تأثیر ذرات نانوآهن و نقره بر فعالیت برخی شاخصهای زیستی در خاک
محورهای موضوعی :
کشاورزی و محیط زیست
مهرناز طهماسبی
1
,
شکوفه رضایی
2
,
علی خانمیرزائی فرد
3
1 - دانش‌آموخته گروه خاکشناسی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران.
2 - استادیار گروه خاکشناسی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران.*(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار گروه خاکشناسی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1396/07/15
تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/12/16
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/02/01
کلید واژه:
نانوذرات,
فسفاتاز اسیدی,
تنفس میکروبی خاک,
فسفاتاز قلیایی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: در دهه‌های اخیر استفاده از نانوتکنولوژی در زمینه‌های مختلف کشاورزی افزایش یافته است و خاک به عنوان یکی از اجزای مهم محیط زیست دریافت‌کننده انواع نانوذرات می‌باشد ولی به اثر این ذرات بر بخش زنده خاک توجه کم‌تری شده است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی اثرات نانو ذرات آهن و نقره روی برخی از شاخصهای زیستی خاک بود.روش بررسی: آزمایشی فاکتوریل با پنج سطح نانوذره آهن و نقره (0،20، 50، 100 و 200 mgkg-1) در سه تکرار انجام شد. خاک‌های آغشته به نانوذرات، با حفظ رطوبت و دما نگهداری و 10، 17 و 30 روز پس از انکوباسیون، فعالیت فسفاتاز اسیدی و قلیایی و تنفس خاک اندازه‌گیری شد.یافته‌ها: اثر سطوح مختلف نانوآهن، نانونقره و زمان انکوباسیون بر روی تنفس میکروبی خاک، در سطح آماری یک درصد معنی‌دار گردید. اثرات متقابل فاکتورها به استثناء اثر سه‌گانه نانوذره آهن و نقره و زمان، تاثیر معنی‌داری بر تفس میکروبی خاک داشت. در اثرات متقابل نانوذرات آهن و نقره، بیش‌ترین تنفس میکروبی به میزان 33/47 gCg-1d-)µ( در غلظت 200 (mgkg-1) نانوذره آهن و نقره بدست آمد. در اثر متقابل نانوآهن و زمان، بیش‌ترین تنفس میکروبی به میزان 37/51 gCg-1d-)µ( در غلظت 100 (mgkg-1) نانوذره آهن پس از 17 روز انکوباسیون بدست آمد و در اثرات متقابل نانو نقره و زمان، بیش‌ترین تنفس میکروبی (02/49 gCg-1d-1µ( در غلظت 50 (mgkg-1) نانو نقره پس از 17روز انکوباسیون مشاهده شد. بیش‌ترین فعالیت آنزیم فسفاتاز قلیایی به میزان 20/288 (gPNPg-1h-1µ)در غلظت 200 (mgkg-1) نانوذره آهن پس از10روز انکوباسیون بدست آمد.بحث و نتیجه‌گیری:نتایج این تحقیق، تأثیر معنی‌دار نانوذرات بر روی تنفس خاک را نشان داد. تأثیر به غلظت و نوع نانوذرات بستگی داشت. اثر نانوذرات روی فعالیت آنزیم‌های خاک بسته به نوع نانوذرات و آنزیم متفاوت بود، فعالیت آنزیم فسفاتاز قلیایی تحت تأثیر نانوذره آهن قرار گرفت در صورتی‌کهنانوذرات روی فعالیت فسفاتاز اسیدی اثر معنی‌دار نداشتند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Even though the various application of the nanotechnology in agricultural practices in the last decade their environmental implications have not been addressed enough. Soil biological activities are among the critical soil quality indices due to the rapid reaction with any changes in the soil condition. Therefor the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nano-scaled iron and silver particles on some of biological indices in soil.Method: The study was designed as a completely randomized factorial with three replicates, nano-scaled iron and silver in five levels (0, 20, 50, 100 and 200 mgkg-1). Treated soils were incubated in 50% field capacity moisture regime at 25 ˚C. After 10, 17 and 30 days of incubation subsamples were taken acidic and alkaline phosphatase activity as well as microbial respiration were measured. Findings: The results revealed that nano-scaled iron, nano-scale silver and incubation time significantly (p < 0.01) affected the microbial respiration. The highest microbial respiration was measured (47.33 mgC g-1soil) at 200 mgkg-1 nano-scaled particles after 10 days of incubation. Although the alkaline phosphatase changed during the incubation time, nano-scaled particles and time have no effects on acidic phosphatase during the incubation time. The highest alkaline phosphatase activity (282.2 µg p-Nitrophenol g-1soil h-1) was detected after 10 days in 200 mgkg-1 nano-scaled particles.Discussion and Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a significant effect of the nano-scaled particles and time on soil respiration. This effect depended on the concentration and type of the nanoparticles. Soil respiration increased by incubation time. The effect of nano-scaled particles on the enzyme activities depends to the kind of enzyme and nano-scaled particles. Alkaline phosphatase activity affected by nano-Fe although nano-scaled particles and incubation time had no effect on the acid phosphatase activity.
منابع و مأخذ:
Reference
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Karimipur, H., and Nematollahi, M., 2007. The use of nanotechnology for optimized fertilizer and pesticide application. 1st Conference of Nanotechnology in Environments. Isfahan University of Technology. Isfahan. Iran.(In Persian)
Islam, K.R., and Weil, R.R., 2000. Soil quality indicator properties in mid-Atlantic soils as influenced by conservation management. J Soil Water Conserv, Vol. 55, pp. 69-78.
Wyszkowska, J., Kucharski, J., and Lajszner, W., 2005. Enzymatic activities in different soils contaminated with copper. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 14, pp. 659–664.
Eldor, P. 2007. Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry. Tercera ed. Eldor P, editor. Chennai, India: Academic Press.
Luo, Y., and Zhou, X., 2006. Soil respiration and the Environment. Academic press, 328pp.
Alvarez, S., and Guerrero, M.C., 2000. Enzymatic activities associated with decomposition of particulate organic matter in two shallow ponds. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, Vol. 32, pp. 1941-1951.
Caldwell, B.A. 2005. Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity: a review. Pedobiologia, Vol. 49, pp. 637– 644.
Waldrop, M.P., Zak, D.R., Sinsabaugh, R.L., Gallo, M., and Lauber, C., 2004. Nitrogen deposition modifies soil carbon storage through changes in microbial enzymatic activity. Ecological Applications, Vol. 14, pp. 1172–1177.
Antonietta Rao, M., Violante, A., and Gianfreda, L., 2000. Interaction of acid phosphatase with clays, organic molecules and organo-mineral complexes: kinetics and stability. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, Vol. 32, pp. 1007-1014.
Dick, W.A., and Tabatabai, M.A., 1993. Significance and potential uses of soil enzymes. In: Metting, F.B. Jr (Ed.), Soil Microbial Ecology. Marcel Decker Inc, New Yourk, USA.
Quiquampoix, H., and Mousain, D., 2005. Enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus. p. 89–112. In: Turner, B.L., Frossard, E. and Baldwin, D.S. (eds.) Organic phosphorous in the environment. CABI, Wallingford.
Du, W., Sun, Y., Ji, R., Zhu, J., Wu, J., and Guo, H., 2011. TiO and ZnO nanoparticles negatively affect wheat growth and soil enzyme activities in agricultural soil. J. Environ. Monit, Vol. 13, pp. 822–828.
Kim, S., Sin, H., Lee, S., and Lee, I., 2013. Influence of metal oxide particles on soil enzyme activity and bioaccumulation of two plants. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol, Vol. 23, pp. 1279–1286.
Peyrot, C., Wilkinson, K.J., Desrosiers, M., and Sauvé, S., 2014. Effects of silver nanoparticles on soil enzyme activities with and without added organic matter. Environ. Toxicol. Chem, Vol. 33, pp. 115–125.
Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils, U.S.D.A Handbook 60: 65-86.
Gee, G.W., and Bauder, J.W., 1986 .Particle –size analysis, In: Klute, A.(Ed). Methods of soil Analysis .Part 1-2 nded., vol . 9. AgronMonogr, ASS and SSSA, Madison pp.383-411.
Walkley, A., and Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, Vol. 37, pp. 29-38.
Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanable, F.S., and Dean, L.A., 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Cir. USDA, U.S. Government Printing office, Washington DC.organic residues. Biology and Fertility of Soils, Vol. 34, pp. 144-150.
Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., and Keeney, D.R. 1982. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part2: Chemical and Microbiological properties. 2nd ed. A.A.C., Inc., Soil S.S.S.A., Inc., Madison Publisher, Wisconsin, USA.
Bremner, J.M., 1965. Total nitrogen. p. 1149–1178. In: Black, C.A., Evans, D.D. and Dinauer, R.C. (eds.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. American Society of Agronomy, Monograph No. 9, Madison, Wisconsin.
Oughton, D.H., Hertel-Aas ,T., Pellicer , E., Mondoza, E., and Joner, E.J., 2008 .Neutron activation of engineered nanoparticles as a tool for tracing their environmental fate and uptake in organisms .Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, Vol. 27, pp.1883-1887.
Anderson, J.P.E., 1982. Soil respiration. In: Page, A. L. (ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin. PP. 831-871.
Eivazi, F., and Tabatabai, M.A., 1977. Phosphatases in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 9, pp. 167-172.
Jośko, I., Oleszczuk, P., and Futa, B., 2014. The effect of inorganic nanoparticles (ZnO, Cr2O, CuO and Ni) and theirbulk counterparts on enzyme activities in different soils. Geoderma Vol. 232–234, pp. 528–537.
Baath, E., 1989. Effects of heavy metals in soil on microbial processes and populations (a review). Water Air Soil Pollut,Vol. 47, pp. 335–379.
Gao, Y., Zhou, P., Mao, L., Zhi, Y., and Shi, W., 2010. Assessment of effects of heavy metals combined pollution on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure: modified ecological dose–response model and PCR-RAPD. Environ. Earth Sci, Vol. 60, pp. 603–612.
Aon, M.A., and Colaneri, A.C., 2001. II. Temporal and spatial evolution of enzymatic activities and physico-chemical properties in an agricultural soil. Appl. Soil Ecol, Vol. 18, pp. 255–270.
Huang, P.-M., Wang, M.-K., and Chiu, C.-Y., 2005. Soil mineral–organic matter–microbe interactions: impacts on biogeochemical processes and biodiversity in soils. Pedobiologia, Vol. 49, pp. 609–635.
Xu, C., Peng, C., Sun, L., Zhang, S., Huang, H., Chen, Y., and Shi, J., 2015. Distinctive effects of TiO and CuO nanoparticles on soil microbes and their community structures in flooded paddy soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, Vol. 86, pp. 24-33.
Dinesh, R., Anandaraj, M., Srinivasan, V., and Hamza, S., 2012. Engineered nanoparticles in the soil and their potential implications to microbial activity. Geoderma, Vol. 173–174, pp. 19–27.
Vittori Antisari, L., Carbone, S., Gatti, A., Vianello, G., and Nannipieri, P., 2013. Toxicity of metal oxide (CeO2, Fe3O4, SnO) engineered nanoparticles on soil microbial biomass and their distribution in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem, Vol. 60, pp. 87–94.
Burns, R.G., DeForest, J.L., Marxsen, J., Sinsabaugh, R.L., Stromberger, M.E., Wallenstein, M.D., Weintraub, M.N., and Zoppini, A., 2013. Soil enzymes in a changing environment: current knowledge and future directions. Soil Biol. Biochem, Vol, 58, pp. 216–234.
Geranmayeh, A., 2011. Evaluating solubility, aggregation and sorption of nanosilver particles and silver ions in soils, Soil and Water Management, Vol. 8, pp. 1-19. (In Persian).
Coutris, C., Joner, E.J., and Oughton, D.H., 2012. Aging and soil organic matter content affect the fate of silver nanoparticles in soil. Sci. Total Environ, Vol. 420, pp. 327–333.
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Reference
Das, R., Kiley, P.J., Segal, M., Norville, J., Yu, A.A., Wang, L et al., 2004. Integration of Photosynthetic Protein Molecular Complexes in Solid-State. Electronic Devices. Nano Letters, Vol. 4 (6), pp.1079 -1083.
Karimipur, H., and Nematollahi, M., 2007. The use of nanotechnology for optimized fertilizer and pesticide application. 1st Conference of Nanotechnology in Environments. Isfahan University of Technology. Isfahan. Iran.(In Persian)
Islam, K.R., and Weil, R.R., 2000. Soil quality indicator properties in mid-Atlantic soils as influenced by conservation management. J Soil Water Conserv, Vol. 55, pp. 69-78.
Wyszkowska, J., Kucharski, J., and Lajszner, W., 2005. Enzymatic activities in different soils contaminated with copper. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 14, pp. 659–664.
Eldor, P. 2007. Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry. Tercera ed. Eldor P, editor. Chennai, India: Academic Press.
Luo, Y., and Zhou, X., 2006. Soil respiration and the Environment. Academic press, 328pp.
Alvarez, S., and Guerrero, M.C., 2000. Enzymatic activities associated with decomposition of particulate organic matter in two shallow ponds. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, Vol. 32, pp. 1941-1951.
Caldwell, B.A. 2005. Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity: a review. Pedobiologia, Vol. 49, pp. 637– 644.
Waldrop, M.P., Zak, D.R., Sinsabaugh, R.L., Gallo, M., and Lauber, C., 2004. Nitrogen deposition modifies soil carbon storage through changes in microbial enzymatic activity. Ecological Applications, Vol. 14, pp. 1172–1177.
Antonietta Rao, M., Violante, A., and Gianfreda, L., 2000. Interaction of acid phosphatase with clays, organic molecules and organo-mineral complexes: kinetics and stability. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, Vol. 32, pp. 1007-1014.
Dick, W.A., and Tabatabai, M.A., 1993. Significance and potential uses of soil enzymes. In: Metting, F.B. Jr (Ed.), Soil Microbial Ecology. Marcel Decker Inc, New Yourk, USA.
Quiquampoix, H., and Mousain, D., 2005. Enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus. p. 89–112. In: Turner, B.L., Frossard, E. and Baldwin, D.S. (eds.) Organic phosphorous in the environment. CABI, Wallingford.
Du, W., Sun, Y., Ji, R., Zhu, J., Wu, J., and Guo, H., 2011. TiO and ZnO nanoparticles negatively affect wheat growth and soil enzyme activities in agricultural soil. J. Environ. Monit, Vol. 13, pp. 822–828.
Kim, S., Sin, H., Lee, S., and Lee, I., 2013. Influence of metal oxide particles on soil enzyme activity and bioaccumulation of two plants. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol, Vol. 23, pp. 1279–1286.
Peyrot, C., Wilkinson, K.J., Desrosiers, M., and Sauvé, S., 2014. Effects of silver nanoparticles on soil enzyme activities with and without added organic matter. Environ. Toxicol. Chem, Vol. 33, pp. 115–125.
Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils, U.S.D.A Handbook 60: 65-86.
Gee, G.W., and Bauder, J.W., 1986 .Particle –size analysis, In: Klute, A.(Ed). Methods of soil Analysis .Part 1-2 nded., vol . 9. AgronMonogr, ASS and SSSA, Madison pp.383-411.
Walkley, A., and Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, Vol. 37, pp. 29-38.
Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanable, F.S., and Dean, L.A., 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Cir. USDA, U.S. Government Printing office, Washington DC.organic residues. Biology and Fertility of Soils, Vol. 34, pp. 144-150.
Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., and Keeney, D.R. 1982. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part2: Chemical and Microbiological properties. 2nd ed. A.A.C., Inc., Soil S.S.S.A., Inc., Madison Publisher, Wisconsin, USA.
Bremner, J.M., 1965. Total nitrogen. p. 1149–1178. In: Black, C.A., Evans, D.D. and Dinauer, R.C. (eds.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. American Society of Agronomy, Monograph No. 9, Madison, Wisconsin.
Oughton, D.H., Hertel-Aas ,T., Pellicer , E., Mondoza, E., and Joner, E.J., 2008 .Neutron activation of engineered nanoparticles as a tool for tracing their environmental fate and uptake in organisms .Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, Vol. 27, pp.1883-1887.
Anderson, J.P.E., 1982. Soil respiration. In: Page, A. L. (ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin. PP. 831-871.
Eivazi, F., and Tabatabai, M.A., 1977. Phosphatases in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 9, pp. 167-172.
Jośko, I., Oleszczuk, P., and Futa, B., 2014. The effect of inorganic nanoparticles (ZnO, Cr2O, CuO and Ni) and theirbulk counterparts on enzyme activities in different soils. Geoderma Vol. 232–234, pp. 528–537.
Baath, E., 1989. Effects of heavy metals in soil on microbial processes and populations (a review). Water Air Soil Pollut,Vol. 47, pp. 335–379.
Gao, Y., Zhou, P., Mao, L., Zhi, Y., and Shi, W., 2010. Assessment of effects of heavy metals combined pollution on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure: modified ecological dose–response model and PCR-RAPD. Environ. Earth Sci, Vol. 60, pp. 603–612.
Aon, M.A., and Colaneri, A.C., 2001. II. Temporal and spatial evolution of enzymatic activities and physico-chemical properties in an agricultural soil. Appl. Soil Ecol, Vol. 18, pp. 255–270.
Huang, P.-M., Wang, M.-K., and Chiu, C.-Y., 2005. Soil mineral–organic matter–microbe interactions: impacts on biogeochemical processes and biodiversity in soils. Pedobiologia, Vol. 49, pp. 609–635.
Xu, C., Peng, C., Sun, L., Zhang, S., Huang, H., Chen, Y., and Shi, J., 2015. Distinctive effects of TiO and CuO nanoparticles on soil microbes and their community structures in flooded paddy soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, Vol. 86, pp. 24-33.
Dinesh, R., Anandaraj, M., Srinivasan, V., and Hamza, S., 2012. Engineered nanoparticles in the soil and their potential implications to microbial activity. Geoderma, Vol. 173–174, pp. 19–27.
Vittori Antisari, L., Carbone, S., Gatti, A., Vianello, G., and Nannipieri, P., 2013. Toxicity of metal oxide (CeO2, Fe3O4, SnO) engineered nanoparticles on soil microbial biomass and their distribution in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem, Vol. 60, pp. 87–94.
Burns, R.G., DeForest, J.L., Marxsen, J., Sinsabaugh, R.L., Stromberger, M.E., Wallenstein, M.D., Weintraub, M.N., and Zoppini, A., 2013. Soil enzymes in a changing environment: current knowledge and future directions. Soil Biol. Biochem, Vol, 58, pp. 216–234.
Geranmayeh, A., 2011. Evaluating solubility, aggregation and sorption of nanosilver particles and silver ions in soils, Soil and Water Management, Vol. 8, pp. 1-19. (In Persian).
Coutris, C., Joner, E.J., and Oughton, D.H., 2012. Aging and soil organic matter content affect the fate of silver nanoparticles in soil. Sci. Total Environ, Vol. 420, pp. 327–333.
