اثر شوری و کلسیم تکمیلی بر رشد، غلظت برخی عناصر غذایی و کیفیت میوه گوجه فرنگی تحت شرایط آبکشت
محورهای موضوعی : کشاورزی و محیط زیستابوالفضل آزادی 1 * , عبدالمجید رونقی 2 , زهرا احمدی 3 , مجتبی صدری 4 , زهرا اسدی 5 , صابر حیدری 6
1 - استادیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استاد بخش علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز .
3 - دانشجویان سابق کارشناسی ارشد بخش علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز.
4 - دانشجویان سابق کارشناسی ارشد بخش علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز.
5 - دانشجویان سابق کارشناسی ارشد بخش علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز.
6 - استادیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی جنوب کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش وترویج کشاورزی، جیرفت، ایران.
کلید واژه: آبکشت, کلرید سدیم, عناصر کم مصرف, گوجه فرنگی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف:تنش شوری از مشکلات اساسی در تولید محصول در کشاورزی بوده و نقش مهمی در کاهش رشد گوجه فرنگی دارد. غلظت مناسب کلسیم در شرایط شوری عامل مهمی در کنترل سمیت سدیم و کلر و افزایش عملکرد گیاهان حساس به این یون ها خصوصا گوجه فرنگی است. این پژوهش با هدف تعیین اثر شوری و کلسیم تکمیلی بر رشد، غلظت برخی عناصر غذایی و کیفیت میوه گوجه فرنگی تحت شرایط آبکشت انجام گرفته است. روش بررسی: بدین منظور، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و با سه تکرار در سال 90-89 در گلخانه بخش خاکشناسی دانشگاه شیراز انجام گرفت. تیمار های مورد استفاده شامل: سه سطح شوری (0، 10 و 20 میلی مولار) از منبع کلرید سدیم و سه سطح کلسیم (0، 5 و 10 میلی مولار) از منبع نیترات کلسیم بود. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که افزودن کلسیم تکمیلی در شرایط شور به محلول غذایی، از اثرات منفی شوری و زیادی سدیم و کلر بر رشد گوجه فرنگی میکاهد. اگرچه این کلسیم تکمیلی سبب بهبود رشد و عملکرد میوه نگردید، ولی می تواند به عنوان یک عامل رقابتی در جذب سایر کاتیون ها توسط گیاه نیز عمل کند. بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که افزودن کلرید سدیم به محلول غذایی بر وزن خشک ریشه و شاخساره گوجه فرنگی تأثیر منفی داشته ولی تنها در ریشه این کاهش وزن معنی دار بود (72/25 درصد نسبت به نمونه شاهد). افزایش شوری باعث کاهش میزان نیتروژن شاخساره گردید. تغییرات پتاسیم در شاخساره معنی دار نبود اما در ریشه با افزایش شوری و کلسیم، جذب پتاسیم کاهش یافت. کمترین جذب پتاسیم در ریشه مربوط به تیمار با شوری 20 میلی مولار و بدون کلسیم تکمیلی بدست آمد تیمار کلرید سدیم (شوری) سبب افزایش غلظت سدیم ریشه و شاخساره گردید و کاربرد کلسیم تکمیلی غلظت سدیم در آنها را کاهش داد. بیشترین میزان جذب منیزیم در شاخساره در تیمار شوری 20 میلی مولار و بدون کلسیم بود و کمترین میزان جذب منیزیم در تیمار بدون شوری با کلسیم 10 میلی مولار بوده است. شوری سبب افزایش معنی دار غلظت منگنز، روی و مس در شاخساره و افزایش روی در ریشه گردید.
Background and Objective: Soil salinity is one of the important stresses in agricultural production and plays an important role in reducing the growth of crops such as tomatoes. The proper concentration of calcium in salinity conditions is an important factor in controlling sodium and chlorine toxicity and increasing the yield of sensitive plants especially tomatoes. This research was carried out to study the effect of salinity and supplemental calcium on growth, concentration of some nutrients and fruit quality of tomato under hydroponic conditions. Method: For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted on the based on a completely randomized design with three replications in year 89-90 in the greenhouse of the Soil Science Department of Shiraz University. The treatments consisted of three levels of salinity (0, 10 and 20 mM) from sodium chloride and three levels of calcium (0, 5 and 10 mM) from calcium nitrate source. Findings: The results showed that the application of supplemental calcium in saline conditions to the nutrient solution reduced the negative effects of salinity and high sodium and chloride on tomato growth, although this supplemental calcium did not improve the growth and yield of the fruit, but could be considered as a competitive factor in the absorption of other cations by the plant. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the sodium chloride had a negative effect on root and shoot dry weight, but this weight loss was significant only for the root (25.77% decrease compared to the control sample). Increasing salinity reduced the amount of nitrogen in the shoots. Changes in potassium were not significant in shoots, but in the root with increasing salinity and calcium, potassium absorption decreased. The lowest potassium uptake in the root was obtained from treatment with salinity of 20 mM and no supplemental calcium. Sodium chloride (salinity) treatment increased root and shoot sodium concentrations, and supplementation of calcium reduced the sodium concentration in them. The highest amount of magnesium absorption in shoots was in salinity treatment (20 mM) and without calcium, and the lowest magnesium adsorption was in non-saline treatments with 10 mM calcium. Salinity increased the concentration of manganese, zinc and copper in shoots and increased zinc in the root.
- Sajjadinia, A. R., Ershadi, A., Roosta, H. R., 2010. Comparison of eco-physiological characteristics of pepper in hydroponic and aquaponic systems. ejgcst. Vol.1 (2), pp. 1-8. (In Persian)
- Carvajal, M., V. Martínez., A. Cerdá.,1999. Influence of magnesium and salinity on tomato plants grown in hydroponic culture. Journal of Plant Nutrition. Vol.22(1), pp.177-190.
- van, Os. E., C. Blok., W. Voogt., L. Waked., 2016. Water quality and salinity aspects in hydroponic cultivation. WUR Glastuinbouw.
- FAOSTAT. http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E.
- Correia, F.N.,1999. Water resources in the Mediterranean region. Water International. Vol. 24(1), pp. 22-30.
- Sonneveld, C., 2000. Effects of salinity on substrate grown vegetables and ornamentals in greenhouse horticulture. Ph.D. Dissertation. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 151 pp.
- Homme, M., 1381. The reaction of plants to salinity. Iran Irrigation and Drainage Committee, Tehran.(In Persian)
- Adams, P., Ho. L.,1989. Effects of constant and fluctuating salinity on the yield, quality and calcium status of tomatoes. Journal of Horticultural Science. 64(6):725-732.
- Parida, A.K., A.B Das., 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol.60(3), pp.324-349.
- Li ,Y.L, C. Stanghellini., H. Challa., 2001. Effect of electrical conductivity and transpiration on production of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Scientia Horticulturae. Vol. 88(1), pp.11-29.
- Adams, P., 1991. Effects of increasing the salinity of the nutrient solution with major nutrients or sodium chloride on the yield, quality and composition of tomatoes grown in rockwool. Journal of Horticultural Science. Vol. 66(2), pp.201-207.
- Karlberg, L., A. Ben-Gal., P-E. Jansson., U. Shani., 2006. Modelling transpiration and growth in salinity-stressed tomato under different climatic conditions. Ecological Modelling. Vol.190(1-2), pp. 15-40.
- Hajer, A., A.A. Malibari., H.S. Al-Zahrani., O.A. Almaghrabi., 2006. Responses of three tomato cultivars to sea water salinity 1. Effect of salinity on the seedling growth. African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 5(10), pp. 855-861.
- Dalvand, S., N. Alemzadeh Ansari., M.H. Mortazavi., 2016 Effect of Soilless Substrates on Fruit Quality of Four Greenhouse TomatoCultivars. Journal of Iranian Horticultural Science and Technology. Vol. 17 (4), pp. 377-88. (In Persian)
- Safarzadeh Shirazi, S., Ronaghi, A. M., Gholami, A. S., Zahedifar, M., 2010. The Influence of salinity and nitrogen on tomato fruit quality and micronutrients concentration in hydroponic culture. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture Soilless Culture Research Center. Vol. 1 (3), pp.11-22. (In Persian)
- Ting, S., R.L. Rouseff., 1986. Citrus fruits and their products: analysis, technology: Dekker.
- Kaya, C., H. Kirnak., D. Higgs., K. Saltali.,2002. Supplementary calcium enhances plant growth and fruit yield in strawberry cultivars grown at high (NaCl) salinity. Scientia Horticulturae. Vol. 93(1), pp.65-74.
- Navarro, J.M., V. Martı́nez., M. Carvajal.,2000. Ammonium, bicarbonate and calcium effects on tomato plants grown under saline conditions. Plant Science. Vol. 157(1),pp. 89-96.
- Chatzissavvidis, C., I. Papadakis., I. Therios., 2008. Effect of calcium on the ion status and growth performance of a citrus rootstock grown under NaCl stress. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. Vol. 54(6), pp.910-915.
- Greenway, H., and R. Munns., 1980. Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, Vol. 31(1), pp.149-90.
- Hasegawa, P.M., R.A. Bressan., J-K. Zhu., H.J. Bohnert., 2000. Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annual Review of Plant Biology. Vol.51, pp. 463-499.
- Martinez, V., N. Bernstein., A. Läuchli.,1996. Salt‐induced inhibition of phosphorus transport in lettuce plants. Physiologia Plantarum. Vol.97(1), pp.118-122.
- Khorshidi. M., M. Yarnia., and D. Hassanpanah., 2009.. Salinity effect on nutrients accumulation in alfalfa shoots in hydroponic condition. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment.Vol. 7, pp.787-90.
- Cramer, G.R., A. Läuchli., V.S. Polito.,1985. Displacement of Ca2+ by Na+ from the plasmalemma of root cells: A primary response to salt stress? Plant Physiology.Vol. 79(1), pp. 207-11.
- Marschner, H. 1992. Mineral nutrition of higher plants., 2nd edn (Academic Press: London). 1995.
- Mass, E., G. Ogata., and M. Garber., 1972. Influence of Salinity on Fe, Mn, and Zn Uptake by Plants 1. Agronomy journal. Vol.64(6), pp. 793-695.
- Sakamoto. Y., S. Watanabe., T. Nakashima., K. Okano.,1999. Effects of salinity at two ripening stages on the fruit quality of single-truss tomato grown in hydroponics. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology.Vol. 74(6), pp.690-693.
- Gül, A., A. Sevgican., 1990. Effect of growing media on glasshouse tomato yield and quality. Protected Cultivation, XXIII IHC 303, pp.145-50.
- Hohjo, M., M. Ganda., T. Maruo., Y. Shinohara., T. Ito., 2001. Effects of NaCl application on the growth, yield and fruit quality in NFT-tomato plants. Acta Horticulturae, pp.469-476.
- Malash, N., A. Ghaibeh., A. Yeo, R. Ragab., J. Cuartero, editors., 2000. Effect of irrigation water salinity on yield and fruit quality of tomato. International Symposium on Techniques to Control Salination for Horticultural Productivity. Acta Horticulturae (573). International Society for Horticultural Science, pp. 415-423.
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- Sajjadinia, A. R., Ershadi, A., Roosta, H. R., 2010. Comparison of eco-physiological characteristics of pepper in hydroponic and aquaponic systems. ejgcst. Vol.1 (2), pp. 1-8. (In Persian)
- Carvajal, M., V. Martínez., A. Cerdá.,1999. Influence of magnesium and salinity on tomato plants grown in hydroponic culture. Journal of Plant Nutrition. Vol.22(1), pp.177-190.
- van, Os. E., C. Blok., W. Voogt., L. Waked., 2016. Water quality and salinity aspects in hydroponic cultivation. WUR Glastuinbouw.
- FAOSTAT. http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E.
- Correia, F.N.,1999. Water resources in the Mediterranean region. Water International. Vol. 24(1), pp. 22-30.
- Sonneveld, C., 2000. Effects of salinity on substrate grown vegetables and ornamentals in greenhouse horticulture. Ph.D. Dissertation. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 151 pp.
- Homme, M., 1381. The reaction of plants to salinity. Iran Irrigation and Drainage Committee, Tehran.(In Persian)
- Adams, P., Ho. L.,1989. Effects of constant and fluctuating salinity on the yield, quality and calcium status of tomatoes. Journal of Horticultural Science. 64(6):725-732.
- Parida, A.K., A.B Das., 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol.60(3), pp.324-349.
- Li ,Y.L, C. Stanghellini., H. Challa., 2001. Effect of electrical conductivity and transpiration on production of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Scientia Horticulturae. Vol. 88(1), pp.11-29.
- Adams, P., 1991. Effects of increasing the salinity of the nutrient solution with major nutrients or sodium chloride on the yield, quality and composition of tomatoes grown in rockwool. Journal of Horticultural Science. Vol. 66(2), pp.201-207.
- Karlberg, L., A. Ben-Gal., P-E. Jansson., U. Shani., 2006. Modelling transpiration and growth in salinity-stressed tomato under different climatic conditions. Ecological Modelling. Vol.190(1-2), pp. 15-40.
- Hajer, A., A.A. Malibari., H.S. Al-Zahrani., O.A. Almaghrabi., 2006. Responses of three tomato cultivars to sea water salinity 1. Effect of salinity on the seedling growth. African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 5(10), pp. 855-861.
- Dalvand, S., N. Alemzadeh Ansari., M.H. Mortazavi., 2016 Effect of Soilless Substrates on Fruit Quality of Four Greenhouse TomatoCultivars. Journal of Iranian Horticultural Science and Technology. Vol. 17 (4), pp. 377-88. (In Persian)
- Safarzadeh Shirazi, S., Ronaghi, A. M., Gholami, A. S., Zahedifar, M., 2010. The Influence of salinity and nitrogen on tomato fruit quality and micronutrients concentration in hydroponic culture. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture Soilless Culture Research Center. Vol. 1 (3), pp.11-22. (In Persian)
- Ting, S., R.L. Rouseff., 1986. Citrus fruits and their products: analysis, technology: Dekker.
- Kaya, C., H. Kirnak., D. Higgs., K. Saltali.,2002. Supplementary calcium enhances plant growth and fruit yield in strawberry cultivars grown at high (NaCl) salinity. Scientia Horticulturae. Vol. 93(1), pp.65-74.
- Navarro, J.M., V. Martı́nez., M. Carvajal.,2000. Ammonium, bicarbonate and calcium effects on tomato plants grown under saline conditions. Plant Science. Vol. 157(1),pp. 89-96.
- Chatzissavvidis, C., I. Papadakis., I. Therios., 2008. Effect of calcium on the ion status and growth performance of a citrus rootstock grown under NaCl stress. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. Vol. 54(6), pp.910-915.
- Greenway, H., and R. Munns., 1980. Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, Vol. 31(1), pp.149-90.
- Hasegawa, P.M., R.A. Bressan., J-K. Zhu., H.J. Bohnert., 2000. Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annual Review of Plant Biology. Vol.51, pp. 463-499.
- Martinez, V., N. Bernstein., A. Läuchli.,1996. Salt‐induced inhibition of phosphorus transport in lettuce plants. Physiologia Plantarum. Vol.97(1), pp.118-122.
- Khorshidi. M., M. Yarnia., and D. Hassanpanah., 2009.. Salinity effect on nutrients accumulation in alfalfa shoots in hydroponic condition. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment.Vol. 7, pp.787-90.
- Cramer, G.R., A. Läuchli., V.S. Polito.,1985. Displacement of Ca2+ by Na+ from the plasmalemma of root cells: A primary response to salt stress? Plant Physiology.Vol. 79(1), pp. 207-11.
- Marschner, H. 1992. Mineral nutrition of higher plants., 2nd edn (Academic Press: London). 1995.
- Mass, E., G. Ogata., and M. Garber., 1972. Influence of Salinity on Fe, Mn, and Zn Uptake by Plants 1. Agronomy journal. Vol.64(6), pp. 793-695.
- Sakamoto. Y., S. Watanabe., T. Nakashima., K. Okano.,1999. Effects of salinity at two ripening stages on the fruit quality of single-truss tomato grown in hydroponics. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology.Vol. 74(6), pp.690-693.
- Gül, A., A. Sevgican., 1990. Effect of growing media on glasshouse tomato yield and quality. Protected Cultivation, XXIII IHC 303, pp.145-50.
- Hohjo, M., M. Ganda., T. Maruo., Y. Shinohara., T. Ito., 2001. Effects of NaCl application on the growth, yield and fruit quality in NFT-tomato plants. Acta Horticulturae, pp.469-476.
- Malash, N., A. Ghaibeh., A. Yeo, R. Ragab., J. Cuartero, editors., 2000. Effect of irrigation water salinity on yield and fruit quality of tomato. International Symposium on Techniques to Control Salination for Horticultural Productivity. Acta Horticulturae (573). International Society for Horticultural Science, pp. 415-423.