تبیین نقش میانجی رفتارهای فضایی در توسعه پایدار محیطهای شهری موردپژوهی: محلات مسکونی شهر شیراز
محورهای موضوعی : توسعه پایدار شهری
مرضیه شاهرودی کلور
1
,
خسرو موحد
2
*
,
حجت الله رشید کلویر
3
,
ملیحه تقی پور
4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه معماری، واحد خلخال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خلخال، ایران
2 - دانشیار بخش معماری و شهر پایدار، دانشگاه UDC شهر واشینگتن، ایالات متحده آمریکا.
3 - دانشيار، گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبيلی، اردبيل، ایران.
4 - دانشیار، گروه معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران.
کلید واژه: ساختار فضایی, شهر فشرده, رفتار فضایی, محله, رفتار پایدار,
چکیده مقاله :
توسعه پایدار محله محور از زیرمجموعه های توسعه پایدار شهری است که با به کارگیری ابزارها و سرمایه های گوناگون فیزیکی، انسانی، اقتصادی و فرهنگی در تلاش است با همبستگی رفتاری-فضایی، سطح زندگی ساکنین را ارتقا دهد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تبیین نقش میانجی رفتارهای فضایی در تعمیم نظریه رفتار برنامه ریزی شده به منظور تحقق اهداف پایداری در محلات مسکونی شهر شیراز بوده است. دست یابی به این هدف نیازمند پاسخ به این سوال بود که رفتار فضایی شهروندان چگونه بر انگیزش، نگرش، هنجارها و نیازهای رفتاری افراد در مسیر پایداری تاثیر می گذارد؟ مطالعات پیشین جای خالی بررسی این فرضیه را نشان می دادند که قابلیت های رفتاری-فضایی یک محیط نیز می تواند یک کاتالیزور رفتاری برای ارتقای بازدهی سایر متغیرها باشد. برای اثبات این فرضیه، پرسشنامه محقق ساخته ای بر مبنای مولفه های این نظریه تهیه شد. گویه های طراحی شده توسط 11 متخصص حوزه رفتار و روان شناسی به لحاظ روایی مورد تایید قرار گرفت. جامعه مورد آزمون شهروندان شهر شیراز بوده اند که به روش تصادفی طبقه بندی شده انتخاب شدند. این افراد جامعه ای معادل 600 نفر را شامل شده اند. برای انجام پژوهش مدل معادلاتی در نرم افزار AMOS طراحی شد. این مدل نخست با نقش میانجی رفتار فضایی و در ادامه با بررسی تعدیلگری ساختار و نظم فضایی (محوری یا مرکزی) تکمیل شد. نتایج با تایید تاثیر رفتارهای فضایی در تبدیل رفتار پایدار به الگوی رفتار همیشگی ساکنان، نشان داد هنجارها با ضریب رگرسیون 810/0 بیشترین تاثیر را بر رفتار افراد دارند و بیشترین تاثیر را از قابلیت های محیطی می گیرند. رفتارهای فضایی با ضریب رگرسیون 721/0 بر رفتارهای روزمره اقراد تاثیرگذارند و با تقویت سایر متغیرهای رفتاری، افراد را در مسیر پایداری قرار می دهند. نتایج همچنین نشان داد به لحاظ ساختاری، الگوهای مرکزگرا تاثیر بیشتری بر رفتارهای فضایی و پایدار افراد داشته است در حالیکه در ساختارهای محورگرا، افراد بیشتر بر اساس ویژگی های فردی و درونی خود رفتار می کنند.
Neighborhood-oriented sustainable development is one of the subcategories of urban sustainable development, which is trying to improve the living standards of residents with behavioral-spatial correlation by using various physical, human, economic, and cultural tools and funds. The purpose of the present research was to explain the mediating role of spatial behaviors in the generalization of the theory of planned behavior in order to achieve sustainability goals in the residential areas of Shiraz. Achieving this goal required an answer to the question that how does the spatial behavior of citizens affect the motivation, attitude, norms and behavioral needs of people on the path of sustainability? Previous studies showed that there is a gap in investigating this hypothesis that the behavioral-spatial capabilities of an environment can also be a behavioral catalyst to improve the efficiency of other variables. To prove this hypothesis, a researcher-made questionnaire was prepared based on the components of this theory. The designed items were validated by 11 experts in the field of behavior and psychology. The test population was the citizens of Shiraz city, who were selected randomly and classified. These people have included a community equal to 600 people. To conduct the research, an equation model was designed in AMOS software. This model was completed first with the mediating role of spatial behavior and then with the moderation of spatial structure and order (axial or central). The results confirmed the effect of spatial behavior in transforming sustainable behavior into the regular behavior pattern of residents and showed that norms with a regression coefficient of 0.810 have the greatest impact on people's behavior and take the greatest impact from environmental capabilities. Spatial behaviors with a regression coefficient of 0.721 affect the daily behaviors of individuals and put people on a sustainable path by strengthening other behavioral variables. The results also showed that in terms of structure, central patterns had a greater impact on people's spatial and sustainable behaviors, while in axial structures, people behave more based on their individual and internal features.Extended AbstractIntroduction: With the expansion of industrial production and technological arrangements to manage individual consumption, and the consequences and social problems caused by globalization, researchers realized that sustainability is about changing behavior. As a result, the studies on drawing public attention to the issues of environmental sustainability and the effects of human behavior on the environment became very widespread, and sustainable behavior was proposed to mean a series of conscious actions for the simultaneous protection of both the physical and social environment. Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior is considered one of the most widely used models and a reliable predictor in the study of sustainable behavior. The basis of this theory is to create a connection between behavior, cognition, and personal communication. The theory of planned behavior is an expectancy-value theory that states that performing a behavior is related to two factors: motivation (behavioral intention) and ability (behavioral control). In other words, a person who has a high perception of control over his behavior and the intention to perform that behavior is more likely to do it. Perceived behavioral control depends on the existence of facilitators or the absence of barriers to performing a behavior or the perceived ability to perform that behavior. Despite the importance of the topic, until now, spatial behaviors have not been investigated as the main basis of human activities and a contextual factor in sustainable behavior models. Considering the extensive interactions between man-made environments and people in today's life, it seems that design with the aim of identifying environmental opportunities on the basis of the spatial structures of residential environments is an effective operational strategy in promoting the model of sustainable behavior in individual citizens. Therefore, the final goal of this research is to achieve a more specific perspective on the relationship between the physical environment of contemporary housing in Shiraz city and the sustainable behavior of residents. The main question in this research can be posed as follows: How does spatial behavior affect the motivation, attitude, norms, and behavioral needs of people to make sustainable decisions in daily life? It seems that spatial behavior can affect the mentioned variables as a behavioral catalyst and improve their function.Methodology: The present research is applied research based on the fundamental theory of planned behavior. The research method is based on field research findings that have been analyzed through survey data. For this purpose, first, examples of spatial configuration in Shiraz residential areas include centripetal systems (with the priority on collective spaces, higher integration of territories, and less spatial depth) and axial systems (with emphasis on private territories, higher spatial depth, and lower integration index) was identified and then 600 questionnaires were designed, distributed and analyzed based on the components obtained from the theoretical framework. The questionnaire had researcher-made questions, which were confirmed in terms of validity by calculating the CVR index by examining the importance and necessity of the questions by 11 researchers in the field of environmental psychology and behavior, and in terms of reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The number of data was reduced to 507 questionnaires by removing outliers data. The results were analyzed with the help of a structural equation model in AMOS software. In this model, spatial behavior was added as a mediating variable to the planned behavior model.Results and discussion: First, the research data were categorized by exploratory factor analysis test to identify hidden variables. Bartlett's statistic with a significance level of 0.000 and KMO with a value of 0.831 showed that the factor analysis is possible, the number of samples is sufficient and the common variance among the hidden variables is confirmed. In the second step, the identified variables were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis. To investigate the mediation of a factor, three models must be defined: the total effect mode, in which the indirect paths are considered zero; Mediated effect model in which all paths are examined in the model and the indirect effect model in which direct paths are considered zero. Examining the values of path coefficients, all of which have a value higher than 0.5 and p<0.05, shows that spatial behavior can act as a mediating variable in promoting stable behavior and can be a controllable contextual factor. Examining the values of the regression coefficients shows that in the case of the total effect, the norms had the greatest impact on the citizens' usual behavior in choosing sustainable behavioral options (R=0.810). Considering spatial structures as a mediating variable, spatial behaviors have had the greatest impact on people's usual behavior (R=0.721). In this case, the norms are the most influential of the environmental qualities and the behavioral capabilities of the space (R=0.661). In the case of indirect influence, this result was also repeated, and the spatial behavior (R=0.909) by influencing the norms (R=0.794) influenced the usual behavior pattern of the residents of a neighborhood. In other words, it can be said that the role of spatial behavior in strengthening the sustainable behavior of citizens is significant by influencing the norms. Examining the results also showed that the axial structures could not encourage people to choose sustainable behavioral options. While central models have been successful in this field (R=0.169). In other words, the development structures in central neighborhoods serve to encourage sustainable behaviors and strengthen the collective values of residents of a neighborhood, while in axial patterns, internal factors (knowledge and personal motivation) can transform citizens into people with sustainable decisions and space and environmental capabilities have had less impact on them.Conclusion: The neighborhood can create self-sufficiency in terms of providing the services needed by its residents, reducing city trips, social sustainability, and a sense of local community, justice, and equality. The findings of this research, in confirmation of other research, put forward the central and compact development model in order to improve urban livability in the logic of sustainability, which supports high density and shorter distances in the spatial structure. The central and compact multi-core structure, in line with the citizens' behavioral demands and needs, responds to various aspects of sustainable urban development, which is possible through the mediation of environmental capabilities and spatial behaviors of users; this structure has higher accessibility, more vitality due to active functional cores, and better readability due to higher integration. Strengthening public participation and higher social interactions in this structure has also provided results including security and the possibility of higher local control and supervision. This structure, aligned with sustainable behavior patterns, has other benefits of increasing functional productivity, healthier residential areas, economic dynamism, more sustainable movement potentials, reducing individual consumption of resources, and strengthening social capital.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
With the expansion of industrial production and technological arrangements to manage individual consumption, and the consequences and social problems caused by globalization, researchers realized that sustainability is about changing behavior. As a result, the studies on drawing public attention to the issues of environmental sustainability and the effects of human behavior on the environment became very widespread, and sustainable behavior was proposed to mean a series of conscious actions for the simultaneous protection of both the physical and social environment. Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior is considered one of the most widely used models and a reliable predictor in the study of sustainable behavior. The basis of this theory is to create a connection between behavior, cognition, and personal communication. The theory of planned behavior is an expectancy-value theory that states that performing a behavior is related to two factors: motivation (behavioral intention) and ability (behavioral control). In other words, a person who has a high perception of control over his behavior and the intention to perform that behavior is more likely to do it. Perceived behavioral control depends on the existence of facilitators or the absence of barriers to performing a behavior or the perceived ability to perform that behavior. Despite the importance of the topic, until now, spatial behaviors have not been investigated as the main basis of human activities and a contextual factor in sustainable behavior models. Considering the extensive interactions between man-made environments and people in today's life, it seems that design with the aim of identifying environmental opportunities on the basis of the spatial structures of residential environments is an effective operational strategy in promoting the model of sustainable behavior in individual citizens. Therefore, the final goal of this research is to achieve a more specific perspective on the relationship between the physical environment of contemporary housing in Shiraz city and the sustainable behavior of residents. The main question in this research can be posed as follows: How does spatial behavior affect the motivation, attitude, norms, and behavioral needs of people to make sustainable decisions in daily life? It seems that spatial behavior can affect the mentioned variables as a behavioral catalyst and improve their function.
Methodology
The present research is applied research based on the fundamental theory of planned behavior. The research method is based on field research findings that have been analyzed through survey data. For this purpose, first, examples of spatial configuration in Shiraz residential areas include centripetal systems (with the priority on collective spaces, higher integration of territories, and less spatial depth) and axial systems (with emphasis on private territories, higher spatial depth, and lower integration index) was identified and then 600 questionnaires were designed, distributed and analyzed based on the components obtained from the theoretical framework. The questionnaire had researcher-made questions, which were confirmed in terms of validity by calculating the CVR index by examining the importance and necessity of the questions by 11 researchers in the field of environmental psychology and behavior, and in terms of reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The number of data was reduced to 507 questionnaires by removing outliers data. The results were analyzed with the help of a structural equation model in AMOS software. In this model, spatial behavior was added as a mediating variable to the planned behavior model.
Results and discussion
First, the research data were categorized by exploratory factor analysis test to identify hidden variables. Bartlett's statistic with a significance level of 0.000 and KMO with a value of 0.831 showed that the factor analysis is possible, the number of samples is sufficient and the common variance among the hidden variables is confirmed. In the second step, the identified variables were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis. To investigate the mediation of a factor, three models must be defined: the total effect mode, in which the indirect paths are considered zero; Mediated effect model in which all paths are examined in the model and the indirect effect model in which direct paths are considered zero. Examining the values of path coefficients, all of which have a value higher than 0.5 and p<0.05, shows that spatial behavior can act as a mediating variable in promoting stable behavior and can be a controllable contextual factor. Examining the values of the regression coefficients shows that in the case of the total effect, the norms had the greatest impact on the citizens' usual behavior in choosing sustainable behavioral options (R=0.810). Considering spatial structures as a mediating variable, spatial behaviors have had the greatest impact on people's usual behavior (R=0.721). In this case, the norms are the most influential of the environmental qualities and the behavioral capabilities of the space (R=0.661). In the case of indirect influence, this result was also repeated, and the spatial behavior (R=0.909) by influencing the norms (R=0.794) influenced the usual behavior pattern of the residents of a neighborhood. In other words, it can be said that the role of spatial behavior in strengthening the sustainable behavior of citizens is significant by influencing the norms. Examining the results also showed that the axial structures could not encourage people to choose sustainable behavioral options. While central models have been successful in this field (R=0.169). In other words, the development structures in central neighborhoods serve to encourage sustainable behaviors and strengthen the collective values of residents of a neighborhood, while in axial patterns, internal factors (knowledge and personal motivation) can transform citizens into people with sustainable decisions and space and environmental capabilities have had less impact on them.
Conclusion
The neighborhood can create self-sufficiency in terms of providing the services needed by its residents, reducing city trips, social sustainability, and a sense of local community, justice, and equality. The findings of this research, in confirmation of other research, put forward the central and compact development model in order to improve urban livability in the logic of sustainability, which supports high density and shorter distances in the spatial structure. The central and compact multi-core structure, in line with the citizens' behavioral demands and needs, responds to various aspects of sustainable urban development, which is possible through the mediation of environmental capabilities and spatial behaviors of users; this structure has higher accessibility, more vitality due to active functional cores, and better readability due to higher integration. Strengthening public participation and higher social interactions in this structure has also provided results including security and the possibility of higher local control and supervision. This structure, aligned with sustainable behavior patterns, has other benefits of increasing functional productivity, healthier residential areas, economic dynamism, more sustainable movement potentials, reducing individual consumption of resources, and strengthening social capital.
1. Ajzen, I. (1988). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behaviour. In: J. Kuhl and Beckmann (Eds.). Action Control: From cognition to behaviour. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, pp. 11-39.
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), pp. 179-211.
3. Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitude and Predicting Social Behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
4. Arbuthnott, K. D. (2009). Education for sustainable development beyond attitude change. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 10(2), pp. 152-163.
5. Arvin, Mahmoud., & Poor Ahmad, Ahmad. (2021). “Theoretical Explanation of Polycentric Compact City Structure to Create a Sustainable Urban form”. Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 11(41), 253-286. (in persian)
6. Bamberg, S., Rees, J., & Seebauer, S. (2015). Collective climate action: Determinants of participation intention in community-based pro-environmental initiatives. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 43, pp. 155-165.
7. Chakraborty, A., Singh, M. P., & Roy, M. (2017). A study of goal frames shaping pro-environmental behaviour in university students. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 18(7), pp. 1291–1310.
8. Cheng, T., Woon, D. K., & Lynes, J. K. (2011). The use of message framing in the promotion of environmentally sustainable behaviors. Social Marketing Quarterly, Volume 17, No. 2, pp. 48-62.
9. Ericson, J. D., Chrastil, E. R., & Warren, W. H. (2021). Space syntax visibility graph analysis is not robust to changes in spatial and temporal resolution. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 48(6), pp. 1478-1494.
10. Fornara, F., Pattitoni, P., Mura, M., & Strazzera, E. (2016). Predicting intention to improve household energy efficiency: The role of value-belief-norm theory, normative and informational influence, and specific attitude. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, pp. 1-10.
11. Geels, F. W., Schwanen, T., Sorrell, S., Jenkins, K., & Sovacool, B. K. (2018). Reducing energy demand through low carbon innovation: A sociotechnical transitions perspective and thirteen research debates. Energy research & social science, 40, pp. 23-35.
12. Goggins, G. (2018). Developing a sustainable food strategy for large organizations: The importance of context in shaping procurement and consumption practices. Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(7), pp. 838-848.
13. Hameed, D., & Waris, I. (2018). Eco Labels and Eco Conscious Consumer Behavior: The Mediating Effect of Green Trust and Environmental Concern. Hameed, Irfan and Waris, Idrees (2018): Eco Labels and Eco Conscious Consumer Behavior: The Mediating Effect of Green Trust and Environmental Concern. Published in: Journal of Management Sciences, 5(2), pp. 86-105.
14. Hameed, I., Waris, I., & ul Haq, M. A. (2019). Predicting eco-conscious consumer behavior using theory of planned behavior in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), pp. 15535-15547.
15. Hataminejad, Hossein., Pourahmad, Ahmad., & Niazi, Ziba. (2021). “Measuring the Dimensions of Livability and Sustainable Neighborhood Development (Case study: Sarab City Neighborhoods)”. Journal of Economic Geography Research, 2(3), 1-17. (in persian)
16. Jomehpour, Mahmoud., & Rohani Choulaee, Elham. (2020). “Assessing the Sustainability Level of Organic and Planned Neighborhoods Using UN-HABITAT Indicators (Case Study: Noghan and Sajad Neighborhoods of Mashhad)”. Quarterly Journals of Urban and Regional Development Planning, 5(12), 1-35. (in persian)
17. Khansari, N., Mostashari, A., & Mansouri, M. (2014). Impacting sustainable behavior and planning in smart city. International journal of sustainable land Use and Urban planning, 1(2), 46-61.
18. Kiani, Akbar., & Salari Sardari, Farzali. (2020). “An analysis of the structure and spatial-physical development of urban sprawl in Lamerd city”. Journal of Economic Geography Research, 1(1), 32-48. (in persian)
19. Lin, H. Y., & Hsu, M. H. (2015). Using social cognitive theory to investigate green consumer behavior. Business Strategy and the Environment, 24(5), pp. 326-343.
20. Lindenberg, S., & Steg, L. (2007). Normative, gain and hedonic goal frames guiding environmental behavior. Journal of Social issues, 63(1), pp. 117-137.
21. Madden, T. J., Ellen, P. S., & Ajzen, I. (1992). A comparison of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action. Personality and social psychology Bulletin, 18(1), pp. 3-9.
22. Manning, C. (2009). The psychology of sustainable behavior: Tips for empowering people to take environmentally positive action. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
23. Mofidi Shemirani, Seyed. Majid., & Moztarzadeh, Hamed. (2014). “Explaining the Sustainable Urban Community Structural Criteria”. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 11(29), 59-70. (in persian)
24. Motaghed, Mohammad., & Sajadzade, Hasan. (2022). “A study of climatic comfort conditions in the spatial-physical patterns of traditional neighborhoods’ fabric: The case of Hamadan’s old neighborhoods”. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 23(12), 259-269. (in persian)
25. Motalebi, Ghasem. (2022). “Applying the Concept of Human Needs in Revisiting the Concept of Sustainability in Residential Environments”. Rahpooye Memari-o Shahrsazi, 1(1), 7-29. (in persian)
26. Movahed, Ali., Mostafavi, Soran., & Ahmadi., Mazhar. (2014). “Explaining the pattern of spatial –physical expansion of Saqqez from sustainable urban perspective”. Urban Structure and Function Studies, 2(5), 55-75. (in persian)
27. Mustafa, F. A., & Rafeeq, D. A. (2019). Assessment of elementary school buildings in Erbil city using space syntax analysis and school teachers′ feedback. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58(3), pp. 1039-1052.
28. Nasr, Tahereh., & Emadi, Maryam. (2021). Investigating the Role of Socio-Cultural Sustainability Indicators in Urban Public Spaces’ Development (Case Study: Kholdebarin Park and Eram Garden Street, Shiraz). Urban Environmental Planning and Development, 1(4), 57-76. (in persian)
29. Neuman, M. (2005). The compact city fallacy. Journal of planning education and research, 25(1), 11-26.
30. Nikpour, Amer., Ghasempour, Fatemeh., & Mola Hoseyni, Ali. Asghar. (2020). Spatial analysis of housing indicators with a sustainable urban form approach (Case study: Babol). Journal of Urban Social Geography, 7(2), 41-58. (in persian)
31. Nikpour, Amer., Lotfi, Sedigheh., & Mansour lakuraj, Zobeydeh. (2021). “Studying the Impact of form on the sustainability of neighborhoodsEvaluating the Effect of Form on the Sustainability of the Urban Neighborhoods (Case study: Amol)”. Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal, 2(2), 5-30. (in persian)
32. Onwezen, M. C., Antonides, G., & Bartels, J. (2013). The Norm Activation Model: An exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of economic psychology, 39, pp. 141-153.
33. Rezvani, Z., Jansson, J., & Bengtsson, M. (2018). Consumer motivation for sustainable consumption: The interaction of gain, normative and hedonic motivation on electric vehicle adoption. Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(8), pp. 1272-1283.
34. Saeedpour, Sharareh., Barzegar, Sadegh., & Rasoli, Mohammad. (2022). Analysis and evaluation of Neighborhoods Prosperity indicators of Saqez city. Urban Environmental Planning and Development, 2(6), 33-48. (in persian)
35. Sahakian, M., & Dobigny, L. (2019). From governing behaviour to transformative change: A typology of household energy initiatives in Switzerland. Energy Policy, 129, pp. 1261-1270.
36. Salimi, Amirreza. (2020). “Investigating the Indicators of Sustainable Development in Urban Areas with an Emphasis on the Clarence Perry Neighborhood Unit Theory (Case study: Asadi neighborhood, 13th district of Tehran)”. Journals of Urban Development studies, 3(11), 76-91. (in persian)
37. Shahinifar, Mostafa., Khodadad, Mehdi., Beyranvandzadeh, Maryam., & Sobhani, Nobakht. (2016). “The Analysis of Urban Form Potentials with the Emphasis on Urban Compact Model (Case Study: Gorgan City)”. Journal of Urban Social Geography, 3(2), 39-56. (in persian)
38. Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of environmental psychology, 29(3), pp. 309-317.
39. Thøgersen, J. (2005). How may consumer policy empower consumers for sustainable lifestyles?. Journal of consumer policy, 28(2), pp. 143-177.
40. Uzzell, D., Pol, E., & Badenas, D. (2002). Place identification, social cohesion, and enviornmental sustainability. Environment and behavior, 34(1), pp. 26-53.
41. Van der Werff, E., Steg, L., & Keizer, K. (2013). The value of environmental self-identity: The relationship between biospheric values, environmental self-identity and environmental preferences, intentions and behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, pp. 55-63.
42. Wai, Y. S., & Bojei, J. (2015). Proposed conceptual framework on cohesive effect of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on sustainable behaviours. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, No. 172, pp. 449-456.
43. Yamu, C., & Van Nes, A. (2017). An integrated modeling approach combining multifractal urban planning with a space syntax perspective. Urban Science, 1(4), 1-21.