Effect of drought stress and different levels of potassium on quantitative and qualitative forage yield of Kochia (Kochia scoparia L.)

Subject Areas : New Finding in Agriculture

Mohamad ali karimian ¹ , Mohamad Galavi ² , Mahdi Dahmardeh ³ , Mohamad Kafi ⁴

1 - مربی پژوهشی دانشگاه زابل، پژوهشکده کشاورزی
2 - دانشیار دانشگاه زابل، دانشکده کشاورزی
3 - استادیار دانشگاه زابل، دانشکده کشاورزی
4 - استاد دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، دانشکده کشاورزی چکیده

Received: 2015-11-11 Accepted : 2015-11-11 Published : 2014-04-21

Keywords: Biological yield, Branches, Water Soluble Carbohydrate, Dry Matter Digestibility,

Abstract :

      In order to study the effect of potassium fertilizer under drought stress conditions on growth and forage quality of kochia (Kochia scoparia L.) a field experiment was conducted in split plot design based on complete randomized block with three replications at the Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Zabol, in 2011. The main plots were included three irrigation levels as follows irrigation after 50 percentage depletion of soil water (I1, control), irrigation after 70 percentage depletion of soil water (I2) and irrigation after 90 percentage depletion of soil water (I3), and sub plots were included four levels of potassium fertilizers (control, 75, 150 and 225 kg.ha potassium sulfate). The results showed that drought stress reduced fresh and dry weight, plant height, dry matter digestibility, crude protein and increased water soluble carbohydrate forage. The potassium fertilizer, increased fresh and dry weight, plant height, dry matter digestibility forage, but both treatments had no effect on number of branches. The maximum amount of fresh and dry weight, plant height, dry matter digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate and number of secondary branches forage obtained from treatment with application 225 kg.ha potassium fertilizer. The interaction of experimental factors on all traits was significant except on number of secondary branches. In general, the results of this experiment showed that the highest quantitative and qualitative forage yield obtained from irrigation after 50 percentage depletion of soil water (control) and application of 225 kg.ha potassium fertilizer.        

References:

منابع

1- Afsharmanesh, G. 2009. Study of some morphological traits and selection of drought resistant alfalfa cultivars (Medicago sativa L.) in Jiroft, Iran. Plant Ecophysiology. 3, 109-118.

2- Afsharmanesh, G., Heidari Sharif Abad, H., Mazaheri, D., Noor Mohammadi, G. and madani, H. 2008. The effects of water deficit stress on hay alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yield and water use efficiency cultivars. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi. 78, 132-140. (In Persian with English Summary).

3- Basak, B. and Biswas, D. 2009. Influence of potassium solubilizing microorganism (Bascillus mucilaginosus) and waste mica on potassium uptake dynamics by Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) grown under two Alfisols. Plant Soil. 317, 235-255.

4- Buxton, D. R., Mertens, D. R. and Fisher, D. S. 1996. Forage quality and ruminant utilization. In: Moser, L.E., Buxton D.R., and Casler M.D. (eds) Cool-season forage grasses. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Pp. 226-229.

5- Cakmak, I. 2002. Plant nutrition research: Priorities to meet human needs for food in sustainable ways. J of Plant and Soil. Pp. 3-24.

6- Cakmak, I. 2005. The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants. J of Plant Nutrition. 168, 521-530.

7- Chen, J. X., Xuan, J. X. and Xie, J. C. 1996. Effect of potassium and moisture on rape growth and nutrient uptake. Pedosphere. 6(1): 81-88.

8- Doberman, A. 2004. Crop potassium nutrition implications for fertilizer recommendations. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. pp. 1-12.

9- Earl, H. J. and Davis, R. F. 2003. Effect of drought stress on leaf and canopy whole radiation use efficiency and yield of maize. Agronomy Jl. 95, 688–696.

10- Gihad, E. A. and EL Shaer, H. M. 1992. Utilization of halophytes by livestock on rangelands: Problems and prospects. In Squires, V.R., and A.T. Ayoub (eds.) Halophytes as a resource for livestock and for rehabilitation of degraded lands. Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands. pp. 77-96.

11- Gomes-Sanchez, D., Vannozzi, G. P., Baldini, M., Tahamasebi Enferadi, S. and Dell Vedove, G. 2000. Effect of soil water availability in sunflower lines derived from interspecific crosses. Italian J. of Agron, pp. 371-387.

12- Good, A. and Zaplachiniski, S. 1994.The effects of drought on free aminoacid accumulation and protein syntesis in (Brassica napus). Physiologia Plantarum. 90: 9–14.

13- Hannan, A., Arif, M., Ranjha, A. M., Abid, A., Fan, X. H. and Li, Y. C. 2011. Using soil potassium adsorption and yield response models to determine potassium fertilizer rates for potato crop on a calcareous soil in Pakistan. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 42 (6), 645-655.

14- Hanson, A. D. and Hitz, W. D. 1982. Metabolic responses of mezophytes to plant water deficit. Annual Review of Plant Phy. 33: 163-203.

15- Heakal, M. S., Modaihsh, A. S., Mashhady., A. S. and Metwally A. I. 1990. Combined effects of leaching fraction, salinity and potassium content of waters on growth and water use efficiency of wheat and barely. J. of  Plant and Soil. 125, 177- 184.

16- Heidari, M. and Asgharpour, M. R. 2012. Effect of different levels of potassium sulfate on yield and yield components of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) under drought stress. Iranian J. of Field Crop Res. 10(2), 374 - 381. (In Persian).

17- Heidari,  M. and Karami.,V. 2013. Evaluate the effect of drought stress and mycorrhizal species on yield and components of yield, chlorophyll content and biochemical compounds of sunflower. Environmental stresses crop sci. 6 (1), 17-26. (In Persian).

18- Hoestra, F.A. andBuitink, J. 2001. Mechanisms of plant dessiccation tolerance.Trends in plant science. 8 (9), 431-438.

19- Hu, Y. and Schmidhalter, U. 2005. Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 168, 541–549.

20- Jafari, A., Connolly, V., Frolich, A. and Walsh, E. I. 2003. A note on estimation of quality parameters in perennial ryegrass by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, Irish J of agri and food res. No, 42. pp. 293-299, (ISI).

21- Jami Al Ahamadi, M., kafi, M. and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2004. Salinity effects on germination properties of (Kochia scoparia). Iranian J of Field Crop Res. 2 (2), 151-161. (In Persian with English Summary).

22- Kholdbarin, B. and Islamzadeh, T. 2005. Mineral nutrition plants (Translation), Vol 1. ShirazUniversity Publication.

23- Linn, J. G. and Martin, N. P. 1993. Forage quality tests and interpretations.

24- Minnesota Extension service. AGFO- 2637. Feeding And Nutrition. IN:http:// www. inform. umd. edu/ EdRes/ Topic/AgrEnv/ndd/feeding/

25- Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 2nd Ed. Academic Press. London. 889 pp.

26- Masoumi, A. 2010. Effect of drought stress on Morphophysiological parameters two mass native Kochia (Kochia Scoparia). In Greenhouse and Field conditions. Phd thesis. FerdowsiUniversity of Mashhad. (In Persian with English Summary).

27- Mirlohi, A. F., Bozorgvar, N. and Bassiri, M. 2000. The effect of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of forage sorghum silage hybrid Three. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 4(2), 105-116. (In Persian).

28- Munns, R. and Tester, M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Phys. 59, 651-681.

29- Nam, N. H., Chauhan, Y. S. and Johansen, C. 2001. Effect of timing of drought stress on growth and grain yield of extra-short-duration pigeonpea lines. J of agri sci. 136(2), 179-189.

30- Parakas, A., Nikolaou, N., Ziaoziou, E., Radoglou, K. and Noitsakis, B. 2002. The role of organic solute and ion accumulation in osmotic adjustment in drought-stressed grapevines. Plant Sci. 163: 361-367.

31- Riasi, A., Danesh Mesgaran, M., Stern, M. D. and Ruiz Moreno, M. J. 2008. Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants (Kochia scoparia), (Atriplex dimorphostegia), (Suaeda arcuata) and (Gamanthus gamacarpus). Animal Feed Sci and Tech. 141: 209-219.

32- Roberts, C. A., Workman, J. and Reeves, J. B. 2004. Near-infrared Spectroscopy in agriculture. ASA- CSSA, INC., Madison WI.

33- Safari, J., Mushi, D. E., Kifaro, G. C., Mtenga, L. A. and Eik, L. O. 2011. Seasonal Variation in Chemical Composition of native forages, Grazing behavior and some blood metabolites of Small East African goats in a semi-arid area of Tanzania. Animal Feed Sci and Tech. 164: 62–70.

34- Shahid, U. 2006. Alleviating adverse effects of water stress on yield of sorghum, mustard and groundnut by potassium application. Pakistan J of Bot. 38: 1373-1380.

35- Singh, K. D. N., Jha, B. K., Mishra, G. K. and Samad, A. 1992. Effect of potassium on yield and quality of sugarcane on calciorthent under drought condition. J of the Indian Soc of Soil Sci. 40: 105-110.

36- Tabatabai, S. J. 2009. Principles mineral nutrition of plants. First edition. Publications of Tabriz. ISBN: 978005199987.

37- Understander, D. J., Durgan, B. R., Kaminski, A. R., Doll, J. D., worf, G. L. and Schulte, E. E. 1990. Kochia. Alternative Field Crops Manual. University of Wisconsin and University of Minnesota. viewed Nov. 2005, http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/kochia.html.

38- Vafabakhsh, J., Nassiri Mahallati, M. and Koocheki, A. 2008. Effects of drought stress on radiation use efficiency and yield of winter Canola (Brassica napus L.). Iranian J of Field Crop Res. 6(1), 193-204. (In Persian with English Summary).

39- Valadabadi, S. A. R., Aliabadi Farahani, H. and Khalvati, M. A. 2009. Evaluation of grain growth of corn and sorghum under K₂O application and irrigation according. Asian J of Agri Sci 1: 19-24.

40- Zheng, Y., Aijun, J., Tangyuan, N., Xud, J., Zengjia, L. and Gaoming, J. 2008. Potassium nitrate application alleviates sodium chloride stress in winter wheat cultivars differing in salt tolerance. J. of Plant Phy. 165, 1455-1465.