Background: Shoulder joint injuries are common among athletes performing overhead movements, and studies have shown that repetitive small impacts during throwing motions lead to chronic negative adaptations in the soft tissues of the shoulder joint. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of an 8-week TRX exercise program on the range of motion and degree of shoulder imbalance in beach volleyball players.Methods: The study included 30 female beach volleyball players. After collecting demographic information, the participants were divided into control and experimental groups. Range of motion and degree of uneven shoilderwere measured using a goniometer and scoliometer. Following the 8-week exercise program, the same tests were conducted on both groups, and the data were recorded. In the statistical analysis, paired t-tests and independent t-tests were used to test the hypotheses after confirming the normal distribution of the data.Results: The results showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test measurements in the experimental group following the 8-week TRX exercise program, while no significant difference was observed between pre-test and post-test measurements in the control group. Additionally, the results of the independent t-test indicated a significant difference between post-test measurements of the experimental group and the control group.Conclusion: Considering the effects of the TRX exercise protocol on the range of motion and uneven shoilderin female beach volleyball players, it is recommended for coaches and athletes in the beach volleyball field to incorporate TRX exercise protocols, specifically targeting the prevention of muscle injuries and addressing irregularities such as shoulder imbalances تفاصيل المقالة

Background: Obesity and overweight are among the most common complications among high school students, which can be associated with cardiovascular diseases. Modifying the lifestyle through sports activities and herbal medicines is one of the solutions to combat this problem. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an 8-week cinnamon consumption with and without high-intensity interval training on blood lipid profiles in high school-aged overweight girls.Methods: In this semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design, 36 overweight women aged 15-18 years were randomly assigned to one of the 3 groups: intense interval training (n=12), cinnamon supplementation (n=12) and intense interval training+cinnamon (n=12). The intense interval training program was conducted three times a week for 8 weeks in the two intervention groups. Each session, lasting 30-35 minutes, involved high-intensity exercises at 90-95% of peak oxygen consumption. Diet groups received cinnamon supplements at the rate of 6 grams/day for a period of 8 weeks. Body measurements (weight, body mass index) and serum levels of blood fats (cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein) were measured before and after the study. The data were analyzed using the dependent t-test and analysis of covariance at a level less than 0.05.Results: After 8 weeks of intervention, a significant decrease in body weight and body mass index and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol were observed in the intense interval training and intense interval training + cinnamon groups compared to the cinnamon alone group (p≤0.05). However, Bonferroni's follow-up test did not show significant differences in cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein levels between the groups (p≥0.05).Conclusion: High-intensity intermittent exercise with cinnamon consumption can reduce body composition and some blood lipids more effectively than cinnamon supplementation in overweight high school girls. تفاصيل المقالة

Background: Obesity is the result of accumulation of excess adipose tissue due to an imbalance between food intake and energy intake. Exercise can play an effective role in reducing adipose tissue due to increased energy consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity training (HIIT) on adiponectin levels in adipose tissue in rats on a high fat diet.Methods: For this purpose, 32 rats with a lifespan of 8 weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups: obese and HIIT, obese without HIIT and normal weight. The HIIT training program was performed for eight weeks. At the end of the training period, the rats were anesthetized. The subcutaneous adipose tissue of the animal was also sampled and qRT-PCR analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of adiponectin gene.Results: The results showed that adiponectin gene expression decreases under the influence of obesity. But with HIIT training and reduced obesity, its expression increases.Conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that HIIT training can reduce obesity, increase adiponectin gene expression in animals with high fat diet. تفاصيل المقالة

Background: The corona epidemic reduced physical activity in individuals, which is a determining factor in the physical and mental health of individuals, and is a part of the individual quality of life (QoL). This study had three aims. The first was comparing the Body Mass Index (BMI) and QoL of employees in a government organization before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, second evaluating how the BMI and QoL of the employees were affected by their PA levels (1.5, 3, or more than 4.5 h/w) and their occupation type (OT) (line, staff, or research), and third assess the BMI and QoL of the employees after two years of the COVID-19 pandemic based on their PA levels and OT. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, and the statistical population was the employees of a public organization. The data of this study were collected between 1398 and 1400, by using QoL Questionnaire were analyzed. Fifty active subjects (35.26 ±3.06 yr.) participated in this study. The t-test, Wilcoxon, F-test, ANCOVA Wilcoxon) as statistical analysis (P<0.05). Results: In the first stage, significant differences were observed in weight, BMI, and environmental health, and a significant decrease in QoL. In the second stage, a significant increase in mental health was observed in people who had 3 or more than 4.5 h/w of exercise before beginning Corona (p <0.05). The third aim is the environmental health significantly increased (PA) < 4.5 h/w, based on OT in three groups, but a significant decrease in social relationships (OT) in Group S, a decrease in QoL (PA) < 4.5 h/w, and, based on OT in three groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of physical activity in maintaining QoL and suggest that individuals should pay attention to performing PA in accordance with environmental conditions. تفاصيل المقالة

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system disorder that can impair the sensory and motor-nerve system by destroying the myelin sheath. These may lead to fatigue and Quality of Life (QoL). This study investigated the effect of eight-week massage as a complementary therapy on fatigue, Physical Component Health (PhCH), Psychological Component Health (PsCH), and QoL in MS female patients.Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 MS females with EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Score) = 2 – 5 were enrolled. After a briefing and obtaining consent, the subjects were pre-tested. The subjects were randomly divided into Control (n= 10) and experimental (n= 10) groups. The massage therapy was performed for eight-week (two sessions of 30 minutes per week). Fatigue and Quality of Life were assessed at the beginning and end of the protocol using the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) and Quality of Life Short Form Questionnaire (SF-36), respectively.Results: Twenty females MS patients (age= 26-44 yr., weight= 53.-87 Kg, BMI (Body Mass Index) =24. 32 Kg.m-1) completed the study period. Data demonstrated a significant decrease in fatigue (F= 45.38, p= 0.001), a significant increase in PhCH (F= 21.60, P= 0.001), PsCH (F= 5.42, P= 0.001), and QoL (F= 22.67, P= 0.001).Conclusion: Massage can be a non-invasive, safe, low-cost, and complementary intervention to improve fatigue and quality of life in MS patients. تفاصيل المقالة

Background: Warmup is a main section of each training program and is necessary for better performance and decrease chance of sport injuries. Many warmup methods used with athletes and their effects are challenge full. Squash players use different warmup methods like other athletes. Muscular power, anaerobic power and flexibility are important factors for performance of squash players. On the other hand, there are conflict in previous researches about the effect of different warmup methods on performance. Thus the propose of this study was evaluating the effect of static stretch, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and whole body vibration on muscular power, anaerobic power and flexibility of squash players. Methods: Nine squash players randomly assigned in three groups and took three warmup methods on three weeks. Wash out period was one week. After each session, all variables were measured. One way ANOVA was used to detect differences between groups.Results: We couldn’t find any significant differences between groups in vertical jump, sit and reach and mean power tests.Conclusion: It seems that there is not difference between the effect of whole body vibration, static stretch and PNF on our variables. تفاصيل المقالة

Background: The purpose of this research was to compare the velocity of the dominant hand and the non-dominant hand in the Gyakozuki technique (with hit and without hit) of elite karate men.Methods: 16 Iranian male karatekas with individual characteristics from the national karate team camp participated in this study. The subjects were asked to perform the Gyakuzuki technique with the dominant hand and the non-dominant hand five times with maximum intensity and strength, hit the shoot fist device. The distance of standing from the device was equal to the length of the upper limb, and the best record of all five performances was considered. It was recorded using a Hero3 digital camera made in the United States (240Hz) in two dimensions. It was filmed at a perpendicular angle to the subject. The peak velocity of the joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist) and the velocity at the moment of the collision were evaluated using Skillspector software. After ensuring the normality of the data using the Shapiro–Wilk test, independent t-tests were used at the level of (p ≤ 0.05) with spss version 22 software.Result: The test results showed a significant difference between peak joint velocity shoulder, elbow, and wrist withthe dominant and non-dominant hand in the with-hit and without-hit method ( p ≤0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between the velocity of the wrist in contact moment with the dominant and non-dominant hand in the with-hit and without-hit methods ( p ≤0.05).Conclusion: According to the fest result, if a karate man wants to reach to velocity peak with the dominant hand in Gyakuzuki Techniques, he should reinforce the antagonist and stabilizer muscles in the non-dominant hand. تفاصيل المقالة

Background: Carrying a backpack incorrectly can have an impact on the musculoskeletal system. The aim of this study was the influence of different ways of backpack carrying on pelvic kinematics during gait among male students.Methods: Twelve boys aged 7–12 years from Yazd participated in this study. Using a three-dimensional motion analysis system, unilateral and bilateral evaluations of walking while carrying backpacks were conducted. The data were processed using MATLAB software. The Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to determine data distribution, and the paired t-test was employed for statistical analysis (p<0.05).Result: According to the research's findings, the two carrying techniques had similar amounts of anterior pelvic tilt. However, the unilateral backpack approach had slightly greater values for this angle. Due to the positioning of the body on the ground and the slower rate of thigh extension, the graph is downward throughout the stance phase of stepping, which comprises approximately the first 60% of the gate cycle. Additionally, the two carrying techniques in this range differ the most from one another. The levels of coordination variability differed by 30 to 40 degrees in various deciles between the two carrying techs. Furthermore, compared to the bilateral carrying approach, the unilateral carrying strategy had substantially higher hip rotation variability.Conclusion: Generally, the results indicated that except for hip-thigh coordination during walking, there are no appreciable differences in the effects of various backpack carrying techniques on the risk factors for hip-thigh injuries. Except for pelvic-thigh coordination during walking, while using various backpack carrying techniques, a significant difference was noticed. تفاصيل المقالة

Background: Basketball is a team-oriented and contact sport and participation in this sport entails accepting the risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the causes and prevalence of sports injuries among male basketball players in the country. The aim of this study was to determine the causes and prevalence of sport injuries.Methods: This cross-sectional study employed a retrospective method and utilized a questionnaire on basketball injuries as documented by Marcus et al. The study surveyed 82 players from the Premier League and Division I, belonging to the 1401 basketball season. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi-square test (c2). Results: The results of the study showed that the frequency of injuries in the lower extremities (75%) was significantly higher than in the other parts of the body (p = 0.001, c2 = 94.46). In the lower limbs, knees and wrists had the highest injury rates (48.7%, and 46.2%, respectively) (p = 0.001, c2 = 41.49). Conversely, in the upper limb, shoulder had the highest injury rate (50%) though the difference was not significant (p = 0.26, c2 = 2.62). The mechanism of occurrence of damage was related to landing (44.2%), which was statistically significant (p = 0.001, c2 = 58.53).Conclusion: The majority of injuries among basketball players affect the lower extremities, particularly the knees and ankles, likely due to frequent jumping and rapid movements during the game. تفاصيل المقالة

Background: Considering the need of athletes to reach normal conditions and prepare for the next activities, the methods of removing lactic acid and reducing the heart rate are very important. The need of athletes to recover and to prepare for the next activities, methods of disposal lactic acid are important. Method: The purpose of this study was to compare of active and passive recovery after one exhausting exercise (Bruce) in blood lactate and heart rate in male runners. 26 healthy elite men were selected and then randomly divided in two groups of 12 men in active and 14 men in passive group. Before exercise, lactate acid and heart rate were measured, then each runner performed Bruce test so that he became exhausted completely then immediately and after 10 minutes lactate acid and heart rate measured again and analyzed by repeated measures test (p>. /05). Results: Results show that lactate acid and heart rate increase significantly immediately after exercise (p<.05). Changes 10 minutes after active and passive recovery decrease than after exercise but still increased significantly than before exercise.Conclusion: Finding of this study showed that active recovery after an exhaustive training session causes significant تفاصيل المقالة

The aim of the current research was the effect of 8 weeks of increasing resistance training and a period of non-training after that on the left ventricular LVEVD index of sedentary women. In this semi-experimental research that was conducted in a field-laboratory manner, 32 sedentary women who were able to regularly participate in the exercise protocol were selected by simple random sampling and randomly divided into 2 groups: 1- Resistance exercise group (16 people ), 2- control group (16 people). In the present study, before the implementation of the training program, all the anthropometric characteristics, body composition and structural and functional indicators of the left ventricle of the subjects were measured and recorded in three stages under the same conditions. Variable left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), by a cardiologist with echocardiography using M-Mode, Spectral Doppler, Color Doppler (2-D) methods and in a special echocardiography room in 3 stages (before exercise, after the end of 8 weeks The resistance training program was measured after 4 weeks of non-training after training. It was also measured before echocardiography. All training programs including 3 training days per week and every day for 90 minutes were implemented in the sports hall of Azad University, Yazd branch. This program was implemented for 8 weeks from low to high intensity, taking into account the principle of overload and increasing the intensity of training. Finally, the results showed that eight weeks of increasing resistance training was significant on the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) of sedentary women, and it reduced the positive effects of increasing resistance training on the left ventricular end-diastolic volume. articledetails تفاصيل المقالة

Background: This study pursues two goals: first, presenting Persian translation and cultural adaptation of Eating Disorders Screen for Athletes (EDSA) in accordance with an international standard method, and second, studying factor structure and psychometric properties of EDSA. Methods: A total of 439 athletes aged 18 years and older from various sports all around the country participated in this research. A confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to present the validation of the structure. Internal consistency was also examined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Concurrent validity was evaluated using the zero correlation between EDSA and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). Receptor Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis based on gender and distinct performance analysis were used to predict the grouping of athletes based on the EDSA cut-off point (3.33 as the optimal cut for men and women) from the benchmark test. The Persian version of the EDE-Q in athletes has a similar factor structure to the English one. The questionnaire's reliability obtained by Cronbach's alpha was 0.744. The correlation between the scores of this questionnaire and the EDE_Q was confirmed. Diagnostic validity for classification of male and female athletes with low and high eating disorders has a significance level of P <0.001, and a cut-off score of 3.25 on EDSA presented an optimal exchange of sensitivity in return for sensitivity in genders. .Results: CStandardized factor loadings ranged between .43 and .81 at the significance level of p = 0.001. Conclusions: The present research indicates the successful translation, development and validation of Persian EDSA as a screening tool to identify male and female athletes at risk for eating disorders. The Persian version of EDSA can be confidently used in Persian language research and applied fields. articledetails تفاصيل المقالة

Background: Inflammatory indicators and oxidative stress play an important role in insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training with cinnamon extract on inflammatory indicators and oxidative stress in rats fed a high-fructose drink. Methods: Thirty-six Wistar male rats divided into groups: control (n=9), aerobic exercise (n=9), cinnamon extract (n=9), and aerobic exercise –cinnamon extract (n=9). Insulin-resistance status induced by %10 fructose solutions. Exercise groups subjected to a 5-day per week aerobic exercise program (with 75-80% VO2max) for 8 weeks. Extract groups subjected was Injected 200 mg/kgBW/day cinnamon extract. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and statistical significance was set at p<0/05. Results: The results showed that aerobic training with or without extract caused to a significant decrease in serum TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP (p<0/05). Indeed, in all three experimental groups, SOD and GPX increased significantly compared to control (P<0.05). MDA levels also decreased significantly in experimental groups compared to control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Results of this study indicated that aerobic exercise and cinnamon reduced inflammatory indicators and oxidative stress in rats fed a high-fructose drink. Also, cinnamon extract with aerobic exercise has a greater effect on these indicators. articledetails تفاصيل المقالة

Background: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of plyometric exercises with arginine supplementation on some physical fitness factors of beach soccer players for the purpose of injury prevention. Method: Based on the research entry criteria, 20 beach soccer players were selected and were randomly assigned to two groups of plyometric exercises (n=10) and plyometrics with arginine supplement (n=10). Then, age, height, weight, and physical fitness factors including aerobic and anaerobic capacity, muscle strength and endurance, and fat percentage of subjects were evaluated. The first training group received plyometric exercises with arginine supplement. In the second group, plyometric exercises were applied along with placebo. After 8 weeks of training, physical fitness factors were re-evaluated. The correlated T test was used to determine the intra-group changes and the ANCOVA test was used to compare between the groups. The obtained results were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. Results: The findings showed that both plyometric training programs with and without arginine supplementation had a significant effect on improving aerobic power (P=0.002, P=0.001), anaerobic power (P≥0.01), muscle strength. (P=0.001), muscle endurance (P=0.004) and fat percentage (P=0.001). Also, the results of comparing the effects of two training programs show that there is a significant difference between the two training programs in the variables of aerobic power (P=0.01), anaerobic power (P≥0.05) and fat percentage (P=0.02). Conclusions: According to the results and previous studies, using two types of plyometric exercises, with and without using Arginine supplementation especially with arginine supplementation could be useful to prevent sports related injuries specially ankle and knee sprains and groin strain which are prevalent among soccer players of all types specially beach soccer players. It is explained by different mechanisms including affecting aerobic and anaerobic powers, muscle strength and endurance, and body fat. articledetails تفاصيل المقالة

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of combined exercise and kefir yogurt consumption on certain indicators of metabolic syndrome in overweight adolescent girls. The statistical population consisted of non-athlete female students with overweight in the age range of 20 to 30 years from the East Tehran branch of Islamic Azad University. A total of 40 individuals were selected as the research sample. Participants were randomly assigned to four groups: combined exercise group, kefir yogurt consumption group, combined exercise and kefir yogurt group, and a control group. Subjects engaged in combined exercise sessions three times a week for eight weeks. Additionally, participants in the kefir yogurt groups consumed 750 milliliters of Pegah kefir yogurt three times a day for eight weeks. The results revealed a significant difference between the combined exercise + kefir group and the other groups, indicating superior performance in the combined exercise + kefir group compared to the others. Probably, exercise training along with kefir yogurt (probiotic) consumption can have an interaction of muscle-related genes on fat tissue. articledetails تفاصيل المقالة

Introduction:The necessity and importance of such research, particularly among younger individuals, are quite evident due to the flexibility of bones and the growth of body organs at these ages. By using exercises and a combination of kinesiotaping and Theraband, we can address their deformities and provide them with suitable solutions. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of an 8-week Theraband training program with kinesiotaping on the angle of kyphosis in adolescent boys with kyphosis. Methods: A total of 24 male adolescents from sports clubs in Isfahan (aged 15-18) were selected as a statistical sample. These individuals were selected randomly and through observation. The tool used for measurement was a flexible ruler. Data analysis was conducted using a dependent t-test and covariance analysis. Findings: The pre-test kyphosis angle in the Theraband with kinesiotaping training group was 49.71 ± 0.7 (p = 0.604), and the post-training kyphosis angle was 46.97 ± 0.8 (p = 0.002), indicating a significant reduction. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the combination of Theraband training with kinesiotaping used in this research was effective and met the expected outcomes, resulting in a reduction in the angle of kyphosis in adolescent boys with kyphosis. articledetails تفاصيل المقالة

Background: Inflammation and cytokine storms due to cardiovascular diseases (CD). Herbals can be the primary source of compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, herbals agents may consider as a complementary medicine. Bioactive compounds and phytochemicals have potential strategies to halt or manage CD. flaxseed have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Methods: In this study, we used H9c2 cell lines of rat embryonic cardiomyocytes. To induce CD we used hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic conditions. Real-Time-PCR performed to evaluated the relative expression of the genes. Results: We found that flaxseed could decreased the expression level of the IL-1β and NLRP3. Moreover, the expression level of the NRF-1 and Sirt-1 increased by flaxseed. Conclusion: Our data proposed that flaxseed could have potential approaches to manage and prevent CD. articledetails تفاصيل المقالة

Introduction: The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Pilates exercises with and without vitamin D supplementation on body composition and osteoporosis in overweight postmenopausal women. Methodology: The statistical population of this study included postmenopausal women with an age range (50-70 years) and a high body mass index (25 to 29 kg/m2), with 40 women in three experimental groups and one group were controlled. The first group of 10 people only did Pilates, the second group of 10 people only took vitamin D supplements, the third group of 10 people did Pilates with the supplement and the last group was considered as the control group. The subjects participated in the Pilates exercise program, which included 8 weeks of three sessions of one hour per week, and took vitamin D supplements according to the schedule. Finally, the subjects' body mass index, vitamin D level, and osteoporosis level were determined before and after the activity. To check the results, the statistical method of covariance test was used at the significance level of P≤0.05. Results: Based on the obtained results, Pilates exercises along with vitamin D supplementation had an effect on the body composition of overweight postmenopausal women and reduced the body mass index of women (P≤0.05)). Pilates exercises combined with vitamin D supplementation had an effect on osteoporosis in overweight postmenopausal women and the rate of osteoporosis in the subjects was reduced (P≤0.05). However, supplement consumption and Pilates exercise alone did not affect the amount of body mass index and osteoporosis (P≤0.05). Conclusion: According to the results obtained from this research, it is possible to suggest Pilates exercises along with vitamin D supplementation to overweight postmenopausal women to improve body composition and prevent osteoporosis. The main goal of osteoporosis treatment is to prevent fractures. articledetails تفاصيل المقالة

Background: Obesity leads to various chronic conditions and investigating its causative factors is of health and clinical and significance to humans. Doing physical exercises regularly and consuming proper diet are frequently recommended for achieving health benefits and resolving the various complications of obesity. This study examined the question whether performing moderate intensity aerobic exercises combined with spirulina, a seaweed rich in probiotics and antioxidants, can improve the lipid profile, body composition and function in overweight women. Methods: We examined the associated variables linked to obesity in 20 volunteer women in a pre- and post-test design over eight weeks of intense aerobic exercises based on an established protocol, compared to the controls. We assessed cardiovascular endurance, and variables like lipid profile, weight, body mass index, and lean muscle mass in response to exercising plus spirulina consumption versus the controls. Results: The exercise combined with spirulina significantly reduced blood triglycerides and LDL while raising the HDL. The treatment significantly reduced the body weight, fat and BMI while increasing the muscle strength and Vo2max compared to those of the control group. Conclusions: Combining moderate intensity aerobic exercises with spirulina supplements significantly reduced the body weight, fat deposits, and BMI while increasing the muscle strength and Vo2max in overweight and obese women. articledetails تفاصيل المقالة