تحلیلی بر علل گرایش به اقتصاد غیررسمی در شهرهای مرزی با تأکید بر اشتغال کولبری (مطالعه موردی: شهر سردشت)
محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهریافشین متقی دستنایی 1 , مهتاب امرایی 2 , آرش قربانی سپهر 3
1 - دانشیار گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.
2 - دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.
3 - دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارمی، تهران، ایران.
کلید واژه: سردشت, اشتغال غیررسمی, شهر مرزی, کولبری,
چکیده مقاله :
مقدمه: یکی از مهم‌ترین مشاغل غیررسمی در شهرهای مرزی ایران اشتغال کولبری است. هم اکنون با توجه به شرایط اقتصادی در شهر سردشت کولبری بهعنوان شغل بیش‌تر مردم فقیر این شهر در حال افزایش است. این پژوهش به بررسی و تحلیل علل اقتصادی گرایش مردمان شهر سردشت به اشتغال کولبری میپردازد. روش: نوع پژوهش، کاربردی و روش پژوهش توصیفی – تحلیلی است. برای گردآوری دادهها از روشهای کتابخانهای، منابع الکترونیکی و مطالعات میدانی مصاحبه و پرسش‌نامه محققساخته استفاده شده است. تعدا 160 نفر از کولبران شهر سردشت بر اساس نمونهگیری گلوله برفی بهعنوان نمونه پژوهش انتخاب شدند. تجزیه و تحلیل یافتهها از طریق نرمافزار SPSS 26 و با استفاده از درصد و فراوانی و آزمون خی دو و پایایی پرسش‌نامه با استفاده از آلفای کرونباخ (مقدار 0.70) صورت گرفت. یافتهها: نتایج بدست آمده از آزمون خی دو حاکی از آن است که بین علت اشتغال به کولبری و متغیرهای؛ جنسیت، محل تولد، علت مهاجرت به شهر، تعداد اعضای خانوار، سطح تحصیلات، نوع کالاهای که عمدتاً حمل شده، مخارج ماهیانه، روش آشنایی و ورود به شغل کولبری و نوسانات درآمدی شغل کولبری در فصول گوناگون رابطهای معنادار وجود ندارد، اما بین علت گرایش به کولبری و سن، شغل قبلی هم‌چنین، متغیرهای؛ وضعیت تأهل، حقوق ماهیانه، منبع درآمدی دوم و جدای از کولبری، شغل آتی، امنیت شغلی، رضایت شغلی و مدت اشتغال به کولبری با علل گرایش به کولبری رابطهای معنادار وجود دارد. نتیجهگیری: نتایج بدست آمده از رگرسیون خطی چند متغیره نشان میدهد که 35 درصد از تغییرات متغیر وابسته ناشی از متغیرهای مستقلی است که وارد مدل نهایی تحلیل شدهاند و مقدار آزمون برای تعیین معناداری اثر متغیرهای مستقل بر میزان علل گرایش به اشتغال کولبری 000/0 با سطح معنیداری 95/0 است.
Introduction: One of the most important informal occupations in the border cities of Iran is Culbery employment. At present, due to the economic conditions in the city of Sardasht, Colberry is increasing as the job of the majority of the poor people of this city. The present study investigates and analyzes the economic reasons for the tendency of the people of Sardasht to work in Culbery.
Method: The type of research is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Library methods, electronic resources and field studies, interviews and researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect information and data. A total of 160 Colbranes from Sardasht were selected as the research sample based on snowball sampling. Findings were analyzed using SPSS 26 software using percentage and frequency and chi-square test and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha (value 0.70).
Results: The results of the chi-square test indicate that there is a difference between the reason for employment with Culbery and the variables; There is no significant relationship between gender, place of birth, reason for migrating to the city, number of family members, level of education, type of goods mainly transported, monthly expenses, way of getting acquainted and entering the Culbery job and income fluctuations of the Culbery job in different seasons. But between the cause of colibri tendency and age, the previous job is also variable; There is a significant relationship between marital status, monthly salary, second source of income and apart from Culbery, future job, job security, job satisfaction and duration of Culbery employment with the reasons for inclination to Culbery.
Conclusion: The results of multivariate linear regression show that 35% of the dependent variable changes are due to independent variables that have been entered into the final model and the test value to determine the significance of the effect of independent variables on the causes of Culbery employment tendency 0.000 With a significance level of 0.95.
1- Alter Chen, M. (2013). Women in ther informal setor: A Global picture, the Global movment. WIEGO. 1-10.
2- Alderslade, J., Talmadge, J., & Freeman, Y. (2006). Measuring the informal economy: One neighborhood at a time. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program.
3- Approval of the Cabinet of Ministers (2016).
4- Alam Jamili, A. (2020). Concern for bread in the mountains of Kurdistan, Economical, Taken from the link https://www.magiran.com/article/3992435.
5- Azizzadeh, F., & Jahani, N. (2019). Qualitative study of issues and problems of unofficial Tamerchin pass in Piranshahr city and providing appropriate solutions for its performance, Social-Research Quarterly of Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shushtar Branch, Thirteenth year, the first number, Consecutive (44), Spring 2019, Pp. 291-320.
6- Abdollahi, A., Mohammad Aminpour, Sh., & Majidi, S. H. (2019). Colbury's position in jurisprudence and criminal law, two specialized quarterly journals on the study of jurisprudence and principles, second year, the first number, spring and summer 2019, Page 13-34.
7- Bonnet, F., Vanek, J., & Chen, M. (2019). Women and men in the informal economy: a statistical brief. International Labour Office, Geneva. http://www. wiego. org/sites/default/files/publications/files/Women% 20and% 20Men% 20in% 20the% 20Informal, 20.
8- Chambwera, M., Macgregor, J., & Baker, A. (2011). The informal economy: A primer for development professionals on the importance of the informal economy in developing countries. International Institute for Environment and Development.
9- Chen, M. (2016). Expanding the Economic Potential of Women Informal Workers. Background paper for the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Women’s Economic Empowerment.
10- Chen, M., & Harvey, J. (2017). The informal economy in Arab nations: A comparative perspective. WIEGO Paper for Arab Watch Report on Informal Employment in MENA Region.
11- Dehghanmongabadi, A., Hoşkara, Ş. Ö, & Shirkhanloo, N. (2014). Introduction to Achieve Sustainable Neighborhoods. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 3(9), 16-26.
12- Executive Directive of Article (11) of the Cabinet's Decree on the Regulation on the Organization of the Exchange of Goods in Temporary Informal Border Markets.
13- Executive Directive of Article (11) of the Cabinet's Decree on the Regulation on the Organization of the Exchange of Goods in Temporary Informal Border Markets.
14- Executive Regulations of the Law on Organizing Border Exchanges, approved on 7/23/2007 Council of Ministers.
15- Expert comment on: The plan to organize the country's border crossings "Kolbari and Te Lajni passages", ( 2019)." the tenth period, second year, Serial number 16492, Thematic code 220.
16- Forouzandeh Mehr, M. (2017). Study of Environmental Geology and Urban Development of Sardasht based on Geographic Information System (GIS), Master's Thesis, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Urmia University.
17- Forouzandeh Mehr, M. (2017). Study of Environmental Geology and Urban Development of Sardasht based on Geographic Information System (GIS), Master's Thesis, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Urmia University.
18- General Census of Population and Housing of the whole of West Azerbaijan. (2016). Statistical Center of Iran, National Program and Budget Organization - Management and Planning Organization of West Azerbaijan Province.
19- Heintz, J. (2012). Informality, inclusiveness, and economic growth: an overview of key issues. Amherst: Univ Massachusetts.
20- Hosseini Shamloo, E. (2016). Investigating the Impact of Import on Employment in the Shoe Industry of West Azerbaijan Province, Master's thesis, Business Management, management Group, University of Urmia.
21- Huang, G., Zhang, H. O., & Xue, D. (2018). Beyond unemployment: Informal employment and heterogeneous motivations for participating in street vending in present-day China. Urban Studies, 55(12), 2743-2761.
22- International Labour Conference. (2013). Transitioning from the Informal to the Formal Economy. International Labour Office.
23- Jahan tigh, E. (2013). Factors affecting informal youth employment in Iran, Master's thesis, field of Economical science, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Mazandaran University.
24- Khezrpour, M., Samadian, M A.S., & Bigdelou, Reza (2018). Analysis and identification of factors affecting the establishment of sustainable security in order to solve the problem of Colbury (studied: Piranshahr, Sardasht, Baneh and Marivan counties), Journal of Disciplinary Geography winter 2018, No. 24.
25- Khezri, A. A. (2017). Find and hide Colbury, Tehran: Cheragh Andisheh Publications.
26- Karimi Moghari, Z., & Jahan Tigh, E. (2014). Factors affecting informal employment of young women in Iran, Women's social and psychological studies, Course 12, Number 3, autumn 2014, Pp. 115-140.
27- Karimi Moghari, Z., & Jahan Tigh, E. (2014). Factors Affecting Informal Employment of Young Women in Iran, Social and Psychological Studies of Women, Volume 12, Number 3, Fall 2014, pp. 115-140.
28- Kedir, A. M., Williams, C., & Altinay, L. (2018). Services industries and the informal economy: an introduction.
29- Law on Organizing Border Exchanges, approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly in 2005.
30- Liang, Z., Appleton, S., & Song, L. (2016). Informal employment in China: Trends, patterns and determinants of entry.
31- Medina, L., Jonelis, M. A. W., & Cangul, M. (2017). The informal economy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Size and determinants. International Monetary Fund.
32- Mohammadi, Asoo (September 6, 2016). The Bread and Life Controversy on the Western Frontier: A Report on the ups and downs of the Colbury phenomenon, the economy and society http://problematicaa.com/border-clashes.
33- Mousavi, Mir Najaf., Saeedabadi, Rashid and Fahr, Rasul (2010). Modeling physical development and determining the optimal location for housing the population of Sardasht city up to 1400 horizon by Delphi method and Bolin logic in GIS environment, urban and regional study and research, year Second, No. 6, fall 2010, pp. 54-35.
34- Mir Ahmadi, Rozita (2020). An analysis of the causes of the formation of the informal economy in the city of Sanandaj with an emphasis on street vending, Master Thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Maragheh.
35- Nezhyvenko, O. (2018). Informal Employment in Ukraine and European Union Transition Countries: PhD thesis, July 5, 2018 for achieving the degree of PhD scholar of University Paris-Est, discipline: economics (Doctoral dissertation).
36- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (OECD). (2018). Informal Economy in Latin America and the Caribbean: Implications for Competition Policy - Contribution from the Dominican Republic*-.
37- Petrova, K. (2019). Globalization and the Informal Economy in Developing Countries. In Globalization and Development (pp. 49-73). Springer, Cham.
38- Romero. R. (2009). The dynamic of informal economy. London: Oxford University Press.
39- Ruzek, W. (2015). The informal economy as a catalyst for sustainability. Sustainability, 7(1), 23-34.
40- Ramani, S. V., Thutupalli, A., Medovarszki, T., Chattopadhyay, S., & Ravichandran, V. (2013). Women in the informal economy: Experiments in governance from emerging countries. United Nations United Nations University Policy Brief, (5).
41- Roever, S. (2011). How to Plan a Street Trader Census. WIEGO Technical Brief (Urban Policies) No, 2.
42- Stuart, E., Samman, E., & Hunt, A. (2018). Informal is the new normal, improving the lives of workers at risk of being left behind. Overseas Development Institute. Shaping policy for development.
43- Schoofs, S. (2015). Making Sence of Informal Economies in Fragile Contexts: Issues, Dilemmas and Questions. Instistuut Clingendael.
44- Shamaei, A., Abdollahi, A., & Yousefi Fashaki, M. (2014). Analysis of Sardasht city development planning with urban development strategy approach (CDS), Geographical perspective in human studies, Ninth Year, No. 27, Summer 2014, Pp. 51-35.
45- Shaukati, M. F. (2016). Introducing Sardasht, Part 11.
46- Sadr Mousavi, M., Pourmohammadi, M. R., & Zafari, D. (2016). Investigating and analyzing the role of rural migration in creating the informal sector; a case study of Tabriz metropolis, Journal of Urban Research and Planning, Year 7, Issue 25, summer 2016, pp. 23-42.
47- Tomal, A., & Johnson, L. (2008). Earnings determinants for self-employed women and men in the informal economy: the case of Bogotá, Colombia. International Social Science Review, 83(1/2), 71-84.
48- Yuki, K. (2007). Urbanization, informal sector, and development. Journal of development economics, 84(1), 76-103.
49- https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/colberry.
_||_