Comparison the effect of different warm up methods on squash players function: A randomized crossover trial
Subject Areas : Exercise Physiology and Performance
Soheila
Heydarzadi
1
(Department of physical education and sports science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Lida
Moradi
2
(Physical education and sports science department- North Tehran Branch- Islamic Azad University- Tehran- Iran)
Aliasghar
Ravasi
3
(Department of exercise physiology- Faculty of physical education and sports science- Tehran university- Tehran- Iran)
Keywords: Flexibility, anaerobic power, muscular power,
Abstract :
Background: Warmup is a main section of each training program and is necessary for better performance and decrease chance of sport injuries. Many warmup methods used with athletes and their effects are challenge full. Squash players use different warmup methods like other athletes. Muscular power, anaerobic power and flexibility are important factors for performance of squash players. On the other hand, there are conflict in previous researches about the effect of different warmup methods on performance. Thus the propose of this study was evaluating the effect of static stretch, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and whole body vibration on muscular power, anaerobic power and flexibility of squash players. Methods: Nine squash players randomly assigned in three groups and took three warmup methods on three weeks. Wash out period was one week. After each session, all variables were measured. One way ANOVA was used to detect differences between groups.Results: We couldn’t find any significant differences between groups in vertical jump, sit and reach and mean power tests.Conclusion: It seems that there is not difference between the effect of whole body vibration, static stretch and PNF on our variables.
Bishop D. Warm up II: performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. Sports Med. 2003;33(7):483-98.
Barnes MJ, Petterson A, Cochrane DJ. Effects of different warm-up modalities on power output during the high pull. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2017;35(10):976-81.
Paradisis GP, Pappas PT, Theodorou AS, Zacharogiannis EG, Skordilis EK, Smirniotou AS. Effects of static and dynamic stretching on sprint and jump performance in boys and girls. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(1):154-60.
Young WB. The use of static stretching in warm-up for training and competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2007;2(2):212-6.
O'Sullivan K, Murray E, Sainsbury D. The effect of warm-up, static stretching and dynamic stretching on hamstring flexibility in previously injured subjects. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2009;10:37.
Kay AD, Husbands-Beasley J, Blazevich AJ. Effects of Contract-Relax, Static Stretching, and Isometric Contractions on Muscle-Tendon Mechanics. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(10):2181-90.
Kay AD, Blazevich AJ. Effect of acute static stretch on maximal muscle performance: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(1):154-64.
Franco BL, Signorelli GR, Trajano GS, Costa PB, de Oliveira CG. Acute effects of three different stretching protocols on the wingate test performance. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11(1):1-7.
Dallas G, Kirialanis P, Mellos V. The acute effect of whole body vibration training on flexibility and explosive strength of young gymnasts. Biol Sport. 2014;31(3):233-7.
Cochrane DJ, Stannard SR, Sargeant AJ, Rittweger J. The rate of muscle temperature increase during acute whole-body vibration exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;103(4):441-8.
Maddigan ME, Peach AA, Behm DG. A comparison of assisted and unassisted proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques and static stretching. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(5):1238-44.
Miyahara Y, Naito H, Ogura Y, Katamoto S, Aoki J. Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching and static stretching on maximal voluntary contraction. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(1):195-201.
Kilduff LP, Bevan H, Owen N, Kingsley MI, Bunce P, Bennett M, et al. Optimal loading for peak power output during the hang power clean in professional rugby players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2007;2(3):260-9.
Hindle KB, Whitcomb TJ, Briggs WO, Hong J. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF): Its Mechanisms and Effects on Range of Motion and Muscular Function. J Hum Kinet. 2012;31:105-13.
Konrad A, Stafilidis S, Tilp M. Effects of acute static, ballistic, and PNF stretching exercise on the muscle and tendon tissue properties. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2017;27(10):1070-80.
Takeuchi K, Nakamura M. Influence of High Intensity 20-Second Static Stretching on the Flexibility and Strength of Hamstrings. J Sports Sci Med. 2020;19(2):429-35.
Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, Granacher U. Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1468.
Osugi T, Iwamoto J, Yamazaki M, Takakuwa M. Effect of a combination of whole body vibration exercise and squat training on body balance, muscle power, and walking ability in the elderly. Therapeutics and clinical risk management. 2014;10:131-8.
Comparison the effect of different warm up methods on squash players function: A randomized crossover trial
Abstract: Warmup is a main section of each training program and is necessary for better performance and decrease chance of sport injuries. Many warmup methods used with athletes and their effects are challenge full. Squash players use different warmup methods like other athletes. Muscular power, anaerobic power and flexibility are important factors for performance of squash players. On the other hand, there are conflict in previous researches about the effect of different warmup methods on performance. Thus the propose of this study was evaluating the effect of static stretch, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and whole body vibration on muscular power, anaerobic power and flexibility of squash players. Methods: Nine squash players randomly assigned in three groups and took three warmup methods on three weeks. Wash out period was one week. After each session, all variables were measured. One way ANOVA was used to detect differences between groups. Results: We couldn’t find any significant differences between groups in vertical jump, sit and reach and mean power tests. Conclusion: It seems that there is not difference between the effect of whole body vibration, static stretch and PNF on our variables.
Introduction: Warmup has a great effect on physiological and psychological parameters and can improve athletes’ performance. The aim of warmup in short term activities is increasing muscle temperature(1). Different variables effect warmup that included: time, intensity, program, time interval until main program, environment temperature,...(2). Static stretch is a effective method for increasing range of motion(3) and it seems that can improve performance(4).However other studies suggest that static stretching may negatively affect immediate performance(5) Kay etal. show decrease in muscle tendon stiffness after one bout static stretching(6) On the other hand some researchers show that long static stretch can damage muscle fibers(7). It seems that moderate stretch has not effect on lower body strength (8)vibration can be produced when a person stands on a vibration platform that generates vertical vibration at a frequency in the range 35-50 Hz. whole body vibration can enhance athletic performance . Dallas et al. Show that whole body vibration can enhance athletic performance can improve muscle power but didn’t affect flexibility in gymnasts(9) It seems that whole-body vibration causes increasing in body temperature and activates muscles(10) and thus improves power and strength(2). Despite static stretch commonly uses by athletes, it seems that PNF is more effective for increasing ROM(6) There are several types of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching. Each technique offers combination of isometric contraction and passive stretch. Some times PNF consisted of eccentric and concentric contraction and might provide dynamic stretch benefits (11). The purpose of the procedure in PNF stretching is to excitability of motor neuron pool by autogenic inhibition and reciprocal inhibition(12). Muscular power is a important factor for athletic performance(13) and is a powerful factor for squash players too. Thus use of proper warmup methods can be helpful for players. Wingate test is a common test for evaluation anaerobic performance. Ramirez et al. (2007) reported that stretch reduced peak power and mean power in Wingate test(8) . even with the inconsistency in warmup methods on performance, only two studies observed the effect of stretching on Wingate test(8). Because of the conflict in previous studies results’ we decided to compare the effect of three warmup methods on some functional indicators, thus the aim of this study was evaluation the effect of warmup method on muscle power, anaerobic power and back muscles flexibility in amateur squash players.
Material and methods:
Study design: this study was a semi experimental. Study design was cross over trial. Samples was all of Tehran squash team players. Subjects were 9 squash player women that randomly assigned in 3 groups. For this propose we used drawing method. Including criteria was: age (20-30) yrs., playing squash consequently in last year, and common health. We describe research aims and procedure before beginning for all of subjects. They attempted in laboratory in 3 sessions with one week interval. Warmup protocols: Group’s warmup protocols show on table 1.
For warmup they had done 10 min general warmup protocols in each session that consist of running in treadmill with 50-60% HRR.
PNF stretch protocol was contract-relax method. This method include a static stretching phase that flowed by intense isometric contraction (6). PNF increases ROM by increasing the length of muscle and neuromuscular efficiency and it can improve athletic performance when do before or after exercise(14). In our study subjects did PNF stretching that consist of 6 sec resistance against competitive partner and 14 sec rest that reputed for 5 times. For this propose subjects lay down in supine position with 90 flexion of knee joint, then the competitive partner push her leg toward chest and she resisted.
Static stretch protocol consisted of 45 sec stretch in hamstring muscle groups and 15 sec rest that repeated for 5 times. In this stretch subjects lay down in supine position and some one stretch’s their hamstring passively. Vibration group take vibration with 35 htz for 15 min.
All dependent variables measured immediately after each session.
Vertical jump test was used to evaluate muscular power. Anaerobic power was measured with Wingate test and sit and rich test was used to evaluate flexibility.
| Group one | Group two | Group three |
1st week | PNF | Static stretch | vibration |
2nd week | vibration | PNF | Static stretch |
3rd week | Static stretch | vibration | PNF |
table 1: groups interventions in 3 weeks
Results:
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to test normality of our data. In order to evaluate equality of variance and ANOVA with tukey’s posthoc test were used to find differences between three groups.
Subjects’ demographic characteristics’ was shown in table2.
| mean | SD |
Age(year) | 25 | 1.4 |
Height(cm) | 164.67 | 4.72 |
Weight(kg) | 63.67 | 5.46 |
BMI(kg/m2) | 23.51 | 2.16 |
Table2: demographic characteristics’ of subjects
Our statistical results show that there was not any significant difference between groups in vertical jump records (F=0.015, df=2, P=0.985). In sit and reach test differences bet ween groups was not significant (F=0.159, df=2, P= 0.854). Mean power results was not show any significant difference between groups too (F=1.603, df=2, P=0.222).(table 3)
| Sum of squares | df | F | pvalue |
Vertical jump | 1.301 | 2 | 0.015 | 0.985 |
Sit and reach | 11.185 | 2 | 0.159 | 0.854 |
Mean power | 18142.651 | 2 | 1.603 | 0.222 |
Table3:ANOVA results for all variables
Discussion:
Our results shown that there was not any significant differences between three types of warmup protocols on vertical jump, sit and reach and mean power outcomes. All stretching methods increasing ROM and other functional changes may be accrue due to different types of stretching (15)Alteration in muscle performance after static stretch is related to muscle tendon stiffness(16)
There is evidence that static stretch affect motor unit and increase motor unit compliance and subsequently decrease its stiffness. This may impairs performance because of decrease in elastic potentiation produced during stretch phase. On the other hand, greater motor unit compliance may affect the length-tension relationship in muscle(17).
whole body vibration activates alpha-moto neurons and initiates muscle contractions(9).One possible mechanism that explains whole body vibration of physical function may be that a chain of rapid muscle contractions during exercise can activate neuromuscular system in lower extremities. Another possible mechanism is increase in growth hormone due to whole body vibration, because it show that whole body vibration increase growth hormone immediately(18)
Two neuromuscular theories explain increasing ROM after contract-relax: autogenic inhibition and gate control. Autogenic inhibition occur during the contraction phase and increase activity of type Ib afferent of muscle fibers within Golgi tendons. Gate control theory suggests that an increased output from type III muscle afferents during the contraction phase could inhibit pain perception and thus increase ROM(6).
1. Bishop D. Warm up II: performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. Sports Med. 2003;33(7):483-98.
2. Barnes MJ, Petterson A, Cochrane DJ. Effects of different warm-up modalities on power output during the high pull. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2017;35(10):976-81.
3. Paradisis GP, Pappas PT, Theodorou AS, Zacharogiannis EG, Skordilis EK, Smirniotou AS. Effects of static and dynamic stretching on sprint and jump performance in boys and girls. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(1):154-60.
4. Young WB. The use of static stretching in warm-up for training and competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2007;2(2):212-6.
5. O'Sullivan K, Murray E, Sainsbury D. The effect of warm-up, static stretching and dynamic stretching on hamstring flexibility in previously injured subjects. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2009;10:37.
6. Kay AD, Husbands-Beasley J, Blazevich AJ. Effects of Contract-Relax, Static Stretching, and Isometric Contractions on Muscle-Tendon Mechanics. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(10):2181-90.
7. Kay AD, Blazevich AJ. Effect of acute static stretch on maximal muscle performance: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(1):154-64.
8. Franco BL, Signorelli GR, Trajano GS, Costa PB, de Oliveira CG. Acute effects of three different stretching protocols on the wingate test performance. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11(1):1-7.
9. Dallas G, Kirialanis P, Mellos V. The acute effect of whole body vibration training on flexibility and explosive strength of young gymnasts. Biol Sport. 2014;31(3):233-7.
10. Cochrane DJ, Stannard SR, Sargeant AJ, Rittweger J. The rate of muscle temperature increase during acute whole-body vibration exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;103(4):441-8.
11. Maddigan ME, Peach AA, Behm DG. A comparison of assisted and unassisted proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques and static stretching. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(5):1238-44.
12. Miyahara Y, Naito H, Ogura Y, Katamoto S, Aoki J. Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching and static stretching on maximal voluntary contraction. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(1):195-201.
13. Kilduff LP, Bevan H, Owen N, Kingsley MI, Bunce P, Bennett M, et al. Optimal loading for peak power output during the hang power clean in professional rugby players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2007;2(3):260-9.
14. Hindle KB, Whitcomb TJ, Briggs WO, Hong J. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF): Its Mechanisms and Effects on Range of Motion and Muscular Function. J Hum Kinet. 2012;31:105-13.
15. Konrad A, Stafilidis S, Tilp M. Effects of acute static, ballistic, and PNF stretching exercise on the muscle and tendon tissue properties. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2017;27(10):1070-80.
16. Takeuchi K, Nakamura M. Influence of High Intensity 20-Second Static Stretching on the Flexibility and Strength of Hamstrings. J Sports Sci Med. 2020;19(2):429-35.
17. Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, Granacher U. Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1468.
18. Osugi T, Iwamoto J, Yamazaki M, Takakuwa M. Effect of a combination of whole body vibration exercise and squat training on body balance, muscle power, and walking ability in the elderly. Therapeutics and clinical risk management. 2014;10:131-8.
