اثربخشی درمان فراشناختی (MCT) در تغییر سطح باورهای فراشناختی و نگرانی از تصویر بدنی دانش‌آموزان دختر افسرده

محورهای موضوعی : روانشناسی تربیتی

سیمین غلامرضایی ¹ , مهدی یوسف‌وند ² , فیروزه غضنفری ³ , علی‌اصغر فرخ زادیان ⁴

1 - استادیار گروه روانشناسی عمومی، گروه روانشناسی دانشگاه لرستان
2 - دانشجوی دکترای روانشناسی تربیتی، گروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران
3 - دانشیار گروه روانشناسی عمومی، گروه روانشناسی دانشگاه لرستان
4 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد خوارسگان، باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، اصفهان، ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1395/08/08 تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/04/26 تاریخ انتشار : 1396/12/01

کلید واژه: درمان فراشناختی, نگرانی از تصویر بدنی, باورهای فراشناختی مثبت, باورهای فراشناختی منفی,

چکیده مقاله :

هدف اصلی این پژوهش، تعیین میزان اثربخشی درمان فراشناختی (MCT) در تغییر سطح باورهای فراشناختی منفی و مثبت و نگرانی از تصویر بدنی (BICI) دانش آموزان دختر افسرده مقطع متوسطه دوم شهر خرم آباد بود. این پژوهش به صورت شبه تجربی بود که در آن از طرح پیش آزمون - پس آزمون با گروه کنترل استفاده شد. نمونه پژوهش 40 آزمودنی بود که از میان دانش آموزان دختر دبیرستانی دارای افسردگی شهر خرم آباد انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در گروه های آزمایش (درمان فراشناختی) و گواه گمارده شدند. در مرحله مداخله گروه آزمایش به مدت 9 جلسه 2 ساعته تحت درمان فراشناختی قرار گرفتند. در طی این مدت گروه کنترل هیچ نوع مداخله ای دریافت نکرد. برای جمع آوری داده ها از مقیاس تصویر بدنی (BII) فیشر (1979)، پرسشنامه افسردگی بک (1988) و مقیاس باورهای فراشناختی ولز وکاترایت – هاتن (۲۰۰۴) در مراحل پیش آزمون و پس آزمون برای دو گروه آزمایشی و گواه استفاده شد. داده های پژوهش با روش تحلیل کواریانس تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. تحلیل داده ها به کمک نرم افزار (SPSS.21) انجام گرفت. نتایج تحلیل کوواریانس تفاوت معنی داری بین دو گروه نشان داد. یافته ها حاکی از آن بود که درمان فراشناختی در کاهش نگرانی از تصویر بدنی (BICI) و باورهای فراشناختی منفی و همچنین افزایش باورهای فراشناختی مثبت، اثربخش است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Meta Cognitive Therapy in the level change of negative and positive Meta Cognitive beliefs and body image concern (BICI) of depressed female high school students in Khorramabad. This research was quasi-experimental with pretest - posttest and control group. The sample consisted of 40 subjects with depression selected fromamong female high school students in Khorramabad, and randomly assigned to an experimental group (Meta Cognitive Therapy) and a control group. the experimental group in Intervention stage received 9 sessions of 2 hours of Meta Cognitive Therapy. During this period, the control group received no intervention. To collect the data, Body Image Scale (BII) of Fisher (1979), Beck Depression scale (1988) and metacognitive beliefs of Welles and katrait - Hutton (2004), in the pre-test and post-test for both experimental and control groups were used. The research data were analyzed using spss 21 software (SPSS.21) and conducting ANCOVA. The covariance analysis showed significant differences between the two groups. The results showed that Meta Cognitive Therapy in reducing body image concern (BICI) and negative beliefs as well as increasing positive beliefs is effective.

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Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1996). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(16), 893-897.

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Gumley, A. (2011). Metacognitive therapy, affect regulation and symptom expression and deprission: A transdiagnostic perspective. Psychiatry Research, 190,1(30), 72-78

Hemdal, O., Hagen, R., Nordahl, H. M., & Wells, A. (2013). Metacognitive Therapy for depression and generalized anxiety disorder: nature, evidence and an individual case illustration. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20(3), 301-313.

Jackner, R. J., & Fresco, D. M. (2016). Interaction effect of brooding rumination and interceptive awareness on depression and anxiety symptoms. Behavior Research and Therapy, 85, 43-52.

Kamimura, A., Nourian, M., Assasnik, N., & Roa K. F. (2010). Depression and intimate partner. violence among college students in Iran. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 51-55.

Kamimura, A., Nourian, M., Assasnik, N., & Roa, K. F. (2010). Depression and intimate partner. violence among college students in Iran. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 51-55.

Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Gulliver, S. B., & Morissette, S. B. (2014). A 12-Month prospective study of the effects of PTSD depression comorbidity on.     suicidal behavior in Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. Psychiatry Research, 243, 97-99.

Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Gulliver, S. B., & Morissette, S.B. (2014). A 12-Month prospective study of the effects of PTSD depression comorbidity on.     suicidal behavior in Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. Psychiatry Research, 243, 97-99.

Liang, L., Zhou, D., Yuan, C., Shao, A., & Bian, Y. (2013).Gender differences in the relationship between internet addiction and depression: A cross-lagged study in Chinese adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 463-470.

Lima, M., & Foulce, T. (2014). Over general autobiographical memory at baseline predicts depressive symptoms at follow-up in patients with first-episode depression. Psychiatry Research, 243, 123-127.

Mahati, K., Bhagya, V., Christofer, T., Sneha, A., & Rao, B. S. (2015). Enriched environment ameliorates depression-induced cognitive deficits and restores abnormal hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 134, Part B, 379-391.

Marino, C., Vieno, A., Moss, A. C., Caselli, Ga., Nikčević Ana, V., & Spada, M. M. (2016). Personality, motives and metacognitions as predictors of problematic Facebook Use in university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 70-77.

Mohammadi, N., & Sajadinejad, M. S. (2007). The relationship between body image concern, negative evaluation concerns and self- esteem with female students’ social anxiety. Journal of Psychological Research, Tabriz, 13(1) 60-75 [In Persian].

Nam, B., Kim, J. Y., DeVylder, J. E., & Song, A. (2016). Family functioning, resilience, and depression among North Korean refugees. Psychiatry Research, 245, 451-457.

Narimani, K., & Aboulghasemi, A. (2005). Construction and validation to measure the amount of test anxiety in students of Ahvaz quarterly grade education, [Unpublished Masters̕ Thesis].  Shahid Chamran University [In Persian].

Papageorgiou C, Wells A. (2003). An Empirical Test of a Clinical Meta-Cognitive Model of Rumination and Depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 26- 273.

Quattropani, M. C., Lenzo, V., Massimo, M., & Mary, E. T. (2015). The Role of Metacognitions in Predicting Anxiety and Depression Levels in Cancer Patients Ongoing Chemotherapy. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 205(9), 463-473.

Rabiei, M., Sandra, M., Kalantari, M., Molavi, H., & Bahrami, F. (2012). Metacognitive therapy for body image concern dysmorphic disorder patients in Iran: Acceptability and proof of concept. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(2), 724-729 [In Persian].

Seidler, Z. E., Dawes, A. J., Rice, S. M., Oliffe, J. L., & Dhillon, H. M. (2016).The role of masculinity in men's help-seeking for depression: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 49, 106-118.

Sharifi Sangatash, S., Rafieinia, P., & Najafi, M. (2012). Meta-cognitive and meta-cognitive components of cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety and components of and generalized anxiety disorder and depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(16), 19-30 [In Persian].

Shimotsu, S., & Horikawa, N. (2014).Self-stigma in depressive patients: Association of cognitive schemata, depression, and self-esteem. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 24, 125-129.

Thielsch, C., Andor, T., & Ehring, T. (2015).Do Metacognitive therapy and Intolerance of Uncertainty Predict Worry in Everyday Life? An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. Behavior Therapy, 46(4), 532-543.

Voes, J. L., Lysaker, P. H., Francis, M. M., Hamm, J., Buck, K. D., Olesek, K., Outcalt, J., Dimaggio, G., Leonhardt, B., Liffick, E., Mehdiyoun, & N., Breier, A. (2014). Metacognitive therapy, social cognition, and symptoms in patients with first episode and prolonged psychoses. Schizophrenia Research, 153(1–3), 54-59.

Vogt, D., Waeldin, S., Hellhammer, D., & Meinlschmidt, G. (2013). The role of early adversity and recent life stress in depression severity in an outpatient sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 83, 61-70.

Wells, & Cater, - Haiten, (2004). Predictors of middle school students’ use of self-handicapping strategies. Journal of EarlyAdolescence, 15, 389-411.

Wells, A., Fisher, P., Samuel, M. & Trishnapatel. G. (2007). Meta-Cognitive therapy in Recurrent and Persistent Depression, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3): 291–300.

Wells, A., & King, M. (2006). Met Cognitive Therapy: A Practical Guide. (5^th ed.) New York, Guilford Press, Chichester, UK: Wiley.

Wells, A., & Matius, F. (2008). Metacognitive therapy in addictive behaviors. Guilford Press, eBook available.

Wells, A. (2008). Met Cognitive Therapy: A Practical Guide. 5t ed. New York, Guilford Press, Chichester, UK: Wiley.

Zanjani, Z., & Goudarzi, M. (2009). Investigating the reliability, validity and norm-finding test body image among students. Journal of Mental Health, 2(10), 149-155 [In Persian].

Aminian, M. (2010). Surveys and prevalence of eating disorders and body image. [Unpublished Masters̕ Thesis]. Ahvaz Islamic Azad University [In Persian].

Beak, A. T., Steer, R. A., Brown, G. K., & Beck, A. T. (1998). depression Inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychology, 4, 561-571.

Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1996). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(16), 893-897.

Fischer, B., Murphy, Y., Kurdyak, P., & Goldner, E. M. (2015). Depression – A major but. neglected consequence contributing to the health toll from prescription opioids?. Psychiatry Research, 243, 331-334.

Gumley, A. (2011). Metacognitive therapy, affect regulation and symptom expression and deprission: A transdiagnostic perspective. Psychiatry Research, 190,1(30), 72-78

Hemdal, O., Hagen, R., Nordahl, H. M., & Wells, A. (2013). Metacognitive Therapy for depression and generalized anxiety disorder: nature, evidence and an individual case illustration. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20(3), 301-313.

Jackner, R. J., & Fresco, D. M. (2016). Interaction effect of brooding rumination and interceptive awareness on depression and anxiety symptoms. Behavior Research and Therapy, 85, 43-52.

Kamimura, A., Nourian, M., Assasnik, N., & Roa K. F. (2010). Depression and intimate partner. violence among college students in Iran. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 51-55.

Kamimura, A., Nourian, M., Assasnik, N., & Roa, K. F. (2010). Depression and intimate partner. violence among college students in Iran. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 51-55.

Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Gulliver, S. B., & Morissette, S. B. (2014). A 12-Month prospective study of the effects of PTSD depression comorbidity on.     suicidal behavior in Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. Psychiatry Research, 243, 97-99.

Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Gulliver, S. B., & Morissette, S.B. (2014). A 12-Month prospective study of the effects of PTSD depression comorbidity on.     suicidal behavior in Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. Psychiatry Research, 243, 97-99.

Liang, L., Zhou, D., Yuan, C., Shao, A., & Bian, Y. (2013).Gender differences in the relationship between internet addiction and depression: A cross-lagged study in Chinese adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 463-470.

Lima, M., & Foulce, T. (2014). Over general autobiographical memory at baseline predicts depressive symptoms at follow-up in patients with first-episode depression. Psychiatry Research, 243, 123-127.

Mahati, K., Bhagya, V., Christofer, T., Sneha, A., & Rao, B. S. (2015). Enriched environment ameliorates depression-induced cognitive deficits and restores abnormal hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 134, Part B, 379-391.

Marino, C., Vieno, A., Moss, A. C., Caselli, Ga., Nikčević Ana, V., & Spada, M. M. (2016). Personality, motives and metacognitions as predictors of problematic Facebook Use in university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 70-77.

Mohammadi, N., & Sajadinejad, M. S. (2007). The relationship between body image concern, negative evaluation concerns and self- esteem with female students’ social anxiety. Journal of Psychological Research, Tabriz, 13(1) 60-75 [In Persian].

Nam, B., Kim, J. Y., DeVylder, J. E., & Song, A. (2016). Family functioning, resilience, and depression among North Korean refugees. Psychiatry Research, 245, 451-457.

Narimani, K., & Aboulghasemi, A. (2005). Construction and validation to measure the amount of test anxiety in students of Ahvaz quarterly grade education, [Unpublished Masters̕ Thesis].  Shahid Chamran University [In Persian].

Papageorgiou C, Wells A. (2003). An Empirical Test of a Clinical Meta-Cognitive Model of Rumination and Depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 26- 273.

Quattropani, M. C., Lenzo, V., Massimo, M., & Mary, E. T. (2015). The Role of Metacognitions in Predicting Anxiety and Depression Levels in Cancer Patients Ongoing Chemotherapy. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 205(9), 463-473.

Rabiei, M., Sandra, M., Kalantari, M., Molavi, H., & Bahrami, F. (2012). Metacognitive therapy for body image concern dysmorphic disorder patients in Iran: Acceptability and proof of concept. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(2), 724-729 [In Persian].

Seidler, Z. E., Dawes, A. J., Rice, S. M., Oliffe, J. L., & Dhillon, H. M. (2016).The role of masculinity in men's help-seeking for depression: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 49, 106-118.

Sharifi Sangatash, S., Rafieinia, P., & Najafi, M. (2012). Meta-cognitive and meta-cognitive components of cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety and components of and generalized anxiety disorder and depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(16), 19-30 [In Persian].

Shimotsu, S., & Horikawa, N. (2014).Self-stigma in depressive patients: Association of cognitive schemata, depression, and self-esteem. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 24, 125-129.

Thielsch, C., Andor, T., & Ehring, T. (2015).Do Metacognitive therapy and Intolerance of Uncertainty Predict Worry in Everyday Life? An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. Behavior Therapy, 46(4), 532-543.

Voes, J. L., Lysaker, P. H., Francis, M. M., Hamm, J., Buck, K. D., Olesek, K., Outcalt, J., Dimaggio, G., Leonhardt, B., Liffick, E., Mehdiyoun, & N., Breier, A. (2014). Metacognitive therapy, social cognition, and symptoms in patients with first episode and prolonged psychoses. Schizophrenia Research, 153(1–3), 54-59.

Vogt, D., Waeldin, S., Hellhammer, D., & Meinlschmidt, G. (2013). The role of early adversity and recent life stress in depression severity in an outpatient sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 83, 61-70.

Wells, & Cater, - Haiten, (2004). Predictors of middle school students’ use of self-handicapping strategies. Journal of EarlyAdolescence, 15, 389-411.

Wells, A., Fisher, P., Samuel, M. & Trishnapatel. G. (2007). Meta-Cognitive therapy in Recurrent and Persistent Depression, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3): 291–300.

Wells, A., & King, M. (2006). Met Cognitive Therapy: A Practical Guide. (5^th ed.) New York, Guilford Press, Chichester, UK: Wiley.

Wells, A., & Matius, F. (2008). Metacognitive therapy in addictive behaviors. Guilford Press, eBook available.

Wells, A. (2008). Met Cognitive Therapy: A Practical Guide. 5t ed. New York, Guilford Press, Chichester, UK: Wiley.

Zanjani, Z., & Goudarzi, M. (2009). Investigating the reliability, validity and norm-finding test body image among students. Journal of Mental Health, 2(10), 149-155 [In Persian].