Effect of Bonding Time on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Transient Liquid Phase Bonding Between WC-Co/St52

Subject Areas : Chemistry

Hamed Zeidabadinejad ¹ , Mahdi Rafiei ² , Iman Ebrahimzadeh ³ , Mahdi Omidi ⁴ , Farid Naeimi ⁵

1 - Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
2 - Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
3 - faculty of materials engineering, Isalamic azad university of najafabad, esfahan, Iran
4 - Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
5 - Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 85141-43131, Iran

Received: 2024-05-28 Accepted : 2024-05-28 Published : 2024-05-28

Keywords: Transient liquid phase bonding, St52 steel, WC-Co compound, microstructure, mechanical properties,

Abstract :

WC-Co and St52 were joined using the TLP method. The joining process was carried out at 1050 °C for different times using a BNi-2 interlayer. After the joining process, the microstructure of the bonded samples was examined using a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis was also used to investigate the effects of bonding parameters on the phase transformations of the bonding region. The results of the investigations showed that in the isothermal solidification zone, the Ni-base solid solution phase was observed in all samples. Also, the η phase (Co6W6C) was formed in the diffusion affected zone of the WC-Co base material. The size of the produced zones in the bonding region depended on the time of the bonding process, and with the change in the bonding time, the size of these zones also changed. The hardness profile for all samples had the same trend and the maximum hardness was related to WC-Co base material (around 1100 HV) and the hardness in the isothermal solidification zone was about 380 HV. The maximum shear strength was related to the bonded sample at 30 min, about 320 MPa, which was due to the removal and damping of residual stresses by the isothermal solidification zone. The mode of failure in all samples was brittle-ductile.

References:

[1] Zhang, X., et al., Vacuum brazing of WC-8Co cemented carbides to carbon steel using pure Cu and Ag-28Cu as filler metal. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2017. 26: p. 488-494.
[2] Cheniti, B., et al., Effect of brazing current on microstructure and mechanical behavior of WC-Co/AISI 1020 steel TIG brazed joint. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2017. 64: p. 210-218.
[3] Yu, X.-y., et al., Fiber laser welding of WC-Co to carbon steel using Fe-Ni Invar as interlayer. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2016. 56: p. 76-86.
[4] Chen, G., et al., Electron beam hybrid welding-brazing of WC-Co/40Cr dissimilar materials. Ceramics International, 2019. 45(6): p. 7821-7829.
[5] Mphasha, N. and D. Whitefield, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of WC-Co/WC-Co Oxyacetylene Brazed Joints Using Ag-Based Filler Alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2022. 31(1): p. 24-36.
[6] Avettand-Fenoel, M.-N., et al., Characterization of WC/12Co cermet–steel dissimilar friction stir welds. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2018. 31: p. 139-155.
[7] Li, S., et al., Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of diffusion bonding WC-Co cemented carbide to steel using Co and composite Ni/Co interlayers. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2022. 103: p. 105736.
[8] Li, S., et al., Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of WC-Co/steel joints diffusion bonded utilizing Ni interlayer. Ceramics International, 2021. 47(4): p. 4446-4454.
[9] Feng, K., et al., Investigation on diffusion bonding of functionally graded WC–Co/Ni composite and stainless steel. Materials & Design (1980-2015), 2013. 46: p. 622-626.
[10] Amirnasiri, A. and N. Parvin, Dissimilar diffusion brazing of WC-Co to AISI 4145 steel using RBCuZn-D interlayer. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2017. 28: p. 82-93.
[11] Cai, Q., et al., Microstructure, residual stresses and mechanical properties of diffusion bonded tungsten–steel joint using a V/Cu composite barrier interlayer. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2015. 48: p. 312-317.
[12] Yin, G., et al., Effect of interlayer thickness on the microstructure and strength of WC-Co/Invar/316L steel joints prepared by fibre laser welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2018. 255: p. 319-332.
[13] Cheniti, B., et al., Effect of WC-Co cermet positioning and NiCr interlayer on the microstructure and mechanical response of the dissimilar WC-Co/AISI 304 L rotary friction joint. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2021. 101: p. 105653.
[14] Zeidabadinejad, H., et al., Microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of TLP-bonded WC-Co/St52 with copper interlayer. Welding in the World, 2023: p. 1-11.
[15] Mostaan, H., et al., The effect of microstructure on magnetic properties of TLP bonded Sm 2 Co 17 hard magnets. Applied Physics A, 2020. 126: p. 1-12.
[16] Pouranvari, M., A. Ekrami, and A. Kokabi, Diffusion induced isothermal solidification during transient liquid phase bonding of cast IN718 superalloy. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2014. 53(1): p. 38-46.
[17] Ojo, O., N. Richards, and M. Chaturvedi, Isothermal solidification during transient liquid phase bonding of Inconel 738 superalloy. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2004. 9(6): p. 532-540.
[18] Pouranvari, M., A. Ekrami, and A. Kokabi, Effect of bonding temperature on microstructure development during TLP bonding of a nickel base superalloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009. 469(1-2): p. 270-275.
[19] Pouranvari, M., A. Ekrami, and A. Kokabi, TLP bonding of cast IN718 nickel based superalloy: process–microstructure–strength characteristics. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2013. 568: p. 76-82.
[20] Pouranvari, M., A. Ekrami, and A. Kokabi, Phase transformations during diffusion brazing of IN718/Ni–Cr–B/IN718. Materials Science and Technology, 2013. 29(8): p. 980-984.
[21] Baharzadeh, E., et al., Properties of IN X-750/BNi-2/SAF 2205 joints formed by transient liquid phase bonding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2019. 274: p. 116297.
[22] Hawk, C., S. Liu, and S. Kottilingam, Effect of processing parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of wide-gap braze repairs on nickel-superalloy René 108. Welding in the World, 2017. 61: p. 391-404.
[23] Huang, B., et al., Effect of Weld Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of TM52/Q235 Transient Liquid Phase Diffusion-Bonded Joint. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2022: p. 1-12.
[24] Zhou, X., et al., Transient liquid phase bonding of CLAM/CLAM steels with Ni-based amorphous foil as the interlayer. Materials & Design, 2015. 88: p. 1321-1325.
[25] Campbell, F., Phase Diagram Applications. Phase Diagrams: Understanding the Basics, Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International, 2012: p. 290-291.
[26] Guo, Y., et al., Effect of temperature on the microstructure and bonding strength of partial transient liquid phase bonded WC–Co/40Cr joints using Ti/Ni/Ti interlayers. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2015. 51: p. 250-257.
[27] Yuan, X., M. Kim, and C. Kang, Effects of boron and silicon on microstructure and isothermal solidification during TLP bonding of a duplex stainless steel using two Ni–Si–B insert alloys. Materials Science and Technology, 2011. 27(7): p. 1191-1197.
[28] Rhee, B., S. Roh, and D. Kim, Transient liquid phase bonding of nitrogen containing duplex stainless steel UNS S31803 using Ni-Cr-Fe-Si-B insert metal. Materials Transactions, 2003. 44(5): p. 1014-1023.
[29] Sinclair, C., G. Purdy, and J. Morral, Transient liquid-phase bonding in two-phase ternary systems. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2000. 31: p. 1187-1192.
[30] Norouzi, E., et al., Effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V to AISI 304 transient liquid phase bonded joint. Materials & Design, 2016. 99: p. 543-551.
[31] Hertzberg, R., Deformation and fracture mechanics of engineering materials. NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1996.