تاثیر افشای هیجانی نوشتاری در مشکلات بینفردی کودکان مبتلا به اختلال نافرمانی مقابلهای: مطالعه تک‌آزمودنی
محورهای موضوعی : روش ها و مدل های روانشناختی
1 - کارشناس ارشد روان شناسی بالینی، دانشگاه خوارزمی
2 - دانشیار، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران دکترای تخصصی
کلید واژه: کودکان, افشای هیجانی نوشتاری, مشکلات بینفردی, اختلال نافرمانی مقابلهای,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی اثربخشی افشای هیجانی نوشتاری در مشکلات بینفردی کودکان مبتلا به اختلال نافرمانی مقابلهای بود. پژوهش در چارچوب طرحهای تجربی تک آزمودنی با استفاده از طرح خطوط پایه چندگانه پلکانی اجرا شد. بر اساس تمایل به شرکت در مطالعه، تشخیص اختلال نافرمانی مقابلهای بر مبنای چهارمین ویرایش مقیاس درجهبندی سوانسون، نولان و پلهام (SNAP-IV)و ملاکهای ورود، سه کودک مبتلا به اختلال نافرمانی مقابلهای انتخاب شدند و مورد آموزش افشای هیجانی نوشتاری قرار گرفتند. فرم کوتاه مقیاس مشکلات بینفردی در ابتدا و در طول جلسه‌های مداخله افشای هیجانی به وسیله آزمودنیها تکمیل شد. بازبینی دیداری نمودارها، شاخصهای تغییر روند، شیب و اندازه اثر بیانگر کاهش قابل مقیاس مشکلات بین فردی کودکان مبتلا به اختلال نافرمانی مقابلهای بود. در کل، افشای هیجانی نوشتاری میتواند به عنوان یک راهبرد موثر در مداخلات روانشناختی مشکلات بینفردی کودکان مبتلا به اختلال نافرمانی مقابلهای مد نظر قرار گیرد.
The aim of present study was to assess the effectiveness of written emotional disclosure in children with oppositional defiant disorder’s interpersonal problems. The research was administrated in the frame of single subject experimental designs using using the Stairway multiple baselines. Based on the desire to participate in the study, diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder according to the fourth edition of Swanson, Nolan and Pelham rating scale (SNAP-IV) and entry criteria, three children with oppositional defiant disorder were selected and expoused under written emotional disclosure. Short-form of interpersonal problems scale were completed by participants at the beginning and during emotional disclosure intervention sessions The visual inspection of charts, indices of procedure change, slope and effect size indicated substantially reduction in interpersonal prolems of children with oppositional defiant disorder. Overall, written emotionioal disclosure could be considered as an effective strategy to psychological interventions for children with oppositional defiant disorder’s interpersonal problems.
- آقایی، ا.، عابدی،ا. و محمدی، ا. (1390). بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس درجه بندی SNAP-IV (فرم والدین) در دانشآموزان دوره ابتدایی شهر اصفهان. مجله پژوهشهایعلومشناختیورفتاری، 1، 58-43.
-حسنی، ج. و طاهری، م. (1393). بررسی ساختار عاملی، اعتبار و روایی نسخه فارسی فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه مشکلات بین فردی. روانشناسی، 71 (3)، 308- 326.
- محمدی، ا. (1389). هنجاریابی مقیاس درجهبندی SNAP-IV (فرم والدین) بر روی کودکان دوره ابتدایی شهر اصفهان پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد خوراسگان
- Amorous, L. (2012). Emotional disclosure through writing and drowing: a controlled trial on emotion regulation coping and subjective well-being outcomes. A dissertation submitted as partial requirement for the post-graduate degree of Doctor of philosophy, University of Tasmania, Hobart.
- Anderson, T., Guajardo, J. F., Luthra, R., & Edwrads, K. M. (2010). Effects of clinician-assisted emotional disclosure for sexual assault survivors: A pilot study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25 (6), 1113-1131.
- Baker, J. P., & Berenbaum, H. (2007). Emotional approach and problem-focused coping: A comparison of potentially adaptive strategies. Cognition and Emotion, 21 (1), 95-118.
- Bradley, M. C., & Mandell, D. (2005). Oppositional defiant disorder: A systematic review of evidence of intervention effectiveness. Journal of Expremental Criminology, 1, 343-365.
- Esterling, B. A, L’Abate, L., Murray, E. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1999). Empirical foundations for writing in prevention and psychotherapy: mental and physical health outcomes. Clinical Psychology Review, 1 (19), 79-96.
- Garsion, A., & Kahn, J. (2009). Emotional self-disclosure and emotional avoidance: relation with symptoms of depression and anxity.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 573-584.
- Gopin, B., Berwid, O., Marks, D., Lodnicka, A. & Halperin, J. (2013). ADHD Preschoolers With and Without ODD: Do They Act Differently Depending On Degree of Task Engagement/Reward?” Journal of Attention Disorders, 17, 7, 608-619.
- Graf, M. C. (2004). Written emotional disclosure: What are the benefits of expressive writing in psychotherapy? Doctoral Dissertation, University of Drexel.
- Greene, R. W., Biederman, J., Zerwas, S., Monteau, M. C., Goring, J. C., & Faraone, S. V. (2002). Psychiatric comorbidity, family dysfunction, and social impairment in referred youth with oppositional defiant disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 15(9), 1214-1224.
- Hilsenroth, M. J., Menaker, J., Peters, E. J., & Pincus, A. L. (2007). Assessment of borderline pathology using the inventory of interpersonal problems circumplex scales (II-C): A comparison of clinical samples. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14, 365-376.
- Hommersen, P., Murray, C., Ohan, J., & Johnston, C. (2006). Oppositional defiant disorder rating scale: Preliminary evidence of reliability and validity. Journal of Emotoinal and Behavior Disorder, 14(2), 118-125.
- Horowitz, L. M. (1979). Cognitive structure of interpersonal problems treated in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 5-15.
- Horowitz, L. M. (1994). Pschemas, psychopathology, and psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy Research, 4, 1-19.
- Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., & Bartholomew, K. (1993). Interpersonal problems, attachment styles, and outcome in brief dynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 549-560.
- Kacewicz, E., Slatcher, R. B., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2007). Expressive writing: An alternative to traditional methods. In L. L’Abate (Ed), Low-cost approaches to promote physical and mental health. 271- 284. New York: Springer.
- Kelly, A. E., & McKillop, K. J. (1996). Consequences of revealing personal secrets. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 450-465.
- Kennedy-Moore, E., & Watson, J. C. (1999). Expressing Emotion: Myth, realties, and therapeutic strategies; New York: Guilford.
- Klein, K., & Boals, A. (2001). Expressive writing can increase working memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 130 (3), 520-533.
- Lepore, S. J. (1997). Expressive writing moderates the relation between intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1030-1037.
- Lumley, M. A., & Provenzano, K. M. (2003). Stress management through written emotional disclosure improves academic performance among college students with physical symptoms. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95 (3), 641-649.
- McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100-122.
- Milkavich, A., Meier, J. A., & Cooper, J. R. (2005). Emotional writing Effectiveness: Do coping styles and timing of the Event predict outcomes? American Journal of Psychological Research, 1, 112-122.
- North, R. J., Pai, A. V., Hixon, J. G., & Holahan, C. J. (2011). Finding happiness in negative emotions: An experimental test of a novel expressive writing paradigm. Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(3), 192-203.
- O’Connor, D.B., & Ashley, L. (2008). Are alexithymia and emotional characteristics of disclosure associated with blood pressure reactivity and psychological distress following written emotional disclosure? British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 495-512.
- O'Connor, D.B., Hurling, R., Hendrickx, H., Osborne, G., Hall, J., Walklet, E., Whaley, A., & Wood, H. (2011). Effects of written emotional disclosure on implicit self-esteem and body image. British Journal of Health Psychology, 16, 488-501.
- Owen, J. E., Hanson, E. R., Preddy, D. A., & Bantum, E. O. C. (2011). Linguistically-tailored video feedback increases total and positive emotional expression in a structured writing task. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 874-882.
- Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: an integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological bulletin, 136 (2), 257- 301.
- Park, E. Y., & Yi, M. (2012). Development and effectiveness of expressive writing program for women with breast cancer in Korea. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 42(2), 269-279.
- Pauley, P. M., Morman, M. T., & Floyd, K. (2011). Expressive writing improves subjective health among testicular cancer survivors: A pilot study. International Journal of Men's Health, 10(3), 199-219.
- Pennebaker, J. W. (Ed.). (1995). Emotion, disclosure, and health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166.
- Pennebaker, J. W., & Chung, C. K. (2007). Expressive writing, emotional upheavals, and health. In H. Friedman & R. Silver (Eds.), Handbook of health psychology (pp. 263-284). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Pennebaker, J. W., & Chung, C. K. (2011). Expressive writing: Connections to physical and mental health. . In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Oxford handbook of health psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 417-437.
- Pennebaker, J. W., Colder, M., & Sharp, L. K. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537.
- Pennebaker, J. W., Zech, E., & Rimé, B. (2001). Disclosing and sharing emotion: Psychological, social, and health consequences. In M.S. Stroebe, R.O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut . Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care. 517-544. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Petrie, K. P., Booth, R. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1998). The immunological effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1264-1272.
- Radcliffe, A. M., Lumley, M. A., Kendall, J., Stevenson, J. k., & Beltran, J. (2010) . Written Emotional Disclosure: Testing Whether Social Disclosure Matters. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(3), 362-384.
- Rime, B. (1995). Mental rumination, social sharing, and the recovery from emotional experience. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, & health. 271-291.
- Seih, Y., Chung, C.K., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2011). Experimental manipulations of perspective taking and perspective switching in expressive writing. Cognition and Emotion, 25, 926-938.
- Skoulos, V., Tryon, G. S. (2007). Social skills of adolescents in special education who display symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder. American Secondary Education, 35(2), 103-114.
- Slatcher, R. B., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). How do I love thee? Let me count the words: The social effects of expressive writing. Psychological Science, 17, 660-664.
- Slatcher, R. B., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2007). Emotional Expression and Health. In Susan Ayers, Andrew Baum, Chris McManus, Stanton Newman, Kenneth Wallston, John Weinman, & Robert West (Eds), Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine. 84-88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Smyth, J. M., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2001). What are the health effects of disclosure? In A. Baum, T. A. Revenson, & J. E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of Health Psychology (pp. 339 348). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate Publishers.
- Soldz, S., Budman, S., Demby, A., & Merry, J. (1993). Representation of personality disorders in circumplex and five-factor space: Explorations with a clinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 5, 41-52.
-Steiner, H. & Remsing, L. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(1), 126-141.
- Sutton, H. S., & Armando, J. (2008). Oppositional defiant disorder. American Family physician, 78(7), 861-868.
- Thimm, J. C. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems: A circumplex analysis of the YSQ-SF. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 13, 1, 113-124.
- Whitney, A., Brammer, B. & Steve, S. (2012). Impairment in Children With and Without ADHD: Contributions From Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Callous-Unemotional Traits. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16, 7,535-543.
- Wiggins, J. S. (Ed.). (2003). Paradigms of Personality Assessment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.