تاثیر شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی تجن بر تامین نیازهای جریان محیط‌زیستی منابع آب
محورهای موضوعی : مباحث نوین در آبیاری و زهکشیسیده زهره هاشمی 1 , عبداله درزی نفت چالی 2 , فاطمه کاراندیش 3 , هنک ریتزما 4 , کریم سلیمانی 5
1 - دانشجوی دکتری گروه مهندسی آب دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.
2 - گروه مهندسی آب دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.
3 - گروه مهندسی آب دانشگاه زابل، ایران.
4 - گروه مدیریت منابع آب دانشگاه واخنینگن، هلند.
5 - گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.
کلید واژه: کیفیت آب, آب زیرزمینی, پایداری, رودخانه تجن, آب بندان,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: در سال های اخیر، به دلیل تاکید مکرر برنامه ها و اسناد توسعه کشور بر امنیت غذایی و ارتقای خودکفایی در تولید محصولات اساسی کشاورزی، تلاش های زیادی برای توسعه کشاورزی شده است. عدم توجه به پایداری محیط زیست به عنوان یکی از ارکان اساسی پایداری سیستم های تولید محصولات کشاورزی، فشارهای زیادی را بر محیط زیست شکننده و به ویژه بر اکوسیستم های آبی وارد نموده است. یکی از جنبه های مهم برای بررسی ارزیابی پایداری منابع آب هر منطقه، نحوه تامین نیازهای جریان محیط زیستی (EFR) این منابع در طولانی مدت می باشد. در این تحقیق، روند تامین EFR کمی و کیفی منابع آب سطحی و زیرزمینی در محدوده شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی تجن (TIDN) در استان مازندران بررسی می شود.روش پژوهش: EFR هیدرولوژیکی و کیفی منابع آب سطحی (S.EFR) شامل رودخانه تجن (T.EFR) و آب‌بندان ها (A.EFR) و آب زیرزمینی (G.EFR) از لحاظ کمی و کیفی در دوره ی قبل (1997-1984) و بعد (2019-1998) از بهره برداری از TIDN تعیین شد. مقدار EFR کمی رودخانه تجن با استفاده از چهار روش هیدرولوژیکی جریان متغیر ماهانه (VMF)، تنانت، تسمن و اسماختین محاسبه شد. مقدار EFR کیفی این رودخانه بر مبنای سه آلاینده اصلی آب‌های سطحی در منطقه شامل نیتروژن، فسفر و شوری تعیین شد. حداقل حجم آب مورد نیاز برای حفظ پایدار اکوسیستم آب‌بندان، به عنوان A.EFR لحاظ شد. با توجه به اینکه تاکنون روش مشخصی برای تعیین EFR منابع آب زیرزمینی ارایه نشد، در این پژوهش، با تلفیق پارامترهای کمی و کیفی مانند عمق آب زیرزمینی، غلظت شوری و نیتروژن، EFR این منابع تعیین شد.یافته‌ها: میانگین جریان رودخانه در دوره های قبل و بعد از بهره‌برداری از TIDN به ترتیب 53/14 و 36/8 مترمکعب بر ثانیه بود. قبل از بهره برداری از TIDN، براساس روش های MVF، اسماختین، تسمن و تنانت، به ترتیب EFR هیدرولوژیکی رودخانه در 1/79، 2/59، 1/69 و 1/90 درصد موارد تامین شد. میزان تامین در دوره بعد از بهره برداری، به ترتیب در 4/53، 1/27، 4/41 و 3/73 درصد موارد بود. از نظر نیتروژن و شوری، میزان عدم تامین EFR کیفی این رودخانه از نظر نیتروژن و شوری، در دوره بهره برداری به ترتیب 1/11 و 9/9 درصد نسبت به دوره قبل افزایش یافت. هدایت الکتریکی بیشترین نقش را در کمبود EFR کیفی رودخانه داشت و پس از آن به-ترتیب نیتروژن و فسفر قرار داشتند. بهره برداری از TIDN سبب افزایش عمق و غلظت نیتروژن آب زیرزمینی شد به طوری که در دوره بهره برداری، منطقه ناپایدار از نظر این دو مولفه افزایش یافت. قبل از احداث شبکه، هیچ بخشی از منطقه دارای کمبود EFR هیدرولوژیکی بیشتر از 353 متر مکعب نبود؛ لکن پس از آن، حدود 6/40 درصد منطقه کمبودهای بیشتر از این را تجربه کرده است. همچنین، محدوده دارای کمبود EFR کیفی از نظر نیتروژن از 4/13 درصد در دوره قبل از TIDN به 6/35 درصد در دوره بهره-برداری از شبکه افزایش یافت.نتیجه گیری: توسعه TIDN سبب افزایش عدم تامین EFR کمی و کیفی منابع آب سطحی و زیرزمینی در منطقه شد. با توجه به محدودیت تامین EFR بعد از بهره‌برداری از TIDN به‌ویژه در فصول کم باران، بازنگری در الگوی کشت و روش آبیاری ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. در غیر این صورت، ادامه ی روند فعلی، با برهم زدن کامل توازن زیست محیطی، کشاورزی را از حالت پایدار خارج خواهد نمود.
Background and aim: In recent years, due to the repeated emphasis of the country's development programs on food security and promotion of self-sufficiency in the production of basic agricultural crops, many efforts have been made for agricultural development. Ignoring the sustainability of the environment, as one of the fundamental pillars of the sustainability of agricultural production systems, has put a lot of pressure on the fragile environment and especially on the aquatic ecosystems. One of the important aspects for assessing the sustainability of regional water resources is how to determine the long-term satisfaction of the environmental flow requirements (EFR) of the resources. This research investigates the satisfaction trend of quantitative and qualitative EFR of surface and groundwater resources in the area of Tajan Irrigation and Drainage Network (TIDN) in Mazandaran province.Method: Hydrological and qualitative EFR of surface water (S.EFR) including Tajan River (T.EFR) and Ab-bandans (A.EFR) and groundwater (G.EFR) was determined for pre (1997- 1984) and post (1998-2019) TIDN periods. Hydrological EFR of Tajan River is calculated using four hydrological methods: variable monthly flow (VMF), Tennant, Tasman and Smakhtin. The qualitative EFR of this river is determined based on the three main surface water pollutants in the region, including nitrogen, phosphorus and salinity. The minimum volume of water required to sustainably maintain Ab-bandan ecosystems is considered as A.EFR. Due to the fact that until now no specific method has been provided to determine the EFR of groundwater resources; in this research, by combining hydrologic and qualitative parameters such as the depth of groundwater, salinity and, nitrogen concentrations, the EFR of these resources is determined.Results: The average river flow before and after the operation of TIDN was 14.53 and 8.36 m3 s-1, respectively. Before TIDN, based on MVF, Smakhtin, Tasman, and Tennant methods, the hydrological EFR of the river satisfied in 79.1, 59.2, 69.1, and 90.1% of cases, respectively. The satisfaction was 53.4, 27.1, 41.4, and 73.3% of cases, respectively, during the TIDN operation. From nitrogen and salinity perspectives, the violation rates of the qualitative EFRs of this river during TIDN operation increased by 11.1 and 9.9%, respectively, compared to the pre-TIDN period. EC has the main role in the deficit of qualitative EFR of the river, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. The operation of TIDN caused an increase in the depth and nitrogen concentration of the groundwater, resulting in an increase in the unstable area regarding these two parameters during the operation period. Before the construction of TIDN, no part of the region had a hydrological EFR deficiency of more than 353 m3, but after that, about 40.6% of the region experienced higher deficiencies than this value. Also, the area with nitrogen related qualitative EFR deficiency rises from 13.4% in pre-TIDN to 35.6% in post-TIDN.Conclusion: The development of TIDN increases the violation of quantitative and qualitative EFR of surface and groundwater resources in the region. Considering the limitation of EFR satisfaction after TIDN, especially in low rainfall seasons, it seems necessary to revise the cropping pattern and irrigation method. Otherwise, the continuation of the current trend, through completely disrupting the ecological balance, will make agriculture unsustainable.
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