مروری بر اثرات متابولیسمی اسیدهای چرب با چند باند دوگانه بر مرغ‌ها
Subject Areas : Camelب. نوبدشاد 1 , م. رویان 2 , ع. اخلاقی 3
1 - Department of Animal Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2 - Department of Genomics and Animal, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute (ABRI), Rasht, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Keywords: بیان ژن, مرغ, متابولیسم, اسیدهای چرب با چند پیوند دوگانه,
Abstract :
مرغ به عنوان مدلی مناسب برای مطالعات متابولیسم لیپید مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است، زیرا تغییرات جیره‌ای به ویژه نوع چربی جیره می‌توانند ترکیب بدن مرغ را تغییر دهند. چربی‌ها به عنوان منبعی از انرژی و برخی اسیدهای چرب نظیر اسیدهای چرب با چند پیوند دوگانه (PUFAs) مورد نیاز حیوان و انسان عمل مینمایند. اسیدهای چرب با چند پیوند دوگانه از نوع n-3، به خصوص اسید آیکوزاپنتوانوئیک (EPA) و اسید دوکوزاهگزاانوئیک (DHA) اثرات مطلوب شناخته شدهای بر سلامت انسان دارند. اسیدهای چرب با چند پیوند دوگانه از نوع n-3 به عنوان محرک‌های با منشاء غذایی اکسیداسیون اسید چرب عمل نموده و مهار کننده برگشتی سنتز اسیدهای چرب جدید هستند. این سازوکارهای تنظیمی نه تنها میزان لیپید کبد و ترشح لیپوپروتئین با چگالی خیلی پایین (VLDL) را کاهش میدهند، بلکه مقادیر اضافه اسیدهای چرب بلند زنجیر با چند پیوند دوگانه را که ممکن است منجر به تنش اکسیداسیونی یا آسیب رساندن با یکپارچگی غشاء شوند را از غشاء سلولی حذف مینمایند. این مقاله به اختصار به مهمترین اثرات متابولیکی اسیدهای چرب با چند پیوند دوگانه در مرغ میپردازد.
Akiba Y., Murakami H., Senkoylu N., Kusanagi M., Takahashi K. and Sato K. (1995). The effects of dietary lipid on poultry performance and composition. Proc. Australian Poult. Sci. Sym. 7, 1-8.
Allmann D.W. and Gibson D.W. (1965). Fatty acid synthesis during early linoleic acid deficiency in the mouse. J. Lipid. Res. 6, 51-60.
Aubert J., Champigny O., Saint-Marc P., Negrel R., Collins S., Ricquier D. and Ailhaud G. (1997). Upregulation of UCP-2 gene expression by PPAR agonists in preadipose and adipose cells. Biophys. Res. Com. 238, 606-611.
Benatti P.,Peluso G. and Nicolai N.R. (2004). Polyunsaturated fatty acids: biochemical, nutritional and epigenetic properties. Am. Colleg. Nutr. 23, 281-302.
Benjamin S. and Friedrich S. (2009). Conjugated linoleic acids as functional food: an insight into their health benefits. Nutr. Metab. 6, 36-37.
Bezard J., Blond J.P., Bernard A. and Clouet P. (1994). The metabolism and availability of essential fatty acids in animal and human tissues. Rep. Nutr. Dev. 34, 539-568.
Biely J. and March B. (1957). Fat studies in poultry, fat and nitrogen retention in chicks fed diets containing different levels of fat and protein. Poult. Sci. 36, 1235-1240.
Blake W.L. and Clarke S.D. (1990). Suppression of hepatic fatty acid synthase and S14 gene transcription by dietary polyunsaturated fat. J. Nutr. 120, 225-231.
Bordoni M., Di Nunzio F., Danesi F. and Biagi P.L. (2006). Polyunsaturated fatty acids: from diet to binding to PPARs and other nuclear receptors. Gen. Nutr. 1, 95-106.
Bougnoux P., Koscielny S., Chajes V., Descamps P., Couet C. and Calais G. (1994). Alpha-linolenic acid content of adipose breast tissue: a host determinant of the risk of early metastasis in breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer. 70, 330-334.
Burr G.O. (1942). Significance of the essential fatty acids. Federation Proc. 1, 224-233.
Calder P.C. (1997). n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytokine production in health and disease. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 41, 203-234.
Caygill C.P. and Hill M.J. (1995). Fish, n-3 fatty acids and human colorectal and breast cancer mortality. European J. Cancer Prevention. 4, 329-332.
Chambrier C., Bastard J.P., Rieusset J., Chevillotte E., Bonnefont-Rousselot D., Therond P., Hainque B., Riou J.P., Laville M. and Vidal H. (2002). Eicosapentaenoic acid induces mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ. Obes. Res. 10, 518-525.
Chin S.F., Storkson J.M., Albright K.J., Cook M.E. and Pariza M.W. (1994). Conjugated linoleic acid is a growth factor for rats as shown by enhanced weight gain and improved feed efficiency. J. Nutr. 124, 2344-2349.
Christiansen E.N., Lund J.S., Rørtveit T. and Rustan A.C. (1991). Effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on fatty acid desaturation in rat liver. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1082, 57-62.
Clarke S.D., Armstrong M.K. and Jump D.B. (1990). Nutritional control of rat liver fatty acid synthase and S14 mRNA abundance. J. Nutr. 120, 218-224.
Clarke B.A. and Clarke S.D. (1982). Suppression of rat liver fatty acid synthesis by eicosa-5, 8, ll, 14-tetraynoic acid without a reduction in lipogenic enzymes. J. Nutr. 112, 1212-1219.
Clarke S.D. and Jump D.B. (1993). Fatty acid regulation of gene expression: a unique role for polyunsaturated fats. Pp. 227-246 in Nutrition and Gene Expression. C. Berdanier and J.L. Hargrove, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
ClarkeS.D. and Jump D.B. (1994). Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 14, 83-98.
Coleman R.A. and Lee D.P. (2004). Enzymes of triacylglycerol synthesis and their regulation. Prog. Lipid. Res. 43, 134-76.
Coleman R.A., Lewin T.M., Van Horn C.G., Gonzalez-Baró M.R. (2002). Do long-chain acyl-CoA synthases regulate fatty acid entry into synthetic versus degradative pathways? J. Nutr. 132, 2123-2126.
Cook M.E., Miller C.C., Park Y. and Pariza M.W. (1993). Immune modulation by altered nutrient metabolism: nutritional control of immune-induced growth depression. Poult. Sci. 72, 1301-1305.
Couet C., Delarue J., Ritz P., Antoine J.M. and Lamisse F. (1997). Effect of dietary fish oil on body fat mass and basal oxidation in healthy adults. Int. J. Obes. 21, 637-643.
Daggy B., Arost C. and Bensadoun A. (1987). Dietary fish oil decreases VLDL production rates. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 920, 293-300.
Desvergne B. and Wahli W. (1999). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: nuclear control of metabolism. Endocrinol. Rev. 20, 649-88.
Doreau M and Chillard Y. (1997). Digestion and metabolism of dietary fat in farm animals. Br. J. Nutr. 78, 15-35.
Dyerberg J., Bang H.O. and Hjörne H. (1975). Fatty acid composition of the plasma lipids in greenland eskimos. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 28, 958-966.
Enser M. and Roberts J.L. (1982). The regulation of hepatic stearoylcoenzyme A desaturase in obese-hyperglycaemic (ob/ob) mice by food intake and the fatty acid composition of the diet. Biochem. J. 206, 561-570.
Flatmark T., Nilsson A., Kvannes J., Eikhom T.S. and Fukami M.H. (1988). On the mechanism of induction of the enzyme systems for peroxisomal ß-oxidation of fatty acids in rat liver by diets rich in partially hydrogenated fish oil. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 962, 122-130.
Field C.J., Edmond A.R., Thompson A.B.R. and Clandinin M.T. (1990). Diet fat composition alters membrane phospholipid composition, insulin binding, and glucose metabolism in adipocytes from control and diabetic animals. J. Biol. Chem. 19, 11143-11150.
Forman B., Chen J. and Evans R.M. (1997). Hypolipidemic drugs, polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids are ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors aand δ. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 4312-4317.
Freeman C.P. (1984). Digestion, absorption and transport of fats--non-ruminants. Pp. 117-142 in Fats in Animal Nutrition. J. Wiseman, Ed. Butterworths, London, UK.
Fu Z. and Sinclair A.J. (2000). Novel pathway of metabolism of α-linolenic acid in the Guniea pig. Pediatric. Res.47, 414-417.
Gottlicher M., Widmark E., Li Q. and Gustafsson I.A. (1992). Fatty acids activate chimera of the clofibric acid activated receptor and the glucocorticoid receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89, 4653-4657.
Griffin H.D., Windsor D. and Whitehead C.C. (1991). Changes in lipoprotein metabolism and body composition in chickens in response to divergent selection for plasma very low density lipoprotein concentration. Br. Poult. Sci. 32, 195-201.
Hansen H.S. and Jensen B. (1985). Essential function of linoleic acid esterified in acylglucosylceramide and acylceramide in maintaining the epidermal water permeability barrier. Evidence from feeding studies with oleate, Linoleate, arachidonate, columbinate and α-linolenate. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 834, 357-363.
Harini S. and Ntambi J.M. (2006). Regulation of gene expression by polyunsaturated FAs. Heart Metab. 32, 32-35.
Harris S.G., Padilla J., Koumas L., Ray D. and Phipps R.P. (2002). Prostaglandins as modulators of immunity. Trends. Immunol. 23, 144-150.
Hellerstein M.K., Meydani S.N., Meydani M., Wu K. and Dinarello C.A. (1989). Interleukin-1- induced anorexia in the rat. Influence of prostaglandins. J. Clin. Invest. 84, 228-235.
Hertzel A.V. and Bernlohr D.A. (2000). The mammalian fatty acid-binding protein multigene family: molecular and genetic insights into function. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 11, 175-180.
Holman R.T. (1968). Biological activities of the requirements for polyunsaturatedfattyacids.Prog.Chem.Fats Lipid. 9,611-680.
Hornstra G., Al M.D., van Houwelingen A.C. and Foreman-van Drongelen M.N. (1995). Essential fatty acids in pregnancy and early human development. European. J. Obes. Gynecol. Rep. Biol. 61, 57-62.
Hulan H.W., Ackman R.G., Ratnayake W.M.N. and Proudfoot F.G. (1988). Omega-3 fatty acid levels and performance of broilers chickens fed redfish meal or redfish oil. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 68, 533-547.
Hulan H.W., Proudfoot F.G. and Nash D.M. (1984). The effects of different dietary fat sources on general performance and carcass fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 63, 324-332.
Jensen L.S., Schumaier G.W. and Latshaw J.D. (1970). Extra caloric effect of dietary fat for developing turkeys as influenced by calorie-protein ratio. Poult. Sci. 49, 1697-1704.
Jones B., Maher M.A., Banz W.J., Zemel M.B., Whelan J., Smith P. and Moustaid N. (1996). Adipose tissue stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA is increased by obesity and decreased by polyunsaturated FAs. Am. J. Physiol. 34, 44-49.
Jump D.B., Botolin D., Wang Y., Xu J., Christian B. and Demeure O. (2005). Fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription. J. Nutr. 135, 2503-2506.
Jump D.B. and Clarke S.D. (1999). Regulation of gene expression by dietary fat. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 19, 63-90.
Jump D.B., Clarke S.D., Thelen A. and Liimatta N. (1994). Coordinate regulation of glycolytic and lipogenic gene expression by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Lipid. Res. 35, 1076-1084.
Katsurada A., Intani N., Fukuda H., Matsumura Y. and Nishimoto N. (1990). Effects of nutrients and hormones on transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in rat liver. European. J. Biochem. 190, 435-441.
KatsuradaA., Intani N., Fukuda H., Noguchi T. and Tanaka T. (1987). Influence of diet on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of malic enzyme induction in the rat liver. European J. Biochem. 168, 487-492.
Keller H., Deyer C., Medin J., Nahfoudi A., Ozato K. and Wahli W. (1993). Fatty acids and retinoids control lipid metabolism through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorretinoid X receptor heterodimers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90, 2160-2164.
Ketels E. and DeGroote G. (1989). Effect of ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids of the dietary lipid fraction on utilization and metabolizable energy of added fats in young chicks. Poult. Sci. 68, 1506-1512.
Khorasanizadeh S. and Rastinejad F. (2001). Nuclear-receptor interactions on DNA-response elements. Trend Biochem. Sci. 26, 384-390.
Kinsella J.E., Lokesh B. and Stone R.A. (1990). Dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 1-28.
Kliewer S.A., Sundseth S.S., Jones S.A., Brown P.J., Wisely G.B., Koble C.S., Devchand P., Wahli W., Wilson T.M., Lenhard J.M. and Lehmann J.M. (1997). Fatty acids and eicosanoids regulate gene expression through direct interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 4318-4323.
Knapp H.R. (1991). Effects of dietary fatty acids on blood pressure: epidemiology and biochemistry. Pp. 94-106 in Health Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids. G.J. Nelson, Ed. American Oil Chemistry Society, Champaign, Illinois.
Korver D.R. and Klasing K.C. (1997). Dietary fish oil alters specific and inflammatory immune responses in chicks. J. Nutr. 127, 2039-2046.
Krogdahl A. (1985). Digestion and absorption of lipids in poultry. J. Nutr. 115, 675-685.
Krogdahl A. and Sell J.L. (1989). Influence of age on lipase, amylase, and protease activities in pancreatic tissue and intestinal contents of young turkeys. Poult. Sci. 68, 561-1568.
Lopez-Ferrer S., Baucells M.D., Barroeta A.C. and Grashorn M.A. (2001). n-3 enrichment of chicken meat. 1. Use of very long-chain fatty acids in chicken diets and their influence on meat quality: fish oil. Poult. Sci. 80, 741-732.
Luo J., Rizkalla S.W., Boillot J., Alamowitch C., Chaib H., Bruzzo F., Desplanque N., Dalix A.M., Durand G. and Slama G. (1996). Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids improve adipocyte insulin action and glucose metabolism in insulinresistant rats: relation to membrane fatty acids. J. Nutr. 126, 1951-1958.
Madsen L., Petersen R.K. and Kristiansen K. (2005). Regulation of adipocyte differentiation and function by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1740, 266-286.
Manilla H., Husveth A.F. and Nemeth K. (1999). Effects of dietary fat origin on the performance of broiler chickens and composition of selected tissues. Acta. Agrar. Kaposváriensis. 3, 47-57.
Mascaro C., Acosta E., Ortiz J.A., Marrero P.F., Hegardt F.G. and Haro D. (1998). Control of human muscle-type carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene transcription by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 8560-8563.
Mikkelsen L., Hansen H.S., Grunnet N. and Dich J. (1993). Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in rat hepatocytes by exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids is caused by lipid peroxidation. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1166, 99-104.
Nash D.M., Hamilton R.M.G. and Hulan H.W. (1995). The effect of dietary herring meal on the omega-3 fatty acid content of plasma and egg yolk lipids of laying hens. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 75, 247-253.
Newman R.E., Bryden W.L., Fleck E., Ashes J.R., Buttemer W.A., Storlien L.H. and Downing J.A. (2002). Dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids alter avian metabolism: metabolism and abdominal fat deposition. Br. J. Nutr. 88, 11-18.
Nisoli E., Carruba M.O., Tonello C., Macor C., Federspil G. and Vettor R. (2000). Induction of fatty acid translocase / CD36, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ 2, leptin, uncoupling proteins 2 and 3, and tumor necrosis factor-γ gene expression in human subcutaneous fat by lipid infusion. Diabetes. 49, 319-324.
Nolte R.T., Wisely G.B., Westin S., Cobb J.E., Lambert M.H., Kurokawa R., Rosenfeld M.G., Willson T.M., Glass C.K. and Milburn M.V. (1998). Ligand binding and co-activator assembly of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Nature. 395, 137-143.
Noy Y. and Sklan D. (1995). Digestion and absorption in the young chick. Poult. Sci. 74, 366-373.
NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. USA.
Ntambi J.M. (1991). Dietary regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase I gene expression in mouse liver. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10925-10930.
Patsouris D. (2006). Transcriptional regulation of nutrient A2 p2. Ph D Thesis. Wageningen Univ., Netherlands.
Phetteplace H.W. and Watkins B.A. (1989). Effects of various n-3 sources on fatty acid composition in chicken tissues. J. Food Comp. Anal. 2, 104-117.
Phetteplace H.W. and Watkins B.A. (1990). Lipid measurements in chickens fed different combinations of chicken fat and menhaden oil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38, 1848-1853.
Polin D. and Hussein T.H. (1982). The effect of bile acid on lipid and nitrogen retention, carcass composition, and dietary metabolizable energy in very young chicks. Poult. Sci. 61, 1697-1707.
Rodriguez J.C., Gil-Gomez B., Hegradt F.G. and Haro D. (1994). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor mediates induction of the mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase gene by FAs. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 18767-18772.
Royan M., Meng G.Y., Othman F., Sazili A.Q. and Hanachi P. (2013). Effects of dietary combination of conjugated linoleic acid with fish oil or soybean oil on fatty acid composition of broiler meat. Arch. Geflügelk. 77, 189-198.
Rustan A.C., Nossen J.O., Osmundsen H. and Drevon C.A. (1988). Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits cholesterol esterification in cultured parenchymal cells and isolated microsomes from rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8126-8132.
Sato K., Fukao K., Seki Y. and Akiba Y. (2004). Expression of the chicken peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ gene is influenced by aging, nutrition, and agonist administration. Poult. Sci. 83, 1342-1347.
Schmitz G. and Ecker J. (2008). The opposing effects of n-3 and n-6 FAs. Prog. Lipid. Res. 47, 147-155.
Schoonjans K., Staels B. and Auwerx J. (1996). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and their effects on lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1302, 93-109.
Schwartz R.S. and Abraham S. (1982). Effect of dietary fat polyunsaturated FAs on the activity and content of fatty acid synthetase in mouse liver. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 711, 316-322.
SchwartzR.S. and Abraham S. (1983). Effect of dietary fat on the activity, content, rates of synthesis and degradation, and translation of mRNA coding malic enzyme. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 221, 206-215.
Serhan C.N., Hong S., Gronert K., Colgan S.P., Devchand P.R., Mirick G. and Moussignac R.L. (2002). Resolvins: a family of bioactive products of omega-3 fatty acid transformation circuits initiated by aspirin treatment that counter proinflammation signals. J. Exp. Med. 196, 1025-1037.
Sklan D., Budowski P., Ascarelli I. and Hurwitz S. (1973). Lipid absorption and secretion in the chick: effect of raw soybean meal. J. Nutr. 103, 1299-1305.
SklanD. (1976). Digestion and absorption of lipids in chicks fed TGs or free FAs: synthesis of monoglycerides in the intestine. Poult. Sci. 58, 885-897.
Smith W.L. and Marnett L.J. (1991). Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: structure and catalysis. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1083, 1-17.
Spurlock M.E., Houseknecht K.L., Portocarrero C.P., Cornelius S.G., Willis G.M. and Bidwell C.A. (2000). Regulation of PPARɣ but not obese gene expression by dietary fat supplementation. J. Nutr. Bioch. 11, 260-266.
Stansby M.E. (1990). Nutritional properties of fish oil for human consumption-modern aspects. Pp. 289-308 in Fish Oil in Nutrition. M.E. Stansby, Ed. Van Nostrand, Renhold, New York, NY.
Svihus B. (2014). Function of the digestive system. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 23, 306-314.
Tebbey P.W. and Buttke T.M. (1992). Stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene expression in lymphocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 186, 531-536.
Tuncer S.D., Asti R., Coskun B., Tekes M.A. and Erer H. (1987). The effects of different energy sources on fattening performance, abdomen fat accumulation and liver fat in broiler I. The effects of fattening performance and abdomen fat accumulation. University of Selçuk. J. Vet. Fac. 3, 25-40.
Varanasi U., Chu R., Huang Q., Castellon R., Yeldandi A.V. and Reddy J.K. (1996). Identification of a peroxisome proliferator-responsive element upstream of the human peroxisomal fatty acyl CoA oxidase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 2147-2155.
Vermeersch G. and Vanschoubroek F. (1968). The quantification of the effect of increasing levels of various fats on body weight gain, efficiency of food conversion and food intake of growing chicks. Br. Poult. Sci. 9, 13-20.
Vidal-Puig A., Jimenez-Linan M., Lowell B.B., Hamann A., Hu E., Spiegelman B.M., Flier J.S. and Moller D.E. (1996). Regulation of PPAR gamma gene expression by nutrition and obesity in rodents. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 2553-2561.
Watkins B.A. (1995). Biochemical and physiological aspects of polyunsaturates. Poult. Avian. Boil. Rev. 6, 1-18.
Yu K., Bayona W. and Kallen C.B. (1995). Differential activation of peroxisome proliferator- ctivated receptors by eicosanoids. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 23975-23983.
Zerehdaran S., Vereijken A.L.J. Van Arendonk J.A.M. and Van der Waaij E.H. (2004). Estimation of genetic parameters for fat deposition and carcass traits in broilers. Poult. Sci. 83, 521-525.
