بررسی اثرات بهبود دهنده افزودن روغن ضروری گیاه آویشن به جیره بر عملکرد رشد و سیستم ایمنی جوجه‌های گوشتی تحت استرس گرمایی

Subject Areas : Camel

ک. رافت خفار ¹ , ع. مجتهدین ² , ن. رستگار ³ , م. کلوانی نیتلی ⁴ , ع. الفتی ⁵

1 - Department of Animal Physiology, Sulaimani Technical Institute, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
2 - Department of Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Moghan, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Abouraihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
5 - Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran

Received: 2018-08-06 Accepted : 2018-10-30 Published : 2019-09-01

Keywords: عملکرد, ایمنی, جوجه‌های گوشتی, پارامترهای خونی, استرس گرمایی,

Abstract :

استرس گرمایی به عنوان تغییر دهنده عملکرد رشد و سیستم ایمنی شناخته می­شود. گیاهان دارویی به عنوان بهبود دهنده رشد و ایمنی استفاده می­شوند. بنابراین، این آزمایش به منظور بررسی اثرات بهبود دهنده افزودن روغن ضروری گیاه آویشن به جیره بر عملکرد رشد و سیستم ایمنی جوجه­های گوشتی تحت استرس گرمایی طراحی گردید. جوجه­های گوشتی به پنج گروه تقسیم شدند؛ 1) جوجه­ها جیره پایه دریافت کرده و تحت شرایط دمایی نرمال قرار داشتند، 2) جوجه­ها جیره پایه دریافت کرده همراه با شرایط استرس گرمایی، 3، 4 و 5) جوجه­های گوشتی به ترتیب جیره پایه شامل 100، 150 و 200 میلی­گرم روغن ضروری آویشن/کیلوگرم وزن بدن دریافت کرده و تحت شرایط استرس گرمایی قرار داشتند. جوجه­های گوشتی در روزهای 35 و 42 آزمایش از جهت بررسی تولید آنتی‌بادی علیه گلبول‌های قرمز گوسفند مورد ارزیابی واقع شدند. همچنین در روز 42 آزمایش از جوجه­های گوشتی به منظور بررسی پارامترهای بیوشیمیایی خون نمونه تهیه شد. استرس گرمایی میزان ضریب تبدیل غذایی و نرخ مرگ­ و ­میر را افزایش و باعث کاهش نرخ رشد و مصرف غذا گردید (05/0P<). افزودن روغن ضروری آویشن در سطوح 150 و 200 میلی­گرم/کیلوگرم وزن بدن موجب بهبود اثرات منفی استرس گرمایی بر عملکرد رشد شد (05/0P<). استرس گرمایی باعث افزایش سطوح سرمی کلسترول، تری گلیسرید، کورتیکواستروئید، مالون دی آلدئید و میزان هتروفیل خون گردید (05/0P<)، و همچنین باعث کاهش تولید آنتی‌بادی علیه گلبول‌های قرمز گوسفند، میزان لنفوسیت خون و وزن ارگان­های لنفاوی شد (05/0P<). افزودن روغن ضروری آویشن به جیره در سطوح 150 و 200 میلی­گرم/کیلوگرم وزن بدن باعث بهبود اثرات منفی استرس گرمایی بر پارامترهای بیوشیمیای خون و پاسخ­های ایمینی گردید (05/0P<). روغن ضروری آویشن به جیره در سطوح 150 و 200 میلی­گرم/کیلوگرم وزن بدن می­تواند به عنوان بهبود دهنده عملکرد رشد و پاسخ­های ایمنی در پرورش جوجه­های گوشتی در مناطق گرمسیری توصیه شود.

References:

Abdulkarimi R., Daneshyar M. and Aghazadeh A. (2011). Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract consumption darkens liver, lowers blood cholesterol, proportional liver and abdominal fat weights in broiler chickens. Italian J. Anim. Sci. 10, 101-105.

Akbari M., Torki M. and Kaviani K. (2015). Single and combined effects of peppermint and thyme essential oils on productive performance, egg quality traits, and blood parameters of laying hens reared under cold stress condition (6.8±3 ˚C). Int. J. Biometeorol. 60(3), 447-454.

Amresh G., Reddy G., Rao C.V. and Singh P. (2007). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Cissampelos pareira root in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 110, 526-531.

Aoudi D., Luciano G., Vasta V., Nasri S., Brogna D.M.R., Abidi S., Priol A. and Ben Salem H. (2014). The antioxidant status and oxidative stability of muscle from lambs receiving oral administration of Artemisia herba alba and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils. Meat Sci. 97, 237-243.

Assiri A.M.A., Elbanna K., Abulreesh H.H. and Ramadan M.F. (2016). Bioactive Compounds of cold-pressed Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oil with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. J. Oleo Sci. 65, 629-640.

Ates B., Dogru M.I., Gul M., Erdogan A., Dogru A.K., Yilmaz I., Yurekli M. and Esrefoglu M. (2006). Protective role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in the liver of rats exposed to cold stress. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 20, 283-289.

Attia Y.A., Bakhashwain A.A. and Bertu N.K. (2017). Thyme oil (Thyme vulgaris) as a natural growth promoter for broiler chickens reared under hot climate. Italian J. Anim. Sci. 16, 275-282.

Bartlett J.R. and Smith M.O. (2003). Effects of different levels of zinc on the performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Poult. Sci. 82, 1580-1588.

Dahal I. and Farran M. (2011). Effect of dried medicinal crops on the performance and carcass flavour of broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 10, 152-156.

Deng W., Dong X.F., Tong J.M. and Zhang Q. (2012). The probiotic Bacillus licheniformis ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of egg production, gut morphology, and intestinal mucosal immunity in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 91, 575-582.

Deying M.A., Anshan-Shan A., Zhihui-Chen C., Juan-Du H., Kaii-Song L., Jianpıng-Li K. and Qiyou X. (2005). Effect of Ligustrum lucidum and Schisandra chinensis on the egg production, antioxidant status and immunity of laying hens during heat stress. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 59, 439-447.

Dhabhar F.S. (2002). A hassle a day may keep the doctor away: stress and the augmentation of immune function. Integr. Com. Biol. 42, 556-564.

Feng J.H., Zhang M.H., Zheng S.S., Xie P. and Ma A.P. (2008). Effects of high temperature on multiple parameters of broilers in vitro and in vivo. Poult. Sci. 87, 2133-2139.

Flanagan S.W., Moseley P.L. and Buettner G.R. (1998). Increased flux of free radicals in cells subjected to hyperthermia: Detection by electron paramagnetic resonances spin trapping. FEBS. Lett. 431, 285-286.

Habibian M., Ghazi S., Moeini M. and Abdolmohammadi A.R. (2014). Effects of dietary selenium and vitamin E on immune response and biological blood parameters of broilers reared under thermo neutral or heat stress conditions. Int. J. Biometeorol. 58, 741-752.

Hashemipour H., Kermanshahi H., Golian A. and Veldkamp T. (2013). Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 92, 2059-2069.

Hosseini S.A., Meimandipour A., Alami F., Mahdavi A., Mohiti-Asli M., Lotfollahian H. and Cross D. (2013). Effects of ground thyme and probiotic supplements in diets on broiler performance, blood biochemistry and immunological response to sheep red blood cells. Italian J. Anim. Sci. 12(1), 116-120.

Juliano C., Mattana A. and Usai M. (2000). Composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Thymus herba-barona Loisel growing wild in Sardinia. J. Essent. Oil. Res. 12, 516-522.

Lee K.W., Everts H., Kappert H.J., Frehner M., Losa R. and Beynen A.C. (2003). Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 44, 450-457.

Lepage K.T., Bloom S.E. and Taylor Jr R.L. (1996). Antibody response to sheep red blood cells in a major histocompatibility (B) complex aneuploid line of chickens. Poult. Sci. 75, 346-350.

Lucas A.M. and Jamroz C. (1961). Atlas of Avian Haematology. Washington D.C., USA.

Manach F., Regerat F. and Texier O. (1996). Bioavailability, metabolism and physiological impact of 4-oxo-flavonoids. Neutral. Res. 16, 517-544.

Mujahid A., Pumford N.R., Bottje W., Nakagawa K., Miyazawa T., Akiba Y. and Toyomizu M. (2007). Mitochondrial oxidative damage in chicken skeletal muscle induced by acute heat stress. J. Poult. Sci. 44, 439-445.

Mujahid A., Yoshiki Y., Akiba Y. and Toyomizu M. (2005). Superoxide radical production in chicken skeletal muscle induced by acute heat stress. Poult. Sci. 84, 307-314.

Nawalany G., Bieda W. and Radoń J. (2010). Effect of floor heating and cooling of bedding on thermal conditions in the living area of broiler chickens. Arch. Geflugelkd. 74, 98-101.

Nickels C.H.F. (1996). Antioxidants improve cattle immunity following stress. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 62, 59-68.

Niu Z.Y., Liu F.Z., Yan Q.L. and Li L. (2009a). Effects of different levels of selenium on growth performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 63, 56-65.

Niu Z.Y., Liu F.Z., Yan Q.L. and Li W.C. (2009b). Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers under heat stress. Poult. Sci. 88, 2101-2107.

NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9^th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.   

Ogle C.K., Valente J.F., Guo X., Li B.G., Ogle J.D. and Alexander J.W. (1997). Thermal injury induces the development of inflammatory macrophages from nonadherent bone marrow cells. Inflammation. 21, 569-582.

Olfati A., Mojtahedin M., Sadeghi T., Akbari M. and Pastor F.M. (2018). Comparison of growth performance and immune responses of broiler chicks reared under heat stress, cold stress and thermoneutral conditions. Spanish J. Agric. Res. 16(2), e0505.

Ozek K., Wellmann K.T., Ertekin B. and Tarım B. (2011). Effects of dietary herbal essential oil mixture and organic acid preparation on laying traits, gastrointestinal tract characteristics, blood parameters and immune response of laying hens in a hot summer season. J. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 20, 575-586.

Pamok S., Aengwanich W. and Komutrin T. (2009). Adaptation to oxidative stress and impact of chronic oxidative stress on immunity in heat-stressed broilers. J. Thermal. Biol. 34, 353-357.

Parvar R., khosravinia H. and Azarfar A. (2013). Effect of supplementation of Satureja essential oils in drinking water on immune performance of broiler chickens reared under heat stress. J. Cell. Anim. Biol. 10, 121-124.

Popova M. and Popov C. (2002). Damage to subcellular structures evoked by lipid peroxidation. Z. Naturforsch C. 57(3), 361-365.

Pournazari M., Qotbi A.A.A., Seidavi A.R. and Corazzin M. (2017). Prebiotics, probiotics and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) for broilers: Performance, carcass traits and blood variables. Rev. Colombiana Cienc. Pecuarias.30, 3-10.

Ragga N.M., Kornay R.S. and Mohmad F. (2016). Effects of thyme / or formic acid dietary supplementation on broiler performance and immunity. Agric. Sci. Proc. 10, 270-279.

Rahim A., Mohsen D. and Alimirza A. (2011). Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract consumption darkens liver, lowers blood cholesterol, proportional liver and abdominal fat weights in broiler chickens. Italian J. Anim. Sci. 10(2), 101-105.

Rashidi A.A., Gofrani lvari Y., Khatibjoo A. and Vakili R. (2010). Effects of dietary fat, vitamin E and zinc on immune response and blood parameters of broiler reared under heat stress. Res. J. Poult. Sci. 3, 32-38.

Richard M.J., Portal B., Meo J. and Jamroz C. (1992). Malondialdehyde kit evaluated for determining plasma and lipoprotein fractions that react with thiobarbituric acid. Clin. Chem. 38, 704-709.

Sahin K., Sahin N. and Yaralioglu S. (2002). Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on lipid per-oxidation, blood serum metabolites and mineral concentrations of laying hens reared at high ambient temperature. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 85, 35-45.

SAS Institute. (2001). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 9.2. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.

Simitzis P.E. (2017). Enrichment of animal diets with essential oils-agreat perspective on improving animal performanceand quality characteristics of the derived products. Medicines. 4, 35-52.

Soler-Rivas C., Espin J.C. and Wichers H.J. (2000). Oleuropein and related compounds. J. Agric. Food Sci. 80, 1013-1023.

Takazadeh F. and Mayahi M. (2017). Immune response of broiler chickens supplemented with pediatric cough syrup including thyme extract in drinking water against influenza vaccine. J Herbmed. Pharmacol. 6(1), 33-36.

Tawfeek S.S., AbdAlla Hassanin K.M. and Ibrahim Youssef I.M. (2014). The effect of dietary supplementation of some antioxidants on performance, oxidative stress, and blood parameters in broilers under natural summer conditions. J. World's. Poult. Res. 4(1), 10-19.

Trout J.M. and Mashaly M.M. (1994). The effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone and heat stress on the distribution of lymphocyte populations in immature male chickens. Poult. Sci. 73, 1694-1698.

Williams P. and Losa R. (2001). The use of essential oils and their compounds in poultry nutrition. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 17, 14-15.

Yalçın S., Özkan S., Çabuk M.C. and Siegel P.B. (2003). Criteria for evaluating husbandry practices to alleviate heat stress in broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12, 382-388.

Yanishlieva N.V., Marinova E.M., Gordon M.H. and Raneva V.G. (1999). Antioxidant activity and mechanism of action of thymol and carvacrol in two lipid systems. Food Chem. 64, 59-66.

Zhang Z.Y., Jia G.Q., Zuo J.J., Zhang Y., Lei J., Ren L. and Feng D.Y. (2012). Effects of constant and cyclic heat stress on muscle metabolism and meat quality of broiler breast fillet and thigh meat. Poult. Sci. 91, 2931-2937.