اثرات سبک‎های رهبری بر عملکرد شغلی کارشناسان با میانجی‎گیری توانمندی روانی (مورد مطالعه: سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان کرمان)

Subject Areas : Farm Management

لطیف  حاجی ¹ (دانشجوی دکتری، بخش ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران)
حمید  کریمی ² (استادیار، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران)
ناصر  ولی‌زاده ³ (دانشجوی دکتری، بخش ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران)

Received: 2019-05-19 Accepted : 2020-02-02 Published : 2020-09-01

Keywords: عملکرد شغلی, سازمان جهاد کشاورزی, سبک‎های رهبری, توانمندی روانی,

Abstract :

عملکرد شغلی به عنوان یکی از مهمترین معیارهای توسعه و سنجش عملکرد سازمان‎هایی مانند سازمان جهاد کشاورزی محسوب می‎‏شود. بنابراین، مطالعه‎ی اثرات سبک‎های رهبری بر عملکرد شغلی با استفاده از نقش میانجی توانمندی روانی به عنوان هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر تعیین گردید. جامعه‎ی آماری مورد مطالعه کارشناسان سازمان جهاد کشاورزی در استان کرمان بودند (1418=N). حجم نمونه با استفاده از جدول کریجسی و مورگان، 306 نفر برآورد گردید. برای انتخاب نمونه‎ها از روش نمونه‎گیری تصادفی طبقه‎ای با انتساب متناسب استفاده شد. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه‎ای بود که روایی آن با استفاده از نظرات متخصصان ترویج، آموزش و مدیریت کشاورزی مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. از ضرایب آلفای کرونباخ نیز برای تعیین پایایی ابزار استفاده شد (93/0≥α≥76/0). نتایج نشان داد که توانمندی روانی و سبک‎های رهبری تحول آفرین، تبادلی و مبتنی بر عدم مداخله اثرات معنی‎داری بر روی عملکرد شغلی داشتند. همچنین، سبک‎های رهبری تحول‏آفرین و تبادلی اثرات مثبت و معنی‎داری بر روی توانمندی روانی داشتند. این در حالی بود که سبک رهبری مبتنی بر عدم مداخله اثر منفی و معنی‎داری بر روی توانمندی روانی داشت. در پایان باید عنوان شود که متغیرهای مستقل توانستند 63 درصد از تغییرات واریانس متغیر وابسته‎ی عملکرد شغلی را پیش‎بینی کنند.

References:

Abah, R. C., & Petja, B. M. (2015). The socio-economic factors affecting agricultural development in the lower river Benue basin. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 5(24), 84-94.

Aghanasiri, M. (2012). A review on the trend of investment in agricultural sector in development programs. Economic Journal, 5, 61-78.

Ajani, E.N., & Onwubuya, E.A. (2013). Constraints to effective communication among extension agents in Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural & Food Information, 14(1), 18-25.

Alarifi, S. (2014). The effects of transformational leadership on followers’ creativity and innovation. (Unpublished dissertation, Business School, Brunel University London, United    Kingdom).

Allahyari, M. S., Mohammadzadeh, M., & Nastis, S. A. (2016). Agricultural experts’ attitude towards precision agriculture: Evidence from Guilan Agricultural Organization, Northern Iran. Information Processing in Agriculture, 3(3), 183-189.

Allameh, S. M., Heydari, M., & Davoodi, S. M. R. (2012). Studying the relationship between transformational leadership and psychological empowerment of teachers in Abade Township. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 224-230.

Avey, J. B., Hughes, L. W., Norman, S. M., & Luthans, K. W. (2008). Using positivity, transformational leadership and empowerment to combat employee negativity. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 29(2), 110-126

Badri, S.A., Roknoddin-Eftekhari, A.R. Soleimani, M., & Behmand, D. (2011). The role of agricultural production systems (Family-oriented systems) in sustainable rural development (The case of Ghir and Karzin in Fars Province). Human Geography Research, 76, 33-48.

Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership. Theory, Research and Managerial Applications (3^rd Ed.). New York: The Free Press.

Bass, B.M., & Avolio, B.J. (1997). Full range leadership development: manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Mindgarden.

Baylis, K., Peplow, S., Rausser, G., & Simon, L. (2008). Agri-environmental policies in the EU and United States: A comparison. Ecological Economics, 65(4), 753-764.

Bozovic, Z., & Ðuraskovic, J. (2014). The role of human factor in the development of agriculture in Montenegro. Ekonomika Poljoprivrede, 61(1), 7.

Burton, R.J.F. (2013). The influence of farmer demographic characteristics on environmental behaviour: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 135, 19-26.

Bushra, F., Ahmad, U., & Naveed, A. (2011). Effect of transformational leadership on employees' job satisfaction and organizational commitment in banking sector of Lahore (Pakistan). International journal of Business and Social science, 2(18), 12-19.

Canto, F., Fiore, M., La Sala, P., & Papapietro, P. (2011). The role of education, knowledge and human resources for the agricultural development in the perspective of new CAP: An hypothesis of change in Basilicata. Educational Research, 2(12), 1773-1783.

 Degago, E. (2014). A study on impact of psychological empowerment on employee performance in small and medium scale enterprise sectors. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(27), 60-72.

Díaz-Vilela, L. F., Rodríguez, N. D., Isla-Díaz, R., Díaz-Cabrera, D., Hernández-Fernaud, E., & Rosales-Sánchez, C. (2015). Relationships between contextual and task performance and interrater agreement: Are there any? PloS One, 10(10), e0139898.

Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & Van Engen, M. L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 569-591.

Enaiati-Kukandeh, J., & Azdeh-Del, M.R. (2015). The relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance (Case Study: Hospitals and therapeutic centers of Hormozgan). Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 5(4), 37-39.

Gabre-Madhin, E. Z., & Haggblade, S. (2004). Successes in African agriculture: Results of an expert survey. World Development, 32(5), 745-766.

Gardner, L., & Stough, C. (2002). Examining the relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence in senior level managers. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 23(2), 68-78.

Ghafoor, A., Qureshi, T. M., Khan, M. A., & Hijazi, S. T. (2011). Transformational leadership, employee engagement and performance: Mediating effect of psychological ownership. African Journal of Business Management, 5(17), 7391-7403.

Ghorbanian, A., Haddadpour, A., & Babaei, S.B. (2010). Relationship between leadership style (transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire) and managers’ satisfaction with emergency medical technicians in Isfahan. Rescue and Relief, 2 (3), 1-17.

Gill, A., Fitzgerald, S., Bhutani, S., Mand, H., & Sharma, S. (2010). The relationship between transformational leadership and employee desire for empowerment. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(2), 263-273.

Gregory-Stone, A., Russell, R. F., & Patterson, K. (2004). Transformational versus servant leadership: A difference in leader focus. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(4), 349-361.

Griffin, M., Neal, A., & Neale, M. (2000). The contribution of task performance and contextual performance to effectiveness: investigating the role of situational constraints. Applied Psychology, 49 (3), 517–533.

Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 461-473.

Harris, K. J., Wheeler, A. R., & Kacmar, K. M. (2009). Leader–member exchange and empowerment: Direct and interactive effects on job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 371-382.

Hasani, R., Tavakkoli, M., and Zandi, K. (2016). The mediating role of psychological empowerment in explaining the relationship between transformational leadership and employee engagement. Organizational Culture Management, 14 (3), 883-907.

Hayat, A.A., Azizi-Shemaei, M., Faraji, H., & Maleki-Hsanvand, M. (2011). Investigating the relationships between transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles and empowerment of employees. Business Management, 3 (12), 1-28.

Higgs, M. (2003). How can we make sense of leadership in the 21st century? Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(5), 273-284.

Hill, N. S., Kang, J. H., & Seo, M. G. (2014). The interactive effect of leader–member exchange and electronic communication on employee psychological empowerment and work outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(4), 772-783.

 Hoseinpour, A., Abbasi, T., & Norouzi, M. (2011). Investigating the role of transformational leadership in employees' empowerment. Management Research in Iran, 15 (1), 159-180.

Humphreys, J. H., & Einstein, W. O. (2003). Nothing new under the sun: Transformational leadership from a historical perspective. Management Decision, 41(1), 85-95.

Ilies, R., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Leader-member exchange and citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 269-277.

Jafari-Harandi, R., & & Najafi, H. (2017). The effect of leadership style on human resources' performance by mediating role of organizational silence. Management Studies in Development and Evolution, 26 (85), 57-85.

Johnson, S. K., Holladay, C. L., & Quiñones, M. A. (2009). Organizational citizenship behavior in performance evaluations: distributive justice or injustice? Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(4), 409-418.

Jones, D., & Rudd, R. (2008). Transactional, transformational, or laissez-faire leadership: An assessment of college of agriculture academic program leaders'(Deans) leadership styles. Journal of Agricultural Education, 49(2), 88-97.

Kahya, E. (2009). The effects of job performance on effectiveness. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 39(1), 96-104.

Khalifeh-Soltani, H., Saedi, A., & Etemadian, S. (2017). The effect of transformational leaders on psychological empowerment of employees to develop entrepreneurial capabilities and activities in an organization. Organizational Behavior Studies, 6 (1), 121-145.

Khodabakhshzadeh, S., Amirzadeh-Moradabadi, S., Khodabakhshzadeh, S., & Bani-Asadi, M. (2015). Investigating the factors affecting human resources productivity, Barriers and Solutions (Case Study: Bam University of Medical Sciences). Jelandishapur Training Development Philosophy, 6 (4), 323-331.

Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610.

Li, C., Wu, K., Johnson, D. E., & Wu, M. (2012). Moral leadership and psychological empowerment in China. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(1), 90-108.

Liu, A. M., Chiu, W. M., & Fellows, R. (2007). Enhancing commitment through work empowerment. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 14(6), 568-580.

Mehnat-Far, Y., Soleimani, H., & Babaei, S.B. (2015). The effect of value added of different economic sectors on economic growth of provinces in the Fourth Development Plan (with an emphasis on agriculture) using panel data. Iranian Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 10 (20), 1-16.

Mirhoseini, A., Mohammadi, E., Shiri, A., & Nasrollahi, A. (2015). The relationship between transformational and transactional leadership styles with empowerment of hospital Staff in Ilam County. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 23 (3), 1-7.

Mosaddeghrad, A.M. (2005). The relationship between leadership styles of managers and the efficiency of university hospitals in Isfahan. Administrative Sciences and Economics, 17 (4), 23-37.

Nauman, S., Khan, A. M., & Ehsan, N. (2010). Patterns of empowerment and leadership style in project environment. International Journal of Project Management, 28(7), 638-649.

Pourjafar, M., & Rastgar, A. (2015). The role of transformational leadership on employees' empowerment with the mediating role of learning interest. Organizational Resources Management Researches, 5 (1), 25-42.

Quiñones, M., Van den Broeck, A., & De Witte, H. (2013). Do job resources affect work engagement via psychological empowerment? A mediation analysis. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizations, 29(3), 127-134.

Ravallion, M., & Datt, G. (2002). Why has economic growth been more pro-poor in some states of India than others?. Journal of Development Economics, 68(2), 381-400.

Rivera, W.M. (2011). Public Sector Agricultural Extension System Reform and the Challenges Ahead. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 17, 165-180.

Roknoddin-Eftekhari, A.R., Pour-Taheri, M., Farajzadeh, M., & Heidari-Sareban, V. (2009). The role of empowerment in agricultural development (The case of Ardabil Province). Human Geography Research, 69, 87-103.

Schyns, B.; Torka, N., & Gossling, T. (2007). Turnover intention and preparedness for change: Exploring leader-member exchange and occupational self-efficacy as antecedents of two employability predictors. Career Development International, 12, 660-679.

Seibert, S. E., Wang, G., & Courtright, S. H. (2011). Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 981-1003.

Shamsaei, F., Davood-Abadi, Z., & Sadeghi, A. (2015). Investigating personality characteristics of managers with their leadership style. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management, 4 (1), 9-17.

Skakon, J., Nielsen, K., Borg, V., & Guzman, J. (2010). Are leaders' well-being, behaviors and style associated with the affective well-being of their employees? A systematic review of three decades of research. Work & Stress, 24(2), 107-139.

Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465

Sun, L. Y., Zhang, Z., Qi, J., & Chen, Z. X. (2012). Empowerment and creativity: A cross-level investigation. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(1), 55-65.

Sundi, K. (2013). Effect of transformational leadership and transactional leadership on employee performance of Konawe Education Department at Southeast Sulawesi Province. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(12), 50-58.

Tetik, N. (2016). The effects of psychological empowerment on job satisfaction and job performance of tourist guides. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(2), 221-239.

Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive” model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666-681.

Wagner, J. I., Cummings, G., Smith, D. L., Olson, J., Anderson, L., & Warren, S. (2010). The relationship between structural empowerment and psychological empowerment for nurses: a systematic review. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(4), 448-462.

Wang, G., Oh, I. S., Courtright, S. H., & Colbert, A. E. (2011). Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of research. Group & Organization Management, 36(2), 223-270.

Yaghoubi, N.M., Moghaddami, M., &Keykha, A. (2010). The relationship between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. Transformation Management, 2 (4), 64-96.

Yu, M. L., Hamid, S., Ijab, M. T., & Soo, H. P. (2009). The e-balanced scorecard (e-BSC) for measuring academic staff performance excellence. Higher Education, 57(6), 813-828.

Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107-128.