Sama in the Works of Sulamī and Ghazālī; Based on Verbal Presuppositions
Subject Areas : Mytho
1 - The Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan
Keywords: mysticism, Sama, Presupposition, Sulamī, Ghazālī,
Abstract :
Verbal presupposition is a linguistics subject that is paid attention in interpreting texts. Verbal presuppositions, as hypotheses and ideas about linguistic knowledge and outlook of writer of a text, are shared with potential readers. We are connected to the old texts by reconstruction of historical situations and the thoughts that were in common use at the time which the text was produced. Sama (ritual that often includes singing, dancing, recitation of poetry and prayers) is one of disputed subjects in the history of Sufism and there are many contradictory evaluations about it, so for understanding the meaning of these evaluations, we need to know their verbal presuppositions. The aim of present article is to compare the concept of sama in the works of Abū Abd ar-Rahmān as-Sulamī and Ahmad Ghazālī by using lingusitic and semantic method. Also, we try to show the function of presuppositions in a comprehensive recognition of the ritual’s historical development. According to the presuppositions, there are two periods in the formation of sama: generation and stability. Abū Abd ar-Rahmān as-Sulamī, based on his phenomenological and wholistic approach belongs to the period of generation, and Ahmad Ghazālī, with regards to his metaphorical language and phenomenological – psycological approach belongs to the period of stability.
قرآن کریم.
ابن عربی، محی‌الدین. 1994م. الفتوحات المکیه (اربع مجلدات). بیروت: داراحیاء التراث العربیه.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــ. 1366. فصوص‌الحکم. تصحیح ابوالعلاء عفیفی، بیروت: الزهرا (افست).
برتلس، آندره یوگنییویچ. 1382. تصوف و ادبیات تصوف. ترجمۀ سیروس ایزدی. چ دوم. تهران: امیرکبیر.
پورجوادی، نصرالله. 1365. «شعر حلال، شعر حرام». مجله نشر دانش. س6. ش5.
جنید نهاوندی بغدادی، ابوالقاسم. 1425ق. رسائل‌الجنید. تحقیق و تصحیح جمال رجب سیدبی. دمشق: دار اقرأ للطباعه و النشر و التوزیع.
چیتیک، ویلیام. 1388. درآمدی به تصوف. ترجمۀ محمدرضا رجبی. تهران: دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب.
ـــــــــــــــ. 1384. عوالم خیال. ترجمۀ قاسم کاکائی. تهران: هرمس.
حاکمی، اسماعیل. 1367. سماع در تصوف. تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
حجتی‌زاده، راضیه. 1392. «تحلیل سوانح العشاق از دیدگاه من استعلایی پدیدارشناختی؛ رویکردی پدیدارشناختی به قلمرو عرفان». مجلۀ ادبیات عرفانی دانشگاه الزهرا. س5. ش8 .
حکیم ترمذی. 1422ق. ختم الاولیاء. تصحیح عثمان اسماعیل یحیی. بیروت: مهد الآداب الشرقیه.
حنفی، حسن. 2009م/1388ق. من الفناء الی البقاء، محاوله لاعاده بناء علم التصوف. بیروت: دارالمدارالاسلامی.
رحیمیان، سعید. 1388. مبانی عرفان نظری. ویراست دوم. تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب درسی (سمت).
روزبهان بقلی شیرازی. 1972م. رساله‌القدس. تصحیح جواد نوربخش. تهران: خانقاه نعمتاللهی.
ــــــــــــــــــــــ. 1426ق. مشرب‌الارواح. تصحیح عاصم ابراهیم الکیالی الحسینی الشاذلی. بیروت: دارالکتب العلمیه.
سلمی، ابوعبدالرحمن. 1369. مجموعه آثار. تصحیح نصرالله پورجوادی. تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.
عراقی، فخرالدین. 1363. لمعات. تصحیح محمد خواجوی. تهران: مولا.
عطار نیشابوری، فرید‌الدین. 1905م. تذکرةالاولیاء. تصحیح رینولد ا. نیکلسون. لندن: لیدن.
غزّالی، احمد. 1368. سوانح‌العشاق. تصحیح هلموت ریتر. تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.
ــــــــــــ. 1358. مجموعه آثار فارسی. تصحیح احمد مجاهد. تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
قشیری، ابوالقاسم. 1374. ترجمۀ رساله قشیریه. تصحیح بدیع‌الزمان فروزانفر. تهران: علمی و فرهنگی.
کلابادی، ابوبکر محمد‌بن ابراهیم. 1933م. التعرف لمذهب التصوف. مصر: مطبعه السعاده.
مولوی بلخی، جلالالدین محمد. 1376. مثنوی معنوی. تصحیح رینولد ا. نیکلسون. تهران: ققنوس.
میبدی، ابوالفضل رشیدالدین. 1371. کشف‌الاسرار وعدةالابرار. تحقیق و تصحیح علی‌اصغر حکمت. تهران: امیرکبیر.
میرباقری‌فرد، سیدعلی‌اصغر و راضیه حجتی‌زاده. 1392. «جایگاه عشق در مبانی سنت‌های اول و دوم عرفانی». فصلنامة ادبیات عرفانی و اسطوره‌شناختی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران جنوب. ش30.
نجم‌الدین رازی، عبداللهبن محمد. 1365. مرصاد‌العباد من المبدأ الی المعاد. به اهتمام محمد‌امین ریاحی. تهران: علمی و فرهنگی.
واعظی، احمد. 1376. تحول فهم دین. تهران: موسسة فرهنگی اندیشه معاصر.
یول، جورج. 1387. کاربردشناسی زبان. ترجمة محمد عموزاده و منوچهر توانگر. تهران. سمت.
English Sources
Brown, Gillian & George Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis, CUP: Cambridge.
Beavers, David I & Bart Geurtz. 2012. Presupposition, in Zalta, http://plato.stanford.edu.
Calas, Frédéric, Nathalic Garric. 2007. Introduction à la pragmatique, Hachette: Paris.
Eco, Umberto. 1984. The Role of the Reader, Bloomington :Indiana UP.
Heim, Irene.1992. Presupposition Projection & the semantics of the attitude verbs, Journal of semantics 9(2):183-221.
Jayez, Jacques. 2014. A note on presuppositions, discourse attachment and relevance. In J. Blochowiak, C. Grisot, S. Durrlemann-Tame and C. Laenzlinger (eds.), Collection of papers dedicated to Jacques Moeschler.http://www.unige.ch/lettres/linguistique/moeschler/Festschrift/Jayez2013.pdf
Kebrat-Orecchioni, Catherine. 1986. Implicite, Colin: Paris.
Levinson, Stephan. 1983. Pragmatics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Potts, Christopher. 2007. Conventional Implicatures, a distinguished class of meanings, in Gillian Ramchand & Charles Reiss (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smith, Larry. 1987. Discourse Across Cultures, Prentice Hall: London.
Soames, Scott.1982. How Presuppositions are inherited, Linguistic Inquiry 13(4):483-545.
References
The Holy Quran.
'Arāghi, Fakhr-oddin. (2005/1384SH). Lama'āt. Ed. by Mohammad khājavi. Tehrān: Mowlā Publication.
Attār, Farid-oddin Mohammad. (1905/1284SH). Tazkarat-ol-owliyā'. Ed. by R. A. Nicholson. London: Leiden.
Bertls, Evgenii Eduardovich. (2003/1382SH). Tasavvof va adabiyāt-e tasavvof. Tr. by Sirous Izadi. Tehrān: Amirkabir.
Chittick, William. (2005/1384SH). 'Avālem-e Khiāl-e ibn 'Arabi (Imaginal worlds: Ibn al-Arabi and the problem of religious diversity). Tr. by Ghāsem Kākāei. Tehrān: Hermes.
Chittick, William. (2009/1388SH). Darāmadi be tasavvof (Sufism: A Short introduction). Tr. by Mohammad Rezā Rajabi. Tehrān: Dāneshgāh-e Adyān o Mazāheb.
Ghazzāli, Ahmad. (1979/1358SH). Majmou’e āsār-e Fārsi (Collected Works in Persian). Ed. By Ahmad Mojāhed. Tehran: University of Tehran.
Ghazzāli, Ahmad. (1989/1368SH). Savāneh-ol'oshāgh. Ed. by Helmut Ritter. Tehrān: Markaz-e Nashr-e Dāneshgāhi.
Ghosheiri, Abolghāsem. (1995/1374SH). Resāleh-ye Ghosheiriyeh. Ed. by Badi'-ozzamān Forouzānfar. Tehrān: 'Elmi o Farhangi.
Hākemi, Esmā'eil. (1988/1367SH). Samā' dar tasavvof. Tehrān: Tehrān University.
Hakim Tarmazi. (2001/1422SH). Khatm-ololiyā'. Ed. by 'Osmān Esmā'eil Yahyā. Beirut: Mahd-olādāb-olsharghiyah.
Hanafi, Hasan. (2009/1388SH). Men-alfanā el-albaghā', mohāvelah le-e'ādeh banā'-e 'elm-ottasavvof. Beirut: Dar-olmadār-oleslāmi.
Hojjati, Rāziyyeh. (2013/1392SH). "tahlil-e savāneh-ol'oshāgh az didgāh-e man-e este'la'i-ye padidār-shenākhti; rouykardi padidār-shenākhti be ghalamrow-e 'erfān". Mystical Literature Journal of Al-zahrā University. Year 5. No. 8.
Ibn- e 'Arabi, Mohi-oddin. (1987/1366SH). Fosous-ol-hekam. Ed. by Abol-ꞌalāꞌ ꞌAfifi. Beirut: Al-zahrā.
Ibn- e 'Arabi, Mohi-oddin.(1994/1373SH). Al-Fotouhāt-ol-makkiyah. 4 vols. Beirut: Dār-ole'hyā'-ettorāth-elarabi.
Joneid Nahāvandi Baghdādi, Abolghāsem. (2004/1425GH). Rasā'el-oljoneid. Research and edition by Jamāl Rajab Seyyedbi. Dameshgh: Dār Aghrā' Leltebā'ah va Alnashr va Altowzi'.
Kalābādi, Aboubakr Mohammad ben Ebrāhim. (1933/1311SH). Al-ta'arrof le-mazhab-eltasavvof. Mesr: Matba'eh Al-sa'ādah.
Meibodi‚ Abolfazl Rashid-oddin. (1992/1371SH). Kashf-ol-asrār va oddat-ol-abrār. Research and edition by Ali Asghar Hekmat. Tehrān: Amirkabir.
Mirbāgheri-fard, Seyyed 'Ali Asqar and Rvziyyeh Hojjati-zādeh. (2013/1392SH). "jāyegāh-e 'eshgh dar mabāni-e sonnat-hā-ye avval va dovvom-e 'erfāni". Āzad University Quarterly Journal of Mytho-mystic Literature No.
Mowlavi Balkhi, Jalāl-oddin Mohammad. (1997/1376SH). Masnavi Maꞌnavi. Ed. by Rynold Nicholson. Tehrān: Ghoghnous.
Najm-oddin Rāzi, Abdollāh Ebn-e Mohammad. (1986/1365SH). Mersād-ol-'ebād Menal-mabda' Elal Ma'ād. With the effort of Mohmmad Amin Riyāhi. Tehrān: 'Elmi o Farhangi
Pour-javādi, Nasr-ollāh. (1986/1365SH). "she'r-e halāl, she'r-e harām". Majalleh-ye Nashr-e Dānesh. Year 6. No. 5.
Rahimiyān, Sa'eid. (2009/1388SH). Mabāni-e 'erfān-e nazari. 2nd ed. Tehrān: SAMT.
Rouzbahān Baghli Shirāzi. (1972/1351SH). Resālat-ol-ghods. Mohammad Javād Nourbakhsh. Tehrān: Khānghāh-e Ne'mat-ollāhi.
Rouzbahān Baghli-e Shirāzi. (2005/1426GH). Mashrab-olarvāh. Ed. by 'Asem Ebrāhim Al-kayyāli Al-hosseini Al-shāzli. Beirut: Dār-olkotob Al-'elmiyyah.
Sulami, Abou-'abd-olrahmān. (1990/1369SH). Majmou'eh āsār. Ed. by Nasr-ollāh Pour-javādi. Tehrān: Nashr-e Dāneshgāhi.
Vā'ezi, Ahmad. (1997/1376SH). Tahavvol-e fahm-e din. Tehrān: Mo'asseseh-ye Farhangi-e Andishe Mo'āser.
Yule, George. (2008/1387SH). Kārbord-shenāsi (pragmatics). Tr. by Mohammad 'Amou-zādeh and Manoucher Tavāngar. Tehrān: SAMT
_||_
English Sources
Brown, Gillian & George Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis, CUP: Cambridge.
Beavers, David I & Bart Geurtz. 2012. Presupposition, in Zalta, http://plato.stanford.edu.
Calas, Frédéric, Nathalic Garric. 2007. Introduction à la pragmatique, Hachette: Paris.
Eco, Umberto. 1984. The Role of the Reader, Bloomington :Indiana UP.
Heim, Irene.1992. Presupposition Projection & the semantics of the attitude verbs, Journal of semantics 9(2):183-221.
Jayez, Jacques. 2014. A note on presuppositions, discourse attachment and relevance. In J. Blochowiak, C. Grisot, S. Durrlemann-Tame and C. Laenzlinger (eds.), Collection of papers dedicated to Jacques Moeschler.http://www.unige.ch/lettres/linguistique/moeschler/Festschrift/Jayez2013.pdf
Kebrat-Orecchioni, Catherine. 1986. Implicite, Colin: Paris.
Levinson, Stephan. 1983. Pragmatics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Potts, Christopher. 2007. Conventional Implicatures, a distinguished class of meanings, in Gillian Ramchand & Charles Reiss (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smith, Larry. 1987. Discourse Across Cultures, Prentice Hall: London.
Soames, Scott.1982. How Presuppositions are inherited, Linguistic Inquiry 13(4):483-545.
References
The Holy Quran.
'Arāghi, Fakhr-oddin. (2005/1384SH). Lama'āt. Ed. by Mohammad khājavi. Tehrān: Mowlā Publication.
Attār, Farid-oddin Mohammad. (1905/1284SH). Tazkarat-ol-owliyā'. Ed. by R. A. Nicholson. London: Leiden.
Bertls, Evgenii Eduardovich. (2003/1382SH). Tasavvof va adabiyāt-e tasavvof. Tr. by Sirous Izadi. Tehrān: Amirkabir.
Chittick, William. (2005/1384SH). 'Avālem-e Khiāl-e ibn 'Arabi (Imaginal worlds: Ibn al-Arabi and the problem of religious diversity). Tr. by Ghāsem Kākāei. Tehrān: Hermes.
Chittick, William. (2009/1388SH). Darāmadi be tasavvof (Sufism: A Short introduction). Tr. by Mohammad Rezā Rajabi. Tehrān: Dāneshgāh-e Adyān o Mazāheb.
Ghazzāli, Ahmad. (1979/1358SH). Majmou’e āsār-e Fārsi (Collected Works in Persian). Ed. By Ahmad Mojāhed. Tehran: University of Tehran.
Ghazzāli, Ahmad. (1989/1368SH). Savāneh-ol'oshāgh. Ed. by Helmut Ritter. Tehrān: Markaz-e Nashr-e Dāneshgāhi.
Ghosheiri, Abolghāsem. (1995/1374SH). Resāleh-ye Ghosheiriyeh. Ed. by Badi'-ozzamān Forouzānfar. Tehrān: 'Elmi o Farhangi.
Hākemi, Esmā'eil. (1988/1367SH). Samā' dar tasavvof. Tehrān: Tehrān University.
Hakim Tarmazi. (2001/1422SH). Khatm-ololiyā'. Ed. by 'Osmān Esmā'eil Yahyā. Beirut: Mahd-olādāb-olsharghiyah.
Hanafi, Hasan. (2009/1388SH). Men-alfanā el-albaghā', mohāvelah le-e'ādeh banā'-e 'elm-ottasavvof. Beirut: Dar-olmadār-oleslāmi.
Hojjati, Rāziyyeh. (2013/1392SH). "tahlil-e savāneh-ol'oshāgh az didgāh-e man-e este'la'i-ye padidār-shenākhti; rouykardi padidār-shenākhti be ghalamrow-e 'erfān". Mystical Literature Journal of Al-zahrā University. Year 5. No. 8.
Ibn- e 'Arabi, Mohi-oddin. (1987/1366SH). Fosous-ol-hekam. Ed. by Abol-ꞌalāꞌ ꞌAfifi. Beirut: Al-zahrā.
Ibn- e 'Arabi, Mohi-oddin.(1994/1373SH). Al-Fotouhāt-ol-makkiyah. 4 vols. Beirut: Dār-ole'hyā'-ettorāth-elarabi.
Joneid Nahāvandi Baghdādi, Abolghāsem. (2004/1425GH). Rasā'el-oljoneid. Research and edition by Jamāl Rajab Seyyedbi. Dameshgh: Dār Aghrā' Leltebā'ah va Alnashr va Altowzi'.
Kalābādi, Aboubakr Mohammad ben Ebrāhim. (1933/1311SH). Al-ta'arrof le-mazhab-eltasavvof. Mesr: Matba'eh Al-sa'ādah.
Meibodi‚ Abolfazl Rashid-oddin. (1992/1371SH). Kashf-ol-asrār va oddat-ol-abrār. Research and edition by Ali Asghar Hekmat. Tehrān: Amirkabir.
Mirbāgheri-fard, Seyyed 'Ali Asqar and Rvziyyeh Hojjati-zādeh. (2013/1392SH). "jāyegāh-e 'eshgh dar mabāni-e sonnat-hā-ye avval va dovvom-e 'erfāni". Āzad University Quarterly Journal of Mytho-mystic Literature No.
Mowlavi Balkhi, Jalāl-oddin Mohammad. (1997/1376SH). Masnavi Maꞌnavi. Ed. by Rynold Nicholson. Tehrān: Ghoghnous.
Najm-oddin Rāzi, Abdollāh Ebn-e Mohammad. (1986/1365SH). Mersād-ol-'ebād Menal-mabda' Elal Ma'ād. With the effort of Mohmmad Amin Riyāhi. Tehrān: 'Elmi o Farhangi
Pour-javādi, Nasr-ollāh. (1986/1365SH). "she'r-e halāl, she'r-e harām". Majalleh-ye Nashr-e Dānesh. Year 6. No. 5.
Rahimiyān, Sa'eid. (2009/1388SH). Mabāni-e 'erfān-e nazari. 2nd ed. Tehrān: SAMT.
Rouzbahān Baghli Shirāzi. (1972/1351SH). Resālat-ol-ghods. Mohammad Javād Nourbakhsh. Tehrān: Khānghāh-e Ne'mat-ollāhi.
Rouzbahān Baghli-e Shirāzi. (2005/1426GH). Mashrab-olarvāh. Ed. by 'Asem Ebrāhim Al-kayyāli Al-hosseini Al-shāzli. Beirut: Dār-olkotob Al-'elmiyyah.
Sulami, Abou-'abd-olrahmān. (1990/1369SH). Majmou'eh āsār. Ed. by Nasr-ollāh Pour-javādi. Tehrān: Nashr-e Dāneshgāhi.
Vā'ezi, Ahmad. (1997/1376SH). Tahavvol-e fahm-e din. Tehrān: Mo'asseseh-ye Farhangi-e Andishe Mo'āser.
Yule, George. (2008/1387SH). Kārbord-shenāsi (pragmatics). Tr. by Mohammad 'Amou-zādeh and Manoucher Tavāngar. Tehrān: SAMT
