The effect of obesity and supplementation of garlic extract along with aerobic activity on the expression of brain-derived neurogenic factor genes, tyrosine kinase B and short-term memory of male wistar rats.

Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biology

Behrouz  Esfandiyari ¹ (Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aliabad Katul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katul, Iran)
Reza  Rezai Shirazi ² (1- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aliabad Katul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katul, Iran)
Seyed javad  Zia alhagh ³ (Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran)
Saeed  Ghorbani ⁴ (Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aliabad Katul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katul, Iran)
Habib  Asgharpour ⁵ (Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aliabad Katul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katul, Iran)

Received: 2021-11-21 Accepted : 2022-01-22 Published : 2022-08-23

Keywords: Obesity, garlic extract, Cognitive impairment, Y maze, Aerobic physical activity,

Abstract :

The extent of cognitive impairment in obesity has been extensively researched for several years. Also, the effect of garlic extract and aerobic activity on these cognitive disorders in obese people is still unknown. Forty male Wistar rats were exposed to a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce obesity, and finally 30 obese rats were identified using the Lee index and then randomly divided into 5 groups: control, obesity, garlic, aerobic exercise, garlic + exercise. Were aerobically divided. Aerobic exercise including 30 minutes per day, 8 / m / min 5 days a week and garlic and stevia extract at a concentration of 250 mg / kg were added to the daily water intake. Brain tissue was sent to the laboratory to study gene expression by real-time PCR. One-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test were used to determine the differences between groups and a significance level of 0.05 was considered. The results showed that compared to the control group, 12 weeks of high-fat diet increased the body weight of rats (p <0.05) and even during 8-week extract interventions and training, remained higher than the control group. . In addition, BDNF gene expression levels decreased significantly (P <0.05) and TrKB gene expression levels also increased significantly in 12 weeks of high-fat rats compared to the healthy control group (p <0.05). On the other hand, in the Y maze, the percentage of rotation in obese rats was significantly lower than the control group (p <0.05). Induction of a high-fat diet in childhood causes mild genetic changes in male Wistar rats, and the combination of aerobic and extractive physical activity appears to be more effective than aerobic and extractive interventions alone.

References:

1. An, Y. A., Crewe, C., Asterholm, I. W., Sun, K., Chen, S., Zhang, F., Scherer, P. E. 2019. Dysregulation of amyloid precursor protein impairs adipose tissue mitochondrial function and promotes obesity. Nature Metabolism, 1(12): 1243-1257.


2. Cheke, L.G., Bonnici, H. M., Clayton, N. S., Simons, J.S. 2017. Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with reduced activity in core memory regions of the brain. Neuropsychologia, 96: 137-149.


3. Choi, D.H., Kwon, I.S., Koo, J.H., Jang, Y.C., Kang, E.B., Byun, J.E., Cho, J.Y. 2014. The effect of treadmill exercise on inflammatory responses in rat model of streptozotocin-induced experimental dementia of Alzheimer’s type. Journal of Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry, 18(2): 225.


4. Coppin, G., Nolan-Poupart, S., Jones-Gotman, M., Small, D. M. 2014. Working memory and reward association learning impairments in obesity. Neuropsychologia, 65: 146-155.


5. Daliri, E. B.M., Kim, S.H., Park, B.J., Kim, H.S., Kim, J.M., Kim, H.S., Oh, D.H. 2019. Effects of different processing methods on the antioxidant and immune stimulating abilities of garlic. Food Science and Nutrition, 7(4): 1222-1229.


6. de Almeida, A. A., Gomes da Silva, S., Lopim, G.M., Vannucci Campos, D., Fernandes, J., Cabral, F.R., Arida, R.M. 2018. Physical exercise alters the activation of downstream proteins related to BDNF‐TrkB signaling in male Wistar rats with epilepsy. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 96(5): 911-920.


7. Eidi, A., Eidi, M., Oryan, S., Esmaeili, A. 2004. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on levels of urea and uric acid in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 3(2): 52-52.


8. Fanaei, H. 2018. Effect of Resistance and Aerobic Exercises with Different Intensities on BDNF and TrkB Receptor Gene Expression in Ovariectomized Mice. Complementary Medicine Journal, 8(2): 2304-2316.


9. Gdula-Argasińska, J., Paśko, P., Sułkowska-Ziaja, K., Kała, K., Muszyńska, B. 2017. Anti-inflammatory activities of garlic sprouts, a source of α-linolenic acid and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, in RAW 264.7 cells. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 64(3): 551-559.


10. Ghasemi, S., Hosseini, M., Feizpour, A., Alipour, F., Sadeghi, A., Vafaee, F., Beheshti, F. 2017. Beneficial effects of garlic on learning and memory deficits and brain tissue damages induced by lead exposure during juvenile rat growth is comparable to the effect of ascorbic acid. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 40(2): 206-214.


11. Ghyasi, R., Mohaddes, G., Naderi, R. 2019. Combination effect of voluntary exercise and garlic (Allium sativum) on oxidative stress, cholesterol level and histopathology of heart tissue in type 1 diabetic rats. Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research, 11(1): 61.


12. Giles, E.D., Jackman, M.R., MacLean, P.S. 2016. Modeling diet-induced obesity with obesity-prone rats: implications for studies in females. Frontiers in Nutrition, 3: 50.


13. Hamer, M., Batty, G.D. 2019. Association of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio with brain structure: UK Biobank study. Neurology, 92(6): 594-600.


14. Hashimoto, K. 2020. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-TrkB signaling and the mechanism of antidepressant activity by ketamine in mood disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 270(2): 137-138.


15. Hashimoto, M., Nakai, T., Masutani, T., Unno, K., Akao, Y. 2020. Improvement of Learning and Memory in Senescence-Accelerated Mice by S-Allylcysteine in Mature Garlic Extract. Nutrients, 12(6): 1834.


16. Huang, Y.J., Lu, K.H., Lin, Y.E., Panyod, S., Wu, H.Y., Chang, W.T., Sheen, L.Y. 2019. Garlic essential oil mediates acute and chronic mild stress-induced depression in rats via modulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Food and Function, 10(12): 8094-8105.


17. Khoobkhahi, N., Delavar, R., Nayebifar, S.H. 2019. The combinatory effects of combined training (endurance–resistance) and garlic supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant adaptations in untrained boys. Science and Sports, 34(6): 410-e1.


18. Kraeuter, A.K., Guest, P.C., Sarnyai, Z. 2019. The Y-maze for assessment of spatial working and reference memory in mice. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1916: 105-111.


19. Kuo, H. K., Jones, R. N., Milberg, W.P., Tennstedt, S., Talbot, L., Morris, J.N., Lipsitz, L.A. 2006. Cognitive function in normal‐weight, overweight, and obese older adults: an analysis of the advanced cognitive training for independent and vital elderly cohort. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(1): 97-103.


20. Lebrun, B., Bariohay, B., Moyse, E., Jean, A. 2006. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and food intake regulation: a minireview. Autonomic Neuroscience, 126: 30-38.


21. Lee, C. G., Rhee, D. K., Kim, B.O., Um, S.H., Pyo, S. 2019. Allicin induces beige-like adipocytes via KLF15 signal cascade. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 64: 13-24.


22. Liang, J., Matheson, B.E., Kaye, W.H., & Boutelle, K.N. 2014. Neurocognitive correlates of obesity and obesity-related behaviors in children and adolescents. International Journal of Obesity, 38(4): 494-506.


23. Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Mukadam, N. 2020. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 396(10248): 413-446.


24. Loprinzi, P.D., Moore, D., Loenneke, J.P. 2020. Does Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Influence Episodic Memory through Unique Mechanisms?. Brain Sciences, 10(12): 913.


25. Luo, L., Li, C., Du, X., Shi, Q., Huang, Q., Xu, X., & Wang, Q. 2019. Effect of aerobic exercise on BDNF/proBDNF expression in the ischemic hippocampus and depression recovery of rats after stroke. Behavioural Brain Research, 362: 323-331.


26. Parrini, M., Ghezzi, D., Deidda, G., Medrihan, L., Castroflorio, E., Alberti, M., Contestabile, A. 2017. Aerobic exercise and a BDNF-mimetic therapy rescue learning and memory in a mouse model of Down syndrome. Scientific Reports, 7(1): 1-22.


27. Picone, P., Di Carlo, M., Nuzzo, D. 2020. Obesity and Alzheimer’s disease: Molecular bases. European Journal of Neuroscience, 52(8): 3944-3950.


28. Prickett, C., Brennan, L., Stolwyk, R. 2015. Examining the relationship between obesity and cognitive function: a systematic literature review. Obesity research and clinical practice, 9(2): 93-113.


29. Reichelt, A.C., Maniam, J., Westbrook, R.F., Morris, M.J. 2015. Dietary-induced obesity disrupts trace fear conditioning and decreases hippocampal reelin expression. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 43: 68-75.


30. Rhea, E. M., Salameh, T. S., Logsdon, A. F., Hanson, A. J., Erickson, M. A., Banks, W. A. 2017. Blood-brain barriers in obesity. The AAPS journal, 19(4): 921-930.


31. Ryu, J.H., Kang, D. 2017. Physicochemical properties, biological activity, health benefits, and general limitations of aged black garlic: A review. Molecules, 22(6): 919.


32. Sahu, M.P., Pazos-Boubeta, Y., Steinzeig, A., Kaurinkoski, K., Palmisano, M., Borowecki, O., Castrén, E. 2021. Depletion of TrkB receptors from adult serotonergic neurons increases brain serotonin levels, enhances energy metabolism and impairs learning and memory. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 14: 616178.


33. Salehi, I., Komaki, A., Karimi, S.A., Sarihi, A., Zarei, M. 2018. Effect of garlic powder on hippocampal long-term potentiation in rats fed high fat diet: an in vivo study. Metabolic Brain Disease, 33(3): 725-731.


34. Sandrini, L., Di Minno, A., Amadio, P., Ieraci, A., Tremoli, E., Barbieri, S. S. 2018. Association between obesity and circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels: systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(8): 2281.


35. Saunders, N.A., Lee, M.A. (Eds.). 2013. Real-time PCR: advanced technologies and applications. Horizon Scientific Press.


36. Sayols-Baixeras, S., Subirana, I., Fernández-Sanlés, A., Sentí, M., Lluís-Ganella, C., Marrugat, J., Elosua, R. 2017. DNA methylation and obesity traits: An epigenome-wide association study. The regicor Epigenetics, 12(10): 909-916.


37. Soares, T.S., Andreolla, A.P., Miranda, C.A., Klöppel, E., Rodrigues, L.S., Moraes-Souza, R.Q., Campos, K.E. 2018. Effect of the induction of transgenerational obesity on maternal-fetal parameters. Systems biology in Reproductive Medicine, 64(1): 51-59.


38. Takase, K., Tsuneoka, Y., Oda, S., Kuroda, M., Funato, H. 2016. High‐fat diet feeding alters olfactory-, social-, and reward‐related behaviors of mice independent of obesity. Obesity, 24(4): 886-894.


39. Tanaka, H., Gourley, D.D., Dekhtyar, M., Haley, A.P. 2020. Cognition, brain structure, and brain function in individuals with obesity and related disorders. Current Obesity Reports, 9(4):544-549.


40. van Boxtel, M.P.J., Baars, L., Jolles, J. 2007. Obesity, blood pressure and cognitive function: a reply to Waldstein and Katzel. International Journal of Obesity, 31(7): 1186-1186.


41. Vilela, T.C., Muller, A.P., Damiani, A.P., Macan, T.P., da Silva, S., Canteiro, P.B., de Pinho, R.A. 2017. Strength and aerobic exercises improve spatial memory in aging rats through stimulating distinct neuroplasticity mechanisms. Molecular Neurobiology, 54(10): 7928-7937.


42. Zhao, Z., Yao, M., Wei, L., Ge, S. 2020. Obesity caused by a high-fat diet regulates the Sirt1/PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF pathway to exacerbate isoflurane-induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older mice. Nutritional Neuroscience, 23(12): 971-982.