported by digital devices and software, play a crucial role in improving resource use efficiency, production, and soil and crop management. The integration of digital tools in soil and crop management optimizes water usage and mitigates moisture stress. Intensive and super-intensive walnut farms demand superior varieties characterized by dwarfism, early maturation, lateral bearing, early rooting, and enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Advances in breeding technologies—including genome sequencing, haploid production, transcriptomics and genetic engineering—have accelerated the development of cultivars exhibiting these desirable traits. Furthermore, propagation techniques such as budding, grafting, and micropropagation have significantly improved the quality of planting materials. In summary, the walnut farming industry has increasingly embraced technological innovation to improve productivity, sustainability, and profitability within this agricultural sector.
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