تأثیر محلول‌پاشی روی بر تعدیل اثرات قطع آبیاری در مرحله پر شدن دانه در ژنوتیپ‌های گلرنگ (.Carthamus tinctorius L)
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت آب در مزرعه با هدف بهبود شاخص های مدیریتی آبیاری
جیوانی مانول یان
1
,
وریا ویسانی
2
,
حمید جباری
3
,
مرجان دیانت
4
1 - دانش‌آموخته گروه علوم زراعی و باغی دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.
2 - گروه علوم زراعی و باغی دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.
3 - مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر کرج، سازمان آموزش، تحقیقات و ترویج کشاورزی.
4 - گروه علوم زراعی و باغی دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.
کلید واژه: تنش خشکی, محتوای نسبی آب, ریزمغذی, روغن, ارقام گلرنگ,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: تغییر شرایط آب و هوایی باعث افزایش شدت تنش ها می‌شود و امروزه زندگی تمام گیاهان با تغییرات سریع محیط زیستی به چالش کشیده شده است. آب یک جزء مهم در تمام فرآیندهای فیزیولوژیکی گیاهان است که ۸۰ تا ۹۵ درصد از زیست توده گیاهان علفی را شامل می شود. بجز در محیط های با رطوبت بالا، گیاهان احتمالاً در طول دوره حیات خود در شرایط تنش خشکی قرار می گیرند. تنش خشکی با کاهش کمیت و کیفیت محصول همراه بوده و علاوه بر آن سبب کاهش کارایی مصرف آب و جذب عناصر غذایی در گیاه می‌گردد. به‌منظور کاهش اثرات تنش کم‌آبی در گیاهان، از روش های مختلفی ازجمله تغذیه معدنی با عناصر کم مصرف ازجمله روی استفاده می شود.روش پژوهش: به‌منظور بررسی واکنش ژنوتیپ های گلرنگ به محول پاشی روی در شرایط تنش خشکی آزمایشی به‌صورت اسپلیت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر کرج واقع در استان البرز در سال زراعی 99-1398 انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل تنش خشکی در دو سطح شامل آبیاری معمول (شاهد) و قطع آبیاری از آغاز پر شدن دانه به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و ارقام گلرنگ شامل اصفهان، لیناس، پدیده، پرنیان و گلدشت و محلول پاشی روی در سه سطح شامل عدم محلول پاشی و کاربرد روی با غلظت های 5/0 و 1 کیلوگرم در هکتار به‌صورت فاکتوریل به‌عنوان کرت های فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. درجه حرارت کانوپی با استفاده از دماسنج مادون قرمز تعیین شد. استخراج روغن از بذور رسیده گلرنگ با دستگاه سوکسله و با استفاده از حلال هگزان انجام گرفت.یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که تنش خشکی موجب کاهش قطر ساقه، قطر طبق، تعداد طبق در بوته، تعداد دانه در بوته، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد روغن، محتوای نسبی آب برگ گردید. همچنین تنش خشکی باعث افزایش دمای محیط کانوپی شد. محلول پاشی روی با افزایش عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد روغن، محتوای نسبی آب برگ و کاهش دمای محیط کانوپی همراه بود.نتایج: نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از این تحقیق نشان داد بروز تنش کمبود آب، میزان رشد و نمو و درنتیجه عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد روغن، محتوای نسبی آب برگ گیاه گلرنگ را به‌طور قابل‌ملاحظه‌ای کاهش داد و کاربرد گونه های روی در شرایط آبیاری مطلوب و تنش خشکی باعث بهبود صفات موردبررسی گردید. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست آمده می توان اظهار داشت که کاربرد روی می تواند یکی از راهکارهای مناسب در جهت تعدیل اثرات ناشی کمبود آب در مرحله پر شده دانه ارقام مورد مطالعه گیاه گلرنگ باشد.
Background and Aim: Climate change led to increasing the severity of stress, and today’s life of all plants is challenged by rapid environmental changes. Water is an important component in all physiological processes of the should be added, accounting for 80 to 95% of the plant’s biomass. Except in high humidity environments, plants are likely to be exposed to water deficit stress throughout their life cycle. water deficit stress decreases the quantity and quality of the plant product and in addition reduces the water use efficiency as well as reduced the absorption of nutrients. to reduce the effects of water deficit stress on plants, various methods are used, including mineral nutrition with trace elements such as zinc.Method: to investigate the effects of foliar application of zinc on the morph physiological and biochemical traits of safflower cultivars under drought stress, an experiment was conducted as a should be added split-plot based on of should be deleted randomized complete blocks design with three replicates during 2019-2020. Experimental factors include drought stress as the primary factor, and safflower cultivars and zinc foliar application as secondary factors. The plant’s canopy temperature was determined using an infrared thermometer. Seed oil was extracted from the mature seeds of safflower cultivars by the should be added apparatus using hexane solvent.Results: Water deficit stress was applied in two levels (regular irrigation (control) and irrigation cut-off when the grain filling stage begins); safflower cultivars in this experiment were Isfahan, Linas, Padideh, Parnian, and Goldasht; foliar application of zinc was in three levels (0, 0.5 and 1 kg. ha-1 Zn). Results showed that water deficit stress decreased stem diameter, head diameter, number of classes per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed yield, biological yield, oil yield, relative leaf water content. Whereas, water deficit stress increased the should be added of the should be added environment. Foliar application of 1 kg. ha-1 Zn improved seed yield, biological yield, oil yield, relative leaf water content.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the water deficit stress significantly decreased the growth rate and consequently biological yield, oil yield, and relative water content (RWC) of safflower plants and on the other hand, the application of zinc under optimal irrigation (control) and water deficit stress improved the mentioned traits. Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the application of zinc can be one of the appropriate solutions to mitigate the effects of water shortage in the grain filling stage of the studied cultivars of safflower.
Andalibi, B., and Nouri, F. 2017. Effect of cycocel on photosynthetic activity and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 22(6): 91-104. [in Persian]
Araus, J.L., Slafer, G.A., Royo, C. and Serret, M.D. 2008. Breeding for yield potential and stress. Adaptation in cereals. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 27: 377–412.
Ardeshiri, T., and Jahan Bin, S. 2018. Effect of foliar application of nano-iron and zinc chelated on yield, yield components and harvest index of canola under drought stress conditions. Journal of Crops Improvement. 20(1): 31-43. [in Persian]
Awasthi, R., Kaushal, N., Vadez, V., Turner, N. C., Berger, J., Siddique, K. H. and Nayyar, H. 2014. Individual and combined effects of transient drought and heat stress on carbon assimilation and seed filling in chickpea. Functional Plant Biology, 41(11): 1148-1167.
Basal, H., Sezener, V., Canavar, O., Kızılkaya, K. and Dagdelen, N. 2014. Effects of water stress and plant density on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars differing in maturity and seed size: I. Yield components and fiber quality parameters. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations Research, 3(3): 755-760.
Beltrano, J. and Ronco, M.G. 2008. Improved tolerance of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) to drought stress and rewatering by thearbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus claroideum: Effect on growth and cell membrane estability. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 20(1): 29-37.
Blum, A., Gozlan, G. and Mayer, J. 2011. The manifestation of dehydration avoidance in wheat breeding germplasm. Crop Science, 141: 391-397.
Der, H.N., Vaghasia, P.M. and Verma, H.P. 2015. Effect of foliar application of potash and Micronutrients on growth and yield attributes of groundnut. Journal of Agricultural Research, 36(3): 275-278.
Ebrahimian, E., Bybordi, A. and Eslam, B.P. 2010. Efficiency of zinc and iron application methods on sunflower. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 8(3): 783-789.
Haghshenas, R., Sharafi, S., and Gholinezhad, E., 2020. Effect of different levels of drought stress and mycorrhiza on yield of safflower cultivars. Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production. 30(2): 91-109. [in Persian]
Hall, C. 2016. Overview of the Oilseed Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Reference Module in Food Science.doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.00030-5.
Jaberi, H., Lotfi, B., Jamshidnia, T., Fathi, A., Olad, R. and Abdollahi, A. 2015. Survey of yield of winter canola cultivars under drought stress on the yield at four different phonological stages. Scientia, 12(3):144-148.
Jain, S., Yue-Lioang, R., Mei-wang, L.E., Ting-Xian, Y., Xiao-Wen, Y. and Hong- Ving, Z. 2010. Effect of drought stress on sesame growth and yield characteristics and comprehensive evaluation of drought tolerance. Chinese Journal of Oil Crops Sciences, 4: 42-48.
Kahil, M.T., Dinar, A. and Albiac, J. 2015. Modeling water scarcity and droughts for policy adaptation to climate change in arid and semiarid regions. Journal of Hydrology, 522: 95-109.
Karami Chame, S., Khalil-Tahmasbi, B., ShahMahmoodi, P., Abdollahi, A., Fathi, A., Seyed Mousavi, S.J. and Bahamin, S. 2016. Effects of salinity stress, salicylic acid and Pseudomonas on the physiological characteristics and yield of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Scientia, 14(2): 234-238.
Karami, S., Modarres-Sanavy, M., Ghanehpour, S. and Keshavarz, H. 2016. Effect of foliar zinc application on yield and, physiological traits and seed vigor of two soybean cultivars under water deficit. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 8(2): 181-191.
Khalili, M. and Hamze. H. 2019. Effect of Super-Adsorbent and Irrigation Levels on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 3(51): 395-412.
Kohnaward, P., Jalilian, J. and Pirzad, A. 2012. Effect of foliar application of Micro-nutrients on yield and yield components of safflower under conventional and ecological cropping systems. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 3(7): 1460-1469.
Krouma, A., Fujimura, T. and Abdely, C. 2015. Growth, photosynthetic activity and water relations three Tunsian chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.) subjected to a progressive water deficit stress. Agricultural Science Research Journal, 5(12): 206-214.
Kumar, S., Saxena, S.N., Mistry, J.G., Fougat, R.S., Solanki, R.K. and Sharma, R. 2015. Understanding Cuminum cyminum: An important seed spice crop of arid and semi-arid regions. Internation Journal Seed Spices, 5(2): 1-19.
Kumari, A. 2017. Safflower. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. 96 p.
Moravveji, S., Zamani, G.R., Kafi, M. and Alizadeh, Z. 2016. Effect of different salinity levels on yield and yield components of spring canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.) and Indian mustard (B. juncea L.). Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Sciences, 10(3): 445-457.
Mousavi, S.R., Galavi, M. and Rezaei, M. 2013. Zinc (Zn) importance for crop production –a review. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(1): 64-68.
Rakers, J., Bressan, R.A. Zhu, J.K. and Bohnert, H.J. 2013. Physiological bases for yield differences in selected maize cultivars from Central America. Field Crops Research, 42: 69-80.
Rashidi, S.H., Shirani Rad, A.M., Ayene Band, A., Javidfar, F. and Lak, S.H. 2012. Study of relationship between drought stress tolerances with some physiological parameters in canola genotypes Brassica napus L. Annals of Biological Research, 3 (1): 564-569.
Reynolds, M.P., Nagarajan, S., Razzaque, M.A. and. Ageeb, O.A.A. 2001. Heat tolerance. In: Reynolds, M.P., Oritz- Monastrio, J.I. and McNab, A. (eds), Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. Mexico, D. F. Cimmyt, 124-136.
Rezaul -Karim, M.D., Zhang, Y.Q., Zhao, R.R., Chen, X.P., Zhang, F.S. and Zou, C.Q. 2012. Alleviation of drought stress in winter wheat by late foliar application of zinc, boron, and manganese. Journal of plant nutrition. soil science, 175: 142–151.
Rosrami fard, S., Khourgami, A., Rafee, M. and Nasrollahi, H. 2012. Study the effect of zinc spraying and plant density on seed yield and morphological characteristics of Green gram. Annals of Biological Research, 3(8): 4166-4171.
Sanchez, J., Canales Castilla, F.J., Tweed, J.K., Lee, M.R.F., Rubiales, D., Gómez-Cadenas, A., Arbona, V., Mur, L. A. and Prats, E. 2018. Fatty acid profile changes during gradual soil water depletion in oats suggests a role for jasmonates in coping with drought. Frontiers in Plant Science, 1077.
Seghatoleslami, M.J. and Forutani, R. 2015. Yield and water use efficiency of sunflower as affected by nano Zno and water stress. Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies, 2(1): 34-37.
Sepehri, A. and Golparvar, A.R. 2011. The effect of drought stress on water relations, chlorophyll content and leaf area in canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.). Electronic Journal of Biology, 7(3): 49-53.
Seyed Ahmadi, A., Bakhshandeh, A., and Gharineh, M.H. 2015. Evaluation physiological characteristics and grain yield canola cultivars under end seasonal drought stress in weather condition of Ahvaz. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research. 13(1): 71-80. [in Persian]
Singh, V. and Nimbkar, N. 2016. Safflower. Breeding Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Production: Opportunities and Constraints. Academic Press, 149-167p.
Tavallali, V., Rahemi, M., Maftoun, M., Panahi, B., Karimi, S., Ramezanian, A. and Vaezpour, M. 2009. Zinc influence and salt stress on photosynthesis, water relations, and carbonic anhydrase activity in pistachio. Scientia Horticulturae, 123: 272-279.
Wang, X., Cai, X., Xu, C., Wang, Q. and Dai, S. 2016. Drought-responsive mechanisms in plant leaves revealed by proteomics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17: 1-30.
Yeganehpoor, F., Zehtab-Salmasi, S., Shafagh- Kolvanagh, J., Ghassemi-Golezani, K. and Dastborhan, S. 2017. Effect of some morphological traits and oil content of coriander seeds in response to bio-fertilizer and salicylic acid under water stress. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 10(1): 140-149.
Zuo, Y. and Zhang, F. 2011. Soil and crop management strategies to prevent iron deficiency in crops. Journal Plant Soil, 339: 83-93.
_||_Andalibi, B., and Nouri, F. 2017. Effect of cycocel on photosynthetic activity and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 22(6): 91-104. [in Persian]
Araus, J.L., Slafer, G.A., Royo, C. and Serret, M.D. 2008. Breeding for yield potential and stress. Adaptation in cereals. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 27: 377–412.
Ardeshiri, T., and Jahan Bin, S. 2018. Effect of foliar application of nano-iron and zinc chelated on yield, yield components and harvest index of canola under drought stress conditions. Journal of Crops Improvement. 20(1): 31-43. [in Persian]
Awasthi, R., Kaushal, N., Vadez, V., Turner, N. C., Berger, J., Siddique, K. H. and Nayyar, H. 2014. Individual and combined effects of transient drought and heat stress on carbon assimilation and seed filling in chickpea. Functional Plant Biology, 41(11): 1148-1167.
Basal, H., Sezener, V., Canavar, O., Kızılkaya, K. and Dagdelen, N. 2014. Effects of water stress and plant density on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars differing in maturity and seed size: I. Yield components and fiber quality parameters. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations Research, 3(3): 755-760.
Beltrano, J. and Ronco, M.G. 2008. Improved tolerance of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) to drought stress and rewatering by thearbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus claroideum: Effect on growth and cell membrane estability. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 20(1): 29-37.
Blum, A., Gozlan, G. and Mayer, J. 2011. The manifestation of dehydration avoidance in wheat breeding germplasm. Crop Science, 141: 391-397.
Der, H.N., Vaghasia, P.M. and Verma, H.P. 2015. Effect of foliar application of potash and Micronutrients on growth and yield attributes of groundnut. Journal of Agricultural Research, 36(3): 275-278.
Ebrahimian, E., Bybordi, A. and Eslam, B.P. 2010. Efficiency of zinc and iron application methods on sunflower. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 8(3): 783-789.
Haghshenas, R., Sharafi, S., and Gholinezhad, E., 2020. Effect of different levels of drought stress and mycorrhiza on yield of safflower cultivars. Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production. 30(2): 91-109. [in Persian]
Hall, C. 2016. Overview of the Oilseed Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Reference Module in Food Science.doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.00030-5.
Jaberi, H., Lotfi, B., Jamshidnia, T., Fathi, A., Olad, R. and Abdollahi, A. 2015. Survey of yield of winter canola cultivars under drought stress on the yield at four different phonological stages. Scientia, 12(3):144-148.
Jain, S., Yue-Lioang, R., Mei-wang, L.E., Ting-Xian, Y., Xiao-Wen, Y. and Hong- Ving, Z. 2010. Effect of drought stress on sesame growth and yield characteristics and comprehensive evaluation of drought tolerance. Chinese Journal of Oil Crops Sciences, 4: 42-48.
Kahil, M.T., Dinar, A. and Albiac, J. 2015. Modeling water scarcity and droughts for policy adaptation to climate change in arid and semiarid regions. Journal of Hydrology, 522: 95-109.
Karami Chame, S., Khalil-Tahmasbi, B., ShahMahmoodi, P., Abdollahi, A., Fathi, A., Seyed Mousavi, S.J. and Bahamin, S. 2016. Effects of salinity stress, salicylic acid and Pseudomonas on the physiological characteristics and yield of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Scientia, 14(2): 234-238.
Karami, S., Modarres-Sanavy, M., Ghanehpour, S. and Keshavarz, H. 2016. Effect of foliar zinc application on yield and, physiological traits and seed vigor of two soybean cultivars under water deficit. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 8(2): 181-191.
Khalili, M. and Hamze. H. 2019. Effect of Super-Adsorbent and Irrigation Levels on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 3(51): 395-412.
Kohnaward, P., Jalilian, J. and Pirzad, A. 2012. Effect of foliar application of Micro-nutrients on yield and yield components of safflower under conventional and ecological cropping systems. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 3(7): 1460-1469.
Krouma, A., Fujimura, T. and Abdely, C. 2015. Growth, photosynthetic activity and water relations three Tunsian chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.) subjected to a progressive water deficit stress. Agricultural Science Research Journal, 5(12): 206-214.
Kumar, S., Saxena, S.N., Mistry, J.G., Fougat, R.S., Solanki, R.K. and Sharma, R. 2015. Understanding Cuminum cyminum: An important seed spice crop of arid and semi-arid regions. Internation Journal Seed Spices, 5(2): 1-19.
Kumari, A. 2017. Safflower. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. 96 p.
Moravveji, S., Zamani, G.R., Kafi, M. and Alizadeh, Z. 2016. Effect of different salinity levels on yield and yield components of spring canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.) and Indian mustard (B. juncea L.). Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Sciences, 10(3): 445-457.
Mousavi, S.R., Galavi, M. and Rezaei, M. 2013. Zinc (Zn) importance for crop production –a review. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(1): 64-68.
Rakers, J., Bressan, R.A. Zhu, J.K. and Bohnert, H.J. 2013. Physiological bases for yield differences in selected maize cultivars from Central America. Field Crops Research, 42: 69-80.
Rashidi, S.H., Shirani Rad, A.M., Ayene Band, A., Javidfar, F. and Lak, S.H. 2012. Study of relationship between drought stress tolerances with some physiological parameters in canola genotypes Brassica napus L. Annals of Biological Research, 3 (1): 564-569.
Reynolds, M.P., Nagarajan, S., Razzaque, M.A. and. Ageeb, O.A.A. 2001. Heat tolerance. In: Reynolds, M.P., Oritz- Monastrio, J.I. and McNab, A. (eds), Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. Mexico, D. F. Cimmyt, 124-136.
Rezaul -Karim, M.D., Zhang, Y.Q., Zhao, R.R., Chen, X.P., Zhang, F.S. and Zou, C.Q. 2012. Alleviation of drought stress in winter wheat by late foliar application of zinc, boron, and manganese. Journal of plant nutrition. soil science, 175: 142–151.
Rosrami fard, S., Khourgami, A., Rafee, M. and Nasrollahi, H. 2012. Study the effect of zinc spraying and plant density on seed yield and morphological characteristics of Green gram. Annals of Biological Research, 3(8): 4166-4171.
Sanchez, J., Canales Castilla, F.J., Tweed, J.K., Lee, M.R.F., Rubiales, D., Gómez-Cadenas, A., Arbona, V., Mur, L. A. and Prats, E. 2018. Fatty acid profile changes during gradual soil water depletion in oats suggests a role for jasmonates in coping with drought. Frontiers in Plant Science, 1077.
Seghatoleslami, M.J. and Forutani, R. 2015. Yield and water use efficiency of sunflower as affected by nano Zno and water stress. Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies, 2(1): 34-37.
Sepehri, A. and Golparvar, A.R. 2011. The effect of drought stress on water relations, chlorophyll content and leaf area in canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.). Electronic Journal of Biology, 7(3): 49-53.
Seyed Ahmadi, A., Bakhshandeh, A., and Gharineh, M.H. 2015. Evaluation physiological characteristics and grain yield canola cultivars under end seasonal drought stress in weather condition of Ahvaz. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research. 13(1): 71-80. [in Persian]
Singh, V. and Nimbkar, N. 2016. Safflower. Breeding Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Production: Opportunities and Constraints. Academic Press, 149-167p.
Tavallali, V., Rahemi, M., Maftoun, M., Panahi, B., Karimi, S., Ramezanian, A. and Vaezpour, M. 2009. Zinc influence and salt stress on photosynthesis, water relations, and carbonic anhydrase activity in pistachio. Scientia Horticulturae, 123: 272-279.
Wang, X., Cai, X., Xu, C., Wang, Q. and Dai, S. 2016. Drought-responsive mechanisms in plant leaves revealed by proteomics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17: 1-30.
Yeganehpoor, F., Zehtab-Salmasi, S., Shafagh- Kolvanagh, J., Ghassemi-Golezani, K. and Dastborhan, S. 2017. Effect of some morphological traits and oil content of coriander seeds in response to bio-fertilizer and salicylic acid under water stress. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 10(1): 140-149.
Zuo, Y. and Zhang, F. 2011. Soil and crop management strategies to prevent iron deficiency in crops. Journal Plant Soil, 339: 83-93.