Stress Analysis of the Scoliosis Disorder.

Subject Areas : Biosafety

Fatemeh Nori ¹ , Seyed Hooman Ghasemi ²

1 - Department of Civil Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
2 - Department of Civil Engineering. Auburn University,Auburn, USA.

Received: 2019-12-01 Accepted : 2020-01-28 Published : 2021-06-01

Keywords: statistical parameters, scoliosis, vertebral column, Keywords: stress analysis,

Abstract :

Scoliosis is a spine irregular deviation, which known an idiopathic ailment among children and adolescents. Indeed, applyingloads on the human spine and the capacity of the vertebral column should be tretated as random variables. The main gola of thisstudy is to compare the maximum stress caused by weight load of a norm al and scoliosis spinal. To do so, the numerical analyses associated with the inherent random parameters of bones and applied load are performed. Accordingly, the maximum stress for all vertebrae and discs are computed. The maximum stress intensity in the cortical tissue, cancellous tissue and discs was identified. The location of the maximum stresses quantify which vertebrae and discs may get damaged and needed reinforcement and this can provide a model for predicting the location of spinal cord injury.

References:

 [1] Abe, Y., Abe Y, Ito M, Abumi K, Sudo H, Salmingo
R, and Tadano S. (2015), "Scoliosis corrective force
estimation from the implanted rod deformation using
3D-FEM analysis" Scoliosis10(2): S2
[2] Adams, M. A. (2015). Intervertebral disc tissues.
Mechanical properties of aging soft tissues, Springer:
7-35.
[3] Azari, F., Arjmand N., Shirazi-Adl A., and RahimiMoghaddam T. (2018), "A combined passive and
active musculoskeletal model study to estimate L4-
L5 load sharing" Journal of biomechanics 70: 157-
165.
[4] Cheuk, K. Y., et al. (2015). "Evaluating bone strength
with finite element analysis for Adolescent idiopathic
scoliosis (AIS): a case-control study with HR-pQCT"
Scoliosis10(1): O20
[5] Easterby, R. (2012). Anthropometry and
biomechanics: theory and application, Springer
Science & Business Media.
[6] Ebbesen E. N., Thomsen J. S., Beck‐Nielsen H.,
Nepper‐Rasmussen H. J., and Mosekilde L. (1999).
"Age‐and gender‐related differences in vertebral bone
mass, density, and strength." Journal of Bone and
Mineral Research 14(8): 1394-1403.
[7] Galante JO. (1967), "Tensile properties of the human
lumbar annulus fibrosus" Acta Orthopaedica
Scandinavica 38(sup100): 1-91.
[8] Ghasemi, S.H., Lee, J.Y., (2021a), “Reliability-Based
Indicator for Post-Earthquake Traffic Flow Capacity
of a Highway Bridge”, Structural Safety, Elsevier,
Vol. 89, pp. 102039.
[9] Ghasemi, S.H., and Lee, J.Y., (2021b), “Measuring
Instantaneous Resilience of a Highway Bridge
Subjected to Earthquake Events”, Transportation
Research Record: Journal of the Transportation
Research Board., doi/10.1177/03611981211009546
[10] Ghasemi S. H. and Nowak A. S. (2016a), “Mean
Maximum Values of Non-Normal Distributions for
Different Time Periods", International Journal of
Reliability and Safety, Vol. 10, No. 2.
[11] Ghasemi S. H and Nowak, A. S. (2016b), “Statistical
Parameters of In-A-Lane Multiple Truck Presence
and a New Procedure to Analyze the Lifetime of
Bridges", Journal of Structural Engineering
International, Association for Bridge and Structural
Engineering IABSE, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 150-159.
[12] Ghasemi S. H. and Nowak A. S. (2017a), “Reliability
Index for Non-Normal Distributions of Limit State
Functions”. Structural Engineering and Mechanics,
Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 365-372.
[13] Ghasemi S. H. and Nowak A. S. (2017b), “Target
Reliability for Bridges with Consideration of
Ultimate Limit State”, Engineering Structures, vol.
152, pp. 226-237.
[14] Ghasemi S. H. and Nowak A. S and (2018),
“Reliability Analysis of Circular Tunnels with
Consideration of the Strength Limit State”.
Geomechanics Engineering, Vo. 15, No 3, pp. 879-
888.
[15] Ghasemi S. H., Kalantari H., Abdolahikho S., and
Nowak A. S, (2019),”Fatigue Reliability Analysis of

 Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome”, Material Science
and Engineering: C, Vo. 99, pp. 387-393.
[16] Gray H. (1918), Anatomy of the Human
Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5
4/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png.
[17] Helgason, B., Perilli, E., Schileo, E., Taddei, F.,
Brynjolfsson S., and Viceconti M. (2008),
"Mathematical relationships between bone density
and mechanical properties: a literature review",
Clinical biomechanics 23(2): 135-146.
[18] Iatridis J. (1995), "Mechanical behavior of the human
nucleus pulpous in shear" Proceeding of the 41st
Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research
Society, 1995.
[19] Iatridis JCM, Weidenbaum M., Setton, LA, and
Mow, V., (1996). "Is the nucleus pulposus a solid or a
fluid? Mechanical behaviors of the nucleus pulposus
of the human intervertebral disc", Spine, 21(10):
1174-1184.
[20] Kopperdahl D. L. and Keaveny T. M. (1998), "Yield
strain behavior of trabecular bone", J Biomech 31(7):
601-608.
[21] Keyak J. H., Lee IY., Skinner H. B. (1994), "
Correlations between orthogonal mechanical
properties and density of trabecular bone: Use of
different densitometric measures", Journal of
Biomedical Materials Research 28(11):1329-36
[22] Labelle H., et al. (2013), "Screening for adolescent
idiopathic scoliosis: an information statement by the
scoliosis research society international task force",
Scoliosis 8(1):17.
[23] Larde D., Mathieu D., Frija J., Gaston A., and
VasileN. (1982), "Vertebral osteomyelitis: disc
hypodensity on CT", AJR Am J Roentgenol. ,
139(5): 963-967.
[24] Little J.P, Izatt MT, Labrom RD, Askin GN, and
Adam CJ. (2013), "An FE investigation simulating
intra-operative corrective forces applied to correct
scoliosis deformity", Scoliosis 8(1): 9.
[25] Mosekilde L., Mosekilde L., and Danieisen C.C.,
(1987), "Biomechanical competence of vertebral
trabecular bone in relation to ash density and age in
normal individuals", Bone, 8(2): 79-85.
[26] Mow, V. C. and R. Huiskes (2005), "Basic
orthopedic biomechanics & mechano-biology",
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
[27] Nouri, F., Ghasemi, S.H., and J.Y. Lee, (2020),
“System Reliability Analysis of Scoliosis Disorder",
BMC Musculoskelet Disorder, Springer, Vol.
21(199), pp. 1-12.
[28] Öhman, C., et al. (2011), "Compressive behaviour of
child and adult cortical bone", Bone, 49(4): 769-776.
[29] Patel S., Lee J., Hecht G., Holcombe S., Wang S.,
and Goulet J. (2016), "Normative vertebral
Hounsfield unit values and correlation with bone
mineral density", Journal of Clinical & Experimental
Orthopaedics, 2: 14.
[30] Pollintine P., Tunen M., Luo J. Brown M. D., Dolan
P., and Adams M. A. (2010), "Time-dependent
compressive deformation of the ageing spine:
relevance to spinal stenosis", Spine 35(4): 386-394.
[31] Rockoff S. D., E. Sweet and Bleustein J. (1969), "The
relative contribution of trabecular and cortical bone to
the strength of human lumbar vertebrae", Calcified
Tissue Research 3(1): 163-175.
[32] Safari, M., Ghasemi, S.H., and Taghia, S.A. (2021),
“Target Reliability Analysis of Bridge Piers
Concerning the Earthquake Extreme Event Limit
State”, Journal of Engineering Structures, Vol. 245,
pp. 112910.
[33] Salmingo R. A., Tadano S., Fujisaki K., Abe Y., and
Ito M. (2013), "Relationship of forces acting on
implant rods and degree of scoliosis correction",
Clinical Biomechanics 28(2): 122-128.
[34] Salmingo R., Tadano S., Fujisaki K., Abe Y., and Ito
M. (2012), "Corrective force analysis for scoliosis
from implant rod deformation." Clinical
Biomechanics 27(6): 545-550.
[35] Schlösser T. P., et al. (2014), "Three-dimensional
characterization of torsion and asymmetry of the
intervertebral discs versus vertebral bodies in
adolescent idiopathic scoliosis", Spine 39(19):
E1159-E1166.
[36] Shi L., et al. (2011), "Biomechanical analysis and
modeling of different vertebral growth patterns in
adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and healthy subjects",
Scoliosis 6(1): 11.
[37] Shirazi-Adl A, El-Rich M, Pop DG, Parnianpour M.
(2005), "Spinal muscle forces, internal loads and
stability in standing under various postures and
loads—application of kinematics-based algorithm",
European Spine Journal 14(4):381-392.
[38] Skaggs D., Weidenbaum M.., Iatridis JC A. Ratcliffe
A., and Mow V. C. (1994), "Regional variation in
tensile properties and biochemical composition of the
human lumbar annulus fibrosus", Spine 19(12): 1310-
1319.

 [39] Soltani, M., Ghasemi, S.H, Soltani, A., Lee, J.Y.,
Nowak, A.S., Jalilkhani, M., (2020), "State-of-the-art
reliability analysis of structural drift control
corresponding to the critical excitations", Journal of
Earthquake Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1798829.
[40] Stokes I. A. (1989), "Axial rotation component of
thoracic scoliosis", Journal of orthopedic research
7(5): 702-708.
[41] Stokes I. A. F. (2007), "Analysis and simulation of
progressive adolescent scoliosis by biomechanical
growth modulation", European Spine Journal 16(10):
1621-1628
[42] Wang J.L., Parnianpour M., Shirazi-Adl A., and.
Engin A. (2000), "Viscoelastic finite-element
analysis of a lumbar motion segment in combined
compression and sagittal flexion: Effect of loading
rate", Spine, 25(3): 310-318.
[43] Wintermantel E., Emde H., and Loew F., (1985),
"Intradiscal collagenase for treatment of lumbar disc
herniations", Acta Neurochir (Wien), 78(3-4): 98-
104.