Ethno-medicinal practices in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers in Kano state, north-western Nigeria
Subject Areas : Journal of Medicinal Herbs, "J. Med Herb" (Formerly known as Journal of Herbal Drugs or J. Herb Drug)
ساکینا سانی
1
,
بالا علیو
2
,
محمد هایاتو
3
,
موسی علیو
4
,
عبداللهی بلارابه نظیفی
5
,
یوسف نوهو
6
1 - گروه زیست شناسی ، دانشگاه علم و صنعت کانو ، وودیل ، کانو ، نیجریه
2 - گروه زیست شناسی گیاهی ، دانشگاه بایرو ، کانو ، نیجریه
3 - گروه زیست شناسی گیاهی ، دانشگاه بایرو ، کانو ، نیجریه
4 - گروه داروسازی و درمان ، دانشگاه بایرو ، کانو ، نیجریه
5 - گروه داروسازی و درمان ، دانشگاه بایرو ، کانو ، نیجریه
6 - گروه زیست شناسی گیاهی ، دانشگاه بایرو ، کانو ، نیجریه
Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Ethno-medicine, Herbalists, Kano state,
Abstract :
Background & Aim: Diabetic foot ulceration is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus that results in considerable ill health, financial burden and mortality. Many people in Nigeria utilize medicinal plants to treat diabetic foot ulcer and related complications, nonetheless, the utilization of such plants has not been acknowledged. This study was done to validate and document the medicinal plants used in the remedy of diabetic foot ulcer in Kano State, Nigeria.Experimental: The target group of the study were herbalists and diabetic foot ulcer patients. The ethnobotanical information was obtained from willing respondents through an oral interview and a semi-structured questionnaire.Results: A total of 300 respondents were consulted in this study, and they exposed the utilization of 36 medicinal plants against diabetic foot ulcer. The frequently used plant families were Fabaceae and Rhamnaceae. Stem bark and leaves were the commonly reported plant parts used. The methods of preparation are usually by decoction or pounding the plant parts into powder; and the preparations are administered via topical (51%), oral (27%) and topical/oral (19%) routes. Moringa oleifera, Anisopus manni and Cadaba farinosa were the first three frequently cited species, while Ficus glumosa, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Guiera senegalensis were among the most preferred medicinal plants. Approximately 92% have been reported to be pharmacologically active, while 36% have similar ethno-medical claims in certain regions of the world.Recommended applications/industries: This study revealed the ethno-medicinal practices against diabetic foot ulcer in Kano State. Scientific validation of the efficacy and safety of these plants would assist towards development of better drugs and integrating some of the species into orthodox medicine.
5407–5411
Abalaka, M.E., Daniyan, S.Y., and Mann, A. 2010. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of two Ziziphus species (Ziziphus mauritiana L. and Ziziphus spinachristi L.) on some microbial pathogens. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(4): 135–139.
Abdelgadir, H.A. and Staden, J.V. 2013. Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and toxicity of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae): A review. South African Journal of Botany, 88: 204–218.
Abou Khalil, N.S., Abou-Elhamd, A.S., Wasfy, S.I., El Mileegy, I.M., Hamed, M.Y. and Ageely, H.M. 2016. Antidiabetic and antioxidant impacts of Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) and Parsley (Petroselinum sativum) aqueous extracts: Lessons from experimental rats. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2016: 8408326.
Abubakar, A., Danjuma, N.M., Ben, A., Chindo, B.A. and Nazifi, A.B. 2018. Anti-hyperglycaemic activity of tuber extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium Baker in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, 56: 60–67.
Abubakar, U.S., Yusuf, K.M., Abdu, G.T., Saidu, S.R., Jamila, G.A. and Fatima, A. 2017. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used for management of pediatric ailments in Kano state, Nigeria. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy, 4(3): 29–39.
Aderogba, M.A., Okoh E.K. and Idowu, T.O. 2005. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the secondary metabolites from Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst. Journal of Biological Sciences, 5(2): 239–242.
Adewusi, E.A., Moodley, N. and Steenkamp, V. 2011. Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of selected Southern African medicinal plants. South African Journal of Botany, 77(3): 638–644.
Ads, E.N., Rajendrasozhan, S., Hassan, S.I., Sharawy, S.M.S and Humaidi, J.R. 2018. Phytochemical screening of different organic crude extracts from the stem bark of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.). Biomedical Research, 29(8): 1645–1652.
Agra, M.F., Freitas, P.F. and Barbosa-Filho, J.M. 2007. Synopsis of the plants known as medicinal and poisonous in Northeast of Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 17: 114–140.
Ahmadu, A.A., Hassan, H.S., Abubakar, M.U. and Akpulu, I.N. 2007. Flavonoid glycosides from Byrsocarpus coccineus leaves. Schum and Thonn (Connaraceae). African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 4(3): 257–260.
Ahmed, A.D., Maiha, B.B., Danjuma, N.M. and Nazifi, A.B. 2019. Methanol leaf extract of Albizia chevalieri Harms possesses anticonvulsant activity in acute and chronic models of epilepsy. Journal of Herbal Drugs, 10(1): 1–9.
Aiyeloja, A.A. and Bello, O.A. 2006. Ethnobotanical potentials of common herbs in Nigeria: A case study of Enugu State. Educational Research and Review, 1(1): 16–22.
Ajaib, M., Khan, Z. 2015. Chamaecrista mimosoides and Litsea glutinosa: New record to the flora of Pakistan. Biologia, 6(11): 1–6.
Alemika, T.E., Onawunmi, G.O. and Olugbade, T.A. 2004. Isolation and characterization of incensole from Boswellia dalzielii stem bark. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources, 1(1): 7–11.
Ali, A., Akhtar, N., Ali, B.K., Shoaib, M.K., Rasul, A., Shahiq-UZ-Zaman, Khalid, N., Waseem, K., Mahmood, T. and Ali, L. 2012. Acacia nilotica: A plant of multipurpose medicinal uses. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(9): 1492–1496.
Ali, M., Diso, S.U., Minjibir, A.A., Sani, J.A., Nas, F.S. and Yahya, A. 2017. Assessment of medicinal plants used in treatment of various ailments in Kano city Nigeria. Asian Journal of Bioresources and Technology, 2(4): 1–11.
Aliyu, A.B., Musa, A.M., Abdullahi, M.S., Ibrahim, M.A., Tijjani, M.B., Aliyu, M.S. and Oyewale, A.O. 2011. Activity of saponin fraction of Anisopus mannii against some pathogenic microorganisms. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(31): 6709–6713.
Alosaimi, F.D., Labani, R., Almasoud, N., Alhelali, N., Althawadi, L. and AlJahani, D.M. 2019. Associations of foot ulceration with quality of life and psychosocial determinants among patients with diabetes; a case control study. Journal of Foot Ankle and Research, 12(57): 1–11.
Al-Thobaiti, S.A. and Abu Zeid, I.M. 2018. Phytochemistry and pharmaceutical evaluation of Balanites aegyptiaca: an overview. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 6(3): 453–465.
Anani, K., Adjrah, Y., Améyapoh, Y., Karou, S.D., Agbonon, A., Souza, C.D. and Gbeassor, M. 2015. Antimicrobial activities of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Balanitaceae) on bacteria isolated from water well. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5(10): 52–58.
Assoi, S. and Wicker, L. 2020. Quality assessment of Borassus aethiopum Martfruit pulp pectin precipitated with various solvents. African Journal of Food Science, 14(8): 222–232.
Assoi, S., Konan, K., Agbo, G.N., Dodo, H., Holser, R. and Wicker, L. 2017. Palmyra palm (Borassus aethiopum Mart.) fruits: novel raw materials for the pectin industry. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(7): 2057–2067.
Ayanwuyi, L.O., Yaro, A.H. and Abodunde, O.M. 2010. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol stem bark extract of Prosopis africana. Pharmaceutical Biology, 48(3): 296–299.
Ayeni, M.J. and Kayode, J. 2019. Ethnobotanical survey of plants’ stem barks used in Kaduna State of Nigeria. International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine, 12: 23–34.
Batiha, G.E., Alkazmi, L.M., Wasef, L.G., Beshbishy, A.M., Nadwa, E.H. and Rashwan, E.K. 2020b. Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological activities. Biomolecules, 10(2): 202.
Batiha, G.E., Beshbishy, A.M., Wasef, L.G., Elewa, Y.H.A., Al-Sagan, A.A., Abd El-Hack, M.E., Taha, A.E., Abd-Elhakim, Y.M. and Devkota, H.P. 2020a. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review. Nutrients, 12(872): 1–21.
Burton, A., Smith, M. and Falkenberg, T. 2015. Building WHO’s global strategy for traditional medicine. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 7: 13–15.
Chaabi, M., Benayache, S., Benayache, F., N’Gom, S., Koné, M., Anton, R., Weniger, B. and Lobstein, A. 2008. Triterpenes and polyphenols from Anogeissus leiocarpus (Combretaceae). Biochemical Systematics Ecology, 36: 59–62.
Chothani, D.L. and Vaghasiya, H.U. 2011. A review on Balanites aegyptiaca Del (desert date): phytochemical constituents, traditional uses, and pharmacological activity. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 5(9): 55–62.
Christenhusz, M.J.M. and Byng, J.W. 2016. The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa, 261(3): 201–217.
Christian, A.G., Monday, U.P., Linus, A.J., Chukwuma, E.B., Alozie, O.O., Ikenna, G.S. and Ikechukwu, N.K. 2015. Ulcer protective effect of Byrsocarpus coccineus leaf extract in different experimental animal models. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 3(9): 728–732.
Dada, O.K., Akindele, A.J., Morakinyo, O.A., Sofidiya, M.O. and Ota, D. 2013. Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus Schumach. & Thonn. (Connaraceae). Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 11(6): 628−637.
Danbatta, S.H. and Aliyu, B.S. 2011. A survey of major ethno medicinal plants of Kano North, Nigeria, their knowledge and uses by traditional healers. Bayero Journal of Pure Applied Sciences, 4(2): 28–35.
Dandashire, B.S., Magashi, A.M., Abdulkadir, B., Abbas, M.A., Goni, M.D. and Yakubu, A. 2019. Toxicological studies and bioactivity-guided identification of antimicrobially active compounds from crude aqueous stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 6(2): 183–192.
de Albuquerque, R.D., Perini, J.A., Machado, D.E., Angeli-Gamba, T., Esteves, R.D., Santos, M. G., Oliveira, A.P. and Rocha, L. 2016. Wound healing activity and chemical standardization of Eugenia pruniformis Cambess. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 12(48): 288–294.
de Albuquerque, U.P., Muniz de Medeiros, P., de Almeida, A.L., Monteiro, J.M., Machado de Freitas Lins Neto, E., Gomes de Melo, J. and dos Santos, J.P. 2007. Medicinal plants of the Caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation of NE Brazil: a quantitative approach. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 114(3): 325–354.
Delshad, E., Tavakkoli-Kakhki, M. and Motavasselian, M. 2017. Successful repair of diabetic foot ulcer with honey-based treatment: A case report. Iran Red Crescent Medical Journal, 19(3): e41939.
Dirar, A.I., Adhikari-Devkota, A., Mahadi, M.D.H., Wada, M., Watanabe, T. and Prasad, H.D. 2019. Phenolic compounds as potent free radical scavenging and enzyme inhibitory components from the leaves of Guiera senegalensis. Natural Product Communications, 14(6): 1–4.
El-Sharawy, R.T., Elkhateeb, A., Marzouk, M.M., Abd El-Latif, R.R., Abdelrazig, S.E. and El-Ansari, M.A. 2017. Antiviral and antiparasitic activities of clovamide: the major constituent of Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight et Arn. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 7(9): 219–223.
Everett, E. and Mathioudakis, N. 2018. Update on management of diabetic foot ulcers. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1411(1): 153–165.
Ezekiel, J.S. and Tadzabia, K. 2015. Phytochemical analysis and biological assay of the methanolic leaf extract of Cadaba farinosa Forsk (Capparidaceae). International Journal of Advanced Research, 3(10): 1368–1375.
Ezike, A.C., Akah, P.A., Okoli, C.O., Udegbunam, S., Okwume, N., Okeke, C. and Iloani, O. 2010. Medicinal plants used in wound care: A study of Prosopis africana (Fabaceae) stem bark. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 72(3): 334–339.
Fajemiroye, J.O., Adam, K., Jordan, K.Z., Alves, C.E. and Aderoju, A.A. 2018. Evaluation of anxiolytic and antidepressant-like activity of aqueous leaf extract of Nymphaea lotus Linn. in mice. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 17(2): 613–626.
Fingesi, U.I., Buochuma, A. and Abdulrahman, Q.A. 2018. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in treating viral infection in Saki west Local Government Area, Oyo state, Nigeria. World News of Natural Sciences, 17: 89–101.
Fouad, E.A., Abu Elnaga, A. and Kandil, M.M. 2019. Antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against pyogenic bacteria isolated from a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) abscess. Veterinary World, 12(6): 802–808.
Fredotovic, Z., Šprung, M., Soldo, B., Ljubenkov, I., Budi´c-Leto, I., Bilušic, T., Vedrana, Cikeš-Culic, V. and Puizina, J. 2017. Chemical composition and biological activity of Allium cepa L. and Allium cornutum (Clementi ex Visiani 1842) methanolic extracts. Molecules, 22(448): 1–13.
Furtado, A.A., Torres-Rêgo, M., Lima, M., Bitencourt, M., Estrela, A.B., Souza da Silva, N., da Silva Siqueira, E.M., Tomaz, J.C., Lopes, N.P., Silva-Júnior, A.A., Zucolotto, S.M. and Fernandes-Pedrosa, M.F. 2016. Aqueous extract from Ipomoea asarifolia (Convolvulaceae) leaves and its phenolic compounds have anti-inflammatory activity in murine models of edema, peritonitis and air-pouch inflammation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 192: 225–235.
Gadanya, A.M. and Muhammad, S.U. 2018. Hypolipidemic effect of oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of Senna occidentalis in rats. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences, 15(1): 68–72.
Gbolade, A.A. 2009. Inventory of antidiabetic plants in selected districts of Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 121: 135–139.
Gezawa, I.D., Ugwu, E.T., Ezeani, I., Adeleye, O., Okpe, I. and Enamino, M. 2019. Anemia in patients with diabetic foot ulcer and its impact on disease outcome among Nigerians: Results from the MEDFUN study. PLoS ONE, 14(12): e0226226.
Gothai, S., Arulselvan, P., Tan, W.S. and Fakurazi, S. 2016. Wound healing properties of ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 5(1): 1–6.
Haruna, A., Mann, A. and Ogbadoyi, E.O. 2017. Phytochemical composition and antitrypanosomal activity of leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata (Pers) Decne. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 10(2): 292–299.
Inngjerdinge, K., Sogn, C.N., Diallo, D., Pierre, P.M. and Smestad, B.P. 2004. An ethnopharmacological survey of plants used for wound healing in Dogonland, Mali, West Africa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92: 233–244.
International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2019. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th Edition. International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium. pp. 1-176.
Ito, N., Nihei, T., Kakuda, R., Yaoita, Y. and Kikuchi. M. 2006. Five new phenylethanoid glycosides from the whole plants of Lamium purpureum L. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 54(12): 1705–1708.
Jain, S. and Patil, U.K. 2010. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Cassia tora Linn- an overview. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 1(10): 430–437.
Kameni, P.M., Dzeufiet, D.P.D. and Kamtchouing P. 2017. A review of the pharmacological potential of the water lily Nymphaea lotus. Modern Application of Bioequivalence and Biovailability, 1(5): 1–3.
Kankara, S.S., Ibrahim, M.H., Mustafa, M., Go, R. 2015. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for traditional maternal healthcare in Katsina state, Nigeria. South African Journal of Botany, 97: 165–175.
Kankara, S.S., Sani, D., Mustafa, M., Ibrahim, M.H. and Go, R. 2017. Acacia nilotica pods’ water extract enhances wound healing in Sprague-Dawley rats by alleviating oxidative stress and suppressing proinflammatory cytokines. Nigerian Journal of Scientific Research, 16(2): 202–210.
Kwazo, H.A., Faruq, U.Z., Dangoggo, S.S., Malami, B.S. and Moronkola, D.O. 2015. Antimicrobial screening of crude water extract of the stem bark of Ficus glumosa. Scientific Research and Essays, 10(5): 177–183.
Lakshmi, S.S., Chelladurai, G. and Suresh, B. 2016. In vitro studies on medicinal plants used against bacterial diabetic foot ulcer (BDFU) and urinary tract infected (UTI) causing pathogens. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 40(3): 667–673.
Lau, T.W., Chan, Y.W, Lau, C.P., Lau, K.M., Lau, C.B., Fung, K.P., Leung, P.C. and Ho, Y.Y. 2009. Radix astragali and Radix rehmanniae, the principal components of two antidiabetic foot ulcer herbal formulae, elicit viability-promoting effects on primary fibroblasts cultured from diabetic foot ulcer tissues. Phytotherapy Research, 23(6): 809–815.
Mahanthesh, M.C., Manjappa, A.S., Sherikar, A.S., Disouza, J.I. and Shinde, M.V. 2019. Biological activities of Cassia occidentalis Linn: a systematic review. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(9): 100–117.
Mahibalan, S., Stephen, M., Nethran, R.T., Khan, R. and Begum, S. 2016. Dermal wound healing potency of single alkaloid (Betaine) versus standardized crude alkaloid enriched-ointment of Evolvulus alsinoides. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(12): 2851–2856.
Mamman, A. and Isa, M.A. 2013. Phytochemical and antibacterial activity of leave extracts of Guiera senegalensis Lam on selected species of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. International Journal of Environment, 2(1): 262–268.
Mann, A., Yahaya, Y., Banso, A. and Ajayi, G.O. 2008. Phytochemical and antibacterial screening of Anogeissus leiocarpus against some microorganisms associated with infectious wounds. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2: 60–62.
Marrelli, M., Amodeo, V., Statti, G. and Conforti, F. 2018. Biological properties and bioactive components of Allium cepa L.: Focus on potential benefits in the treatment of obesity and related comorbidities. Molecules, 24(1): 119.
Martin, G.J. 1995. Ethnobotany: A methods manual. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. pp. 123-124.
Mbiantcha, M., Khalid, R., Atsamo, D.A., Njoku, I.S., Mehreen, A., Ateufack, G., Hamza, D., Nana W.Y, Naeem, R.U. and Izhar, A. 2020. Anti-hypernociceptive effects of methanol extract of Boswellia dalzielii on STZ-induced diabetic neuropathic pain. Advances in Traditional Medicine, 20: 405–417.
Mesa, L.E., Lutgen, P., Velez, I.D., Segura, A.M. and Robledo, S.M. 2015. Artemisia annua L., potential source of molecules with pharmacological activity in human diseases. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, 3(5): 436–450.
Miaffo, D., Ntchapda, F., Guessom Kamgue, O., Talba Abba, M. and Kamanyi, A. 2020. Glucose-lowering potential of Guiera senegalensis roots in a diabetic rat model. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 10(6): 653–663.
Mongalo, N.I., Mashel, S.S. and Makhafola, T.J. 2020. Ziziphus mucronata Willd. (Rhamnaceae): its botany, toxicity, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Heliyon, 6(4): e03708.
Muhammad, H.I., Asmawi, M.Z. and Khan, N.A.K. 2016. A review on promising phytochemical, nutritional and glycemic control studies on Moringa oleifera Lam. in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6(10): 896–902.
Musara, C., Aladejana, E.B., Mudyiwa, S.M., and Karavina, C. 2020. Parkia biglobosa (Mimosaceae): Botany, uses, phytochemical properties and pharmacological potential. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 10: 101–115.
Nadkarni, K.M. 2009. Indian Materia Medica. Vol 1. Popular Prakashan, Bombay, pp. 811–816.
Nazifi, A.B, Danjuma, N.M, Olurishe, T.O. and Ya’u, J. 2017. Behavioural effects of methanol stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii Hutch (Burseraceae) in mice. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 20(1): 103–108.
Negbenebor, H.E., Shehu, K., Mukhtar, M.F., Oiza, A.Z., Nura, S. and Fagwalaw, L.D. 2017. Ethno botanical survey of medicinal plants used by Hausa people in the management of diabetes mellitus in Kano metropolis, northern Nigeria. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 18(2): 1–10.
Nepolean, P., Anitha, J. and Renitta, R.E. 2009. Isolation, analysis and identification of phytochemicals of antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. Current Biotica, 3(1): 33–39.
Neuwinger, H.D. 1996. African ethnobotany poisons and drugs: chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman & Hall, London.
Nongmaithem, M., Bawa, A.P.S., Pithwa, A.K., Bhatia, S.K., Singh, G. and Gooptu, S. 2016. A study of risk factors and foot care behavior among diabetics. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 5(2): 399–403.
Noté, O.P., Messi, L.M., Mbing, J.N., Azouaou, S.A., Sarr, M., Guillaume, D., Muller, C.D., Pegnyemb, D.E. and Lobstein, A. 2017. Pro-apoptotic activity of acylated triterpenoid saponins from the stem bark of Albizia chevalieri Harms. Phytochemistry Letters, 22: 95–101.
Ntchapda, F., Abakar, D., Kom, B., Nana, P., Hamadjida, A. and Dim, T. 2014. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity assessment of the aqueous extract leaves of Ficus glumosa Del. (Moraceae) in rodents. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 3(4): 206–213.
Nwafor, F.I., Tchimene, M.K., Onyekere, P.F., Nweze, O.N. and Orabueze, I.C. 2018. Ethnobiological study of traditional medicine practices for the treatment of chronic leg ulcer in south eastern Nigeria. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 17(1): 34–42.
Ogunkunle, A.T.J. and Ladejobi, T.A. 2020. Ethnobotanical and phytochemical studies on some species of Senna in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(21): 2020–2023.
Oguntibeju, O.O. 2019. Medicinal plants and their effects on diabetic wound healing, Veterinary World, 12(5): 653–663.
Ohemu, T.L., Agunu, A., Olotu, P.N., Ajima, U., Dafam, D.G. and Azila J.J. 2014. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of viral infections in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 4(2): 74–81.
Orlando, G., Ferrante, C., Zengin, G., Sinan, I., Bene, K., Diuzheva, A., Jekő, J., Cziáky, Z., Di Simone, S., Recinella, L., Chiavaroli, A., Leone, S., Brunetti, L., Picot-Allain, C.M.N., Mahomoodally, M.F. and Menghini, L. 2019. Qualitative chemical characterization and multidirectional biological investigation of leaves and bark extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae). Antioxidants, 8(343): 1–29.
Oscar, N.D.Y., Desire, S., Olivier, N.E., Mala Opono M.T.G. and Barthelemy, N. 2018. Fatty alcohols isolated from Prosopis africana and evaluation of antibacterial and antituberculosis activities. Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants, 4(5): 128–132.
Palejkar, C.J., Palejkar, J.H., Patel, A.J. and Patel, M.A. 2012. A plant review on Ziziphus mauritiana. International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 2(2): 202–211.
Patil, D., Roy, S., Dahake, R., Rajopadhye, S., Kothari, S., Deshmukh, R. and Chowdhary, A. 2013. Evaluation of Jatropha curcas Linn. leaf extracts for its cytotoxicity and potential to inhibit hemagglutinin protein of influenza virus. Indian Journal of Virology, 24(2): 220–226.
Picerno, P., Mencherini, T., Della, R., Loggia Meloni, M., Sanogo, R. and Aquino, R.P. 2006. An extract of Lannea microcarpa: composition, activity and evaluation of cutaneous irritation in cell cultures and reconstituted human epidermis. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 58: 981–988.
Prashar, A., Locke, I.C. and Evans, C.S. 2006. Cytotoxicity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil and its major components to human skin cells. Cell Proliferation, 39(4): 241–248.
Rajan, D.S., Rajkumar, M., Kumarappan, C.T. and Kumar, K.L.S. 2013. Wound healing activity of an herbal ointment containing the leaf extract of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7(3): 98–103.
Sabo, V.A. and Knezevic, P. 2019. Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. plant extracts and essential oils: A review. Industrial Crops and Products, 132: 413–429.
Sakande, J., Rouet-benzineb, P., Devaud, H., Nikiema, J.B., Lompo, M., Nacoulma, O.G., Guissou, I.P. and Bado, A. 2011. Dichloromethane-methanol extract from Borassus aethiopum Mart. (Arecaceae) induces apoptosis of human colon cancer Ht-29 cells. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 14: 578–583.
Salihu, T., Olukunle, J.O., Adenubi, O.T., Mbaoji, C. and Zarma, M.H. 2018. Ethnomedicinal plant species commonly used to manage arthritis in North-West Nigeria. South African Journal of Botany, 118: 33–43.
Sanda, K.A., Sandabe, U.K., Auwal, M.S., Bulama, I., Bashir, T.M., Sanda, F.A. and Mairiga, A. 2013. Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic profile of the aqueous root extracts of Leptadenia hastata in albino rats. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 16(4): 190–194.
Sani, S.B., Aliyu, B.S., Haruna, M., Yahya, S.M., Mardiyya, A.Y., Ajingi, Y.S., Wada, L.H. and Abba, H. 2019. Local plants and diabetes management: folkloric practices in metropolitan Kano, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 12(1): 268–273.
Shekar, C., Nagarajappa, R., Singh, R. and Thakur, R. 2015. Antimicrobial efficacy of Acacia nilotica, Murraya koenigii L. Sprengel, Eucalyptus hybrid, and Psidium guajava on primary plaque colonizers: an in vitro comparison between hot and cold extraction process. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 19(2): 174–179.
Shinkafi, TS, Bello L, Hassan, SW and Ali, S. (2015). An ethnobotanical survey of antidiabetic plants used by Hausa-Fulani tribes in Sokoto, Northwest Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 172(22): 91–99.
Sobeh, M., Mahmoud, M.F., Hasan, R.A., Cheng, H., El-Shazly, A.M. and Wink, M. 2017. Senna singueana: Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiapoptotic properties and phytochemical profiling of a methanol bark extract. Molecules, 2(1502): 1–15.
Stephen, N.M., Wycliffe, A.M., Alex, M.K., Joseph, N.J.N. and Eliud, N.N.M. 2017. In vivo antidiabetic activity of aqueous and ethyl acetate leaf extract of Senna singuena (Delile) in alloxan induced diabetic mice. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 6(2): 84–92.
Su, X., Liu, X., Wang, S., Li, B., Pan, T., Liu, D., Wang, F., Diao, Y. and Li, K. 2017. Wound-healing promoting effect of total tannins from Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. in rats. Burns, 43(4): 830–838.
Tanvir, E.M., Afroz, R., Karim, N., Mottalib, A., Hossain, I., Islam, A., Gan, S.H. and Khalil, I. 2015. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanolic extract of BAU Kul (Ziziphus mauritiana), an improved variety of fruit from Bangladesh. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 39(2): 139–147.
Tardıo, J. and Pardo-de-Santayana, M., 2008. Cultural importance indices: a comparative analysis based on the useful wild plants of Southern Cantabria (Northern Spain). Economic Botany, 62(1): 24–39.
Telrandhe, U.B. and Uplanchiwar, V. 2013. Phyto-pharmacological Perspective of Cadaba farinosa Forsk. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, 1: 11–22.
Teman, T. and Dillo, A. 2016. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Mirab-Badwacho district, Ethiopia. Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 5(2): 151–158.
Thakur, R. Jain, N., Pathak, R. and Sandhu, S.S. 2011. Practices in wound healing studies of plants. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 438056: 1–17.
Tiwary, R., Tripathi, J.N. and Dwivedi, K.N. 2011. Effect of medicinal plants on wound healing in diabetics. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 4(1): 189–194.
Tor-Anyiin, T.A., Igoli, J.O., Anyam, J.V. and Anyam, J.N. Isolation and antimicrobial activity of sarracenin from root bark of Strychnos spinosa. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 40(1): 71–75.
Tringali, C., Spatafora, C. and Longo, O.D. 2000. Bioactive constituents of the bark of Parkia biglobosa. Fitoterapia, 71(2): 118–125.
Tugume, P., Kakudidi, K.E., Buyinza, M., Namaalwa, J., Kamatenesi, M., Mucunguzi, P. and Kalema, J., 2016. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plant species used by communities around Mabira Central Forest Reserve. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 12(5): 2–28.
Tula, M.Y., Danchal, T.B., Iruolaje, F.O. and Onyeje, G.A. 2014. Studies on phytochemical constituents and antibacterial potentials of extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca (Del.) parts on antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(7): 854–864.
Ugwu, E., Adeleye, O., Gezawa, I., Okpe, I., Enamino, M. and Ezeani, I. 2019. Burden of diabetic foot ulcer in Nigeria: current evidence from the multicenter evaluation of diabetic foot ulcer in Nigeria. World Journal of Diabetes, 10(3): 200–211.
Ukwade, C.E., Ebuehi, O.A.T., Adisa, R.A., Singh, S.A. and Singh, R. 2020. Anti-proliferative activities of Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum. and Thonn. (Connaraceae) using ovarian cancer cell lines. Journal of Ovarian Research, 13: 83.
Umair, M., Altaf, M. and Abbasi, A.M. 2017. An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 12(6): e0177912.
Umar, Z.U., Moh’d, A. and Tanko, Y. 2013. Effects of ethanol leaf extract of Ficus glumosa on fasting blood glucose and serum lipid profile in diabetic rats. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences, 28(1): 99–104.
van de Venter, M., Roux, S., Bungu, L.C., Louw, J., Crouch, N.R., Grace, O.M., Maharaj, V., Pillay, P., Sewnarian, P., Bhagwandin, N. and Folb, P. 2008. Antidiabetic screening and scoring of 11 plants traditionally used in South Africa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 119(1): 81–86.
Vergun, O.M., Grygorieva, O.V., Brindza, J., Shymanska, O.V., Rakhmetov, D.B., Seldackova, V.H., Korablova, O.A., Fishchenko, V.V. and Ivanisova E. 2019. Content of phenolic compounds in plant raw of Cichorium intybus L., Lamium purpureum L. and Viscum album L. Plant Introduction, 3: 87–96.
Victor, Y.A.B., Boye, A. and Ayaba, S. 2013. Phytochemical Screening and assessment of wound healing activity of the leaves of Anogeissus leiocarpus. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(4): 18–25.
Walsh, J.W., Hoffstad, O.J., Sullivan, M.O. and Margolis, D.J. 2016. Association of diabetic foot ulcer and death in a population-based cohort from the United Kingdom. Diabetic Medicine, 33(11): 1493–1498.
World Health Organization (WHO) 2013. World Health Organization strategy on traditional Medicine 2014-2023, Geneva, Switzerland.
Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L. and Piao, G., 2016. The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. Molecules, 21(5): 559.
Zaruwa, M.Z., Manosroi, A., Akihisa, T., Manosroi, W., Rangdaeng, S. and Manosroi, J. 2013. Hypoglycemic activity of the Anisopus mannii N.E.Br. methanolic leaf extract in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 10(1): 37–46.
Zaruwa, M.Z., Manosroi, J., Akihisa, T. and Manosroi, A. 2018. Manosrin a new hypoglycaemic compound from Anisopus mannii N.E.Br. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 2(8): 72–78.
Zerbo, A., Koudou, J., Ouédraogo, N., Ouédraogo, R. and Guissou, I.P. 2010. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst extracts. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(33):