Family Emotional Involvements and the Quality of Adolescents' Relationship with Peers: The Mediating Role of the Quality of Parent-Child Interactions

Subject Areas : روان درمانگری

Rojien Moradifard ¹ , Mohamad Sajjad Seydi ² , Fahimeh Zeinali ³

1 - MA in Career Counseling Razi University
2 - PhD Razi University
3 - Bachelor of Counseling Razi University

Received: 2020-10-21 Accepted : 2020-10-21 Published : 2020-09-22

Keywords: parent-child relationship, relationship with peers, emotional involvement, perceived blame,

Abstract :

This Study aimed to investigate the mediating role of parent-child interactions in the relationship between family emotional involvement and the quality of adolescents' relationship with peers in Kermanshah. This was a correlational study and the statistical population included 55 thousand students in Kermanshah in the academic year of 95-96. Then 240 students were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling method and completed the Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism Scale (Shields, Franks, Harp, Campbell, & McDaniel, 1994), the Index of Peer Relations (Hudson, Norius, Dolly & Newsham, 1990), and the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (Barnes & Olson, 1982). Data were analyzed by path analysis. The results showed that among direct paths, only the path coefficient of the intensity of emotional involvement to the relationship with peers was not significant. The quality of parent-child interactions played a mediating role in the relationship of family emotional involvements and perceived blame with the quality of relationship with peers. Thus, it can be concluded that by enhancing open exchanges and expressing emotions in the family environment, the quality of the relationship between adolescents and their peers can be improved.

References:

بیرامی، م. و کشاورزی، س. (1394). پیش‌بینی احساس غربت بر اساس سبک‌های دلبستگی و ارتباط با همسالان در دانشجویان دختر. فصلنامه دست‌آوردهای روان‌شناختی (علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناختی)، 22(2)، 152 -137.

صمیمی، ع.، مظاهری، ع. و حیدری، م. (1391). ارزیابی تحولی کیفیت روابط نوجوانان با دوستان. فصلنامه روان‌شناسی تحولی: روان‌شناسان ایرانی، 9(33)، 60 -47.

فرحمند، س. و فولادچنگ، م. (1396). تبیین علّی سرزندگی تحصیلی بر اساس الگوهای ارتباطی خانواده: نقش واسطه‌ای ابرازگری هیجانی. فصلنامه روان‌شناسی ‌تحولی: روان‌شناسان ایرانی، 13(51)، 
269 -257.

کلانتری، خ. (1392). مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری در تحقیقات اجتماعی‎ـ اقتصادی. تهران: انتشارات فرهنگ صبا.

 

Ammerman, B. A., & Brown, S. (2018). The mediating role of self-criticism in the relationship between parental expressed emotion and NSSI. Current Psychology, 37(1), 325-333.

Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. The American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480.

Bariola, E., Gullone, E., & Hughes, E. K. (2011). Child and adolescent emotion regulation: The role of parental emotion regulation and expression. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 198-212.

Battin, S. R., Hill, K. G., Abbott, R. D., Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (1998). The contribution of gang membership to delinquency beyond delinquent friends. Criminology, 36, 93-112.

Bean, C. G., Pingel, R., Hallqvist, J., Berg, N., & Hammarström, A. (2019). Poor peer relations in adolescence, social support in early adulthood, and depressive symptoms in later adulthood-evaluating mediation and interaction using four-way decomposition analysis. Annals of Epidemiology, 29, 52-59.

Benson, M. J., Buehler, C., & Gerard, J. M. (2008). Interparental hostility and early adolescent problem behavior. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 28, 428-454.

Carnes-Holt, K. (2012). Child–parent relationship therapy for adoptive families. Jornal Dos Farmacêuticos, 20(4), 419-426.

Chen, S. H., Kennedy, M., & Zhou, Q. (2012). Parents’ expression and discussion of emotion in the multilingual family: Does language matter? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(4), 365-383.

Chen, S. H., Zhou, Q., Main, A., & Lee, E. H. (2015). Chinese American immigrant parents’ emotional expression in the family: Relations with parents’ cultural orientations and children’s emotion-related regulation. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(4), 619-629.

Cresswell, L., Hinch, R., & Cage, E. (2019). The experiences of peer relationships amongst autistic adolescents: A systematic review of the qualitative evidence. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 61, 45-60.

Davidson, T. M., & Cardemil, E. V. (2009). Parent-child communication and parental involvement in Latino adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(1), 99-121.

Dishion, T. J., Nelson, S. E., & Bullock, B. M. (2004). Premature adolescent autonomy: Parent disengagement and deviant peer process in the amplification of problem behaviour. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 515-530.

Ehrlich, K. B., Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J. (2012). Tipping points in adolescent adjustment: Predicting social functioning from adolescents’ conflict with parents and friends. Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 776-783.

Eisenberg, N., Gershoff, E. T., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A. J., Losoya, S. H., Guthrie, I. K., & Murphy, B. C. (2001). Mothers’ emotional expressivity and children’s behavior problems and social competence: Mediation through children’s regulation. Developmental Psychology, 37, 475-490.

Fang, C. Y., Egleston, B. L., Brown, K. M., Lavigne, J. V., Stevens, V. J., Barton, B. A., Chandler, D. W., & Dorgan, J. F. (2009). Family cohesion moderates the relation between free testosterone and delinquent behaviors in adolescent boys and girls. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(6), 590-597.

Flynn, H. K., Felmlee, D. H., Shu, X., & Conger, R. D. (2018). Mothers and Fathers Matter: The Influence of Parental Support, Hostility, and Problem Solving on Adolescent Friendships. Journal of Family Issues, 39(8), 2389-2412.

Freeman, H., & Brown, B. B. (2001). Primary attachment to parents and peers during adolescence: Differences by attachment style. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(6), 653-674.

Gao, S., Yang, M., Wang, X., Min, W., & Rozelle, S. (2019). Peer relations and dropout behavior: Evidence from junior high school students in northwest rural China. International Journal of Educational Development, 65, 134-143.

Giordano, P. C., Cernkovich, S., Groat, T., Pugh, M. D., & Swinford, S. (1998).The quality of adolescent friendships: Long term effects? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 39, 55-71.

Grusec, J. E., & Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child’s internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental Psychology, 30, 4-19.

Guilamo‐Ramos, V., Jaccard, J., Dittus, P., & Bouris, A. M. (2006). Parental expertise, trustworthiness, and accessibility: parent‐adolescent communication and adolescent risk behavior. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(5), 1229-1246.

Halberstadt, A. G., Fox, N. A., & Jones, N. A. (1993). Do expressive mothers have expressive children? The role of socialization in children's affect expression.Journal of Social Development, 2(1), 48-65.

Hart, C. H., Olsen, S. F., Robinson, C. C., & Mandleco, B. L. (1997). The development of social and communicative competence in childhood: Review and a model of personal, familial, and extrafamilial processes. Annals of the International Communication Association, 20(1), 305-373.

Hay, I., & Ashman, A. F. (2003). The development of adolescents' emotional stability and general self-concept: The interplay of parents, peers, and gender. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 50(1), 77-91.

Hudson, W. W. (1982). The clinical measurement package: A field manual. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey Press.

Hudson, W. W., Nurius, P. S., Daley, J. G., & Newsome, R. D. (1990). A short-form scale to measure peer relations dysfunction. Journal of Social Service Research, 13(4), 57-69.

Izon, E., Berry, K., Law, H., & French, P. (2018). Expressed emotion (EE) in families of individuals at-risk of developing psychosis: A systematic review. Psychiatry research, 270, 661-672.

James, K. M., Woody, M. L., Feurer, C., Kudinova, A. Y., & Gibb, B. E. (2017). Disrupted physiological reactivity among children with a history of suicidal ideation: Moderation by parental expressed emotion-criticism. Biological Psychology, 130, 22-29.

Jankowski, K. F., Moore, W. E., Merchant, J. S., Kahn, L. E., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2014). But do you think I’m cool? Developmental differences in striatal recruitment during direct and reflected social self-evaluations. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 40-54.

Jerman, P., & Constantine, N. A. (2010). Demographic and psychological predictors of parent-adolescent communication about sex: A representative statewide analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(10), 1164-1174.

Kahn, R. E., Holmes, C., Farley, J. P., & Kim-Spoon, J. (2015). Delay discounting mediates parent-adolescent relationship quality and risky sexual behavior for low self-control adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(9), 1674-1687.

Kim, S., & Nho, C. R. (2017). Longitudinal reciprocal effects between peer relationship difficulties and aggressive behaviors in Korean adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 83, 41-47.

Kroner-Herwig, B., Maas, J., & Reckling, P. (2014). Self-Esteem in a German Population Sample of Children and Adolescents: Association with Demographic and Psychosocial Variables. Journal of Child & Adolescent Behavior, 2, 158-168.

Vaughn, C., & Leff, J. (1985). Expressed emotion in families: Its significance for mental illness. New York: Guilford Press.

Levin, K. A., & Currie, C. (2010). Family structure, mother-childcommunication, father-child communication, and adolescent life satisfaction. A cross-sectionalmultilevel analysis. Health Education, 110, 152-168.

Milojevich, H. M., & Haskett, M. E. (2018). Longitudinal associations between physically abusive parents’ emotional expressiveness and children’s self-regulation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 77, 144-154.

Min, W., Liu, Z., & Liang, L. (2016). Parent-child relationship impact on children’s mental development. Journal of Beijing Normal University, 5, 55-63.

Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361-388.

Olson, D. (Ed.). (1993). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: Assessing family functioning. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Parent, J., McKee, L. G., Rough, J. N., & Forehand, R. (2016). The association of parent mindfulness with parenting and youth psychopathology across three developmental stages. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(1), 191-202.

Pellerone, M. (2014). Interpersonal adjustment, personal resources, aptitudes and interests: vocational decision making process in a group of Italian adolescents. US-China Education Review, 4(9b), 648-655.

Pellerone, M., Spinelloa, C., Sidoti, A., & Micciche, S. (2015). Identity, perception of parent-adolescent relation and adjustment in a group of university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 190, 459-464.

Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53, 873-932.

Rishel, C. W., Cottrell, L., Stanton, B., Cottrell, S., & Branstetter, S. (2010). The buffering effect of nonparental adults on the relationship between parent-adolescent communication and adolescent risk behavior. Families in Society, 91(4), 371-377.

Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R., Chen, X., Bowker, J., & McDonald, K. L. (2011). Peer relationships in childhood. In M. Bornstein & M. E. Lamb (Eds.), Developmental Science: An Advanced Textbook (6^th Ed.). (pp. 519-570). New York, NY: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis.

Runcan, P. L., Constantineanu, C., Ielics, B., & Popa, D. (2012). The role of communication in the parent-child interaction. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 904-908.

Sales, J. M., Milhausen, R. R., Wingood, G. M., DiClemente, R. J., Salazar, L. F., & Crosby, R. A. (2008). Validation of a Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale for Use in STD/HIV Prevention Interventions. Health Education & Behavior, 35(3), 332-345.

Seeley, K., Tombari, M. L., Bennett, L. J., & Dunkle, J. B. (2009). Peer victimization in schools: A set of quantitative and qualitative studies of the connections among peer victimization, school engagement, truancy, school achievement, and other outcomes. National Center for School Engagement, 1, 13-46.

Shields, C. G., Franks, P., Harp, J. J., Campbell, T. L., & McDaniel, S. H. (1994). Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism Scale (FEICS): II. Reliability and validity studies. Family Systems Medicine, 12(4), 361-377.

Steele, E. H., & McKinney, C. (2019). Emerging adult psychological problems and parenting style: Moderation by parent-child relationship quality. Personality and Individual Differences, 146, 201-208.

Theran, S. A. (2010). Authenticity with authority figures and peers: Girls’ friendships, self-esteem, and depressive symptomatology. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 519-534.

Veld, D. M. J., Walraven, J. M., & Weerth, C. D. (2012). The relation between emotion regulation strategies and physiological stress responses in middle childhood. Psychoneuroendocrinology,