تأثیر بیوچارهای ذرت و نیشکر بر برخی خصوصیات بیولوژیکی خاک و ترسیب کربن
محورهای موضوعی :
کشاورزی و محیط زیست
صدیقه کرمی
1
,
احمد لندی
2
,
نعیمه عنایتی ضمیر
3
,
رویا زلقی
4
1 - دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، ایران.
2 - استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.
3 - دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
4 - استادیارگروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1394/10/28
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/08/23
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/05/01
کلید واژه:
ترسیب کربن,
تنفس خاک,
بیوچار,
تصاعد آمونیوم,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: بیوچار یک اصلاح کننده پایدار است، که در طولانی مدت برای ترسیب کربن و همچنین افزایش حاصلخیزی خاک استفاده می شود. تحقیق حاضر به منظور تعیین اثرات کاربرد بیوچار ذرت و نیشکر به عنوان اصلاح کننده آلی بر برخی خصوصیات بیولوژیکی خاک و ترسیب کربن انجام گرفته است.روش بررسی: بقایای ذرت و نیشکر بعد از هوا خشک شدن در کوره دست ساز پیرولیز و با توجه به تیمارهای مورد نظر ( صفر، یک و دو درصد وزنی) به خاک اضافه شدند. نمونه ها به مدت 100 روز در دمای 25 درجه سلسیوس نگهداری و رطوبت نمونه ها در حد 60 درصد ظرفیت زراعی حفظ گردید. پس از 100 روز تنفس میکروبی به روش تیتراسیون با اسید کلریدریک، کربن زیست توده میکروبی به روش تدخین-استخراج، تصاعد آمونیوم به روش تیتراسیون با اسیدسولفوریک و نیتریفیکاسیون به روش رنگ سنجی اندازه گیری و ضریب میکروبی، ضریب متابولیکی و ترسیب کربن محاسبه گردید.یافته ها: نتایج تأثیر معنی دار بیوچار بر تنفس میکروبی، کربن زیست توده میکروبی، سهم متابولیک، تصاعد آمونیوم و ترسیب کربن در سطح 001/0> p و عدم معنی داری تاثیر بیوچار را بر نیتریفیکاسیون نشان داد. بیشترین میزان تنفس(31/27 میلی گرم دی اکسیدکربن در 100گرم خاک)، کربن زیتوده میکروبی(05/37میلی گرم کربن میکروبی در 100گرم خاک) و ترسیب کربن (67/13 گرم بر کیلوگرم) در تیمار دو درصد بیوچار نیشکر و بیشترین تصاعد آمونیوم (8/18درصد نیتروژن) در تیمار یک درصد بیوچار ذرت به دست آمد.بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که بیوچار نیشکر به دلیل کربن بیشتر بر خصوصیات بیولوژیکی وابسته به کربن بیشترین تأثیر را داشت.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Biochar is a recalcitrant soil amendment that is being used to carbon sequestrates and also enhances soil fertility. This research was done to study the effect of corn and sugarcane biochar as organic amendment on some soil biological properties and CO2 emission.Material and Methodology: Corn and sugarcane residues were air dried and then pyrolised in handmade furnace. Biochar was added to the soil according to the treatments (0, 1 and 2 percent). The samples were stored 100 days at 25oC and their moisture content was kept at 60% of field capacity. After this period microbial respiration by titration with hydrochloric acid, microbial biomass carbon by fumigation-extraction method, ammonium emission by titration with sulfuric acid and nitrification by colorimetric method was measured. Then microbial and metabolic quotient and carbon sequestration were calculated.Findings: The results showed significant effect of biochar on microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial and metabolic quotient, ammonium emission and carbon sequestration (P<0/001), but that effect was not significant on soil nitrification. The highest amount of microbial respiration (27/31 mg CO2-C/100g soil), microbial biomass carbon (37/05 mg Cmic/100g soil) and carbon sequestration (13/67 mg/kg) was obtained in soil treated with 2 percent of sugarcane biochar and the highest ammonia emission (18/8 % N) was the most in the samples containing one percent of corn biochar.Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that sugrecane biochar had more effect on carbon-dependence biological properties of soil due to more carbon content.
منابع و مأخذ:
Franzluebbers K., Weaver R., Juo A., Franzluebbers A., 1994. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization from cowpea plants part decomposing in moist and in repeatedly dried and wetted soil. Soil Biol. Biochem, 26: 1379-1387.
Lehmann , da Silva J.P., Steiner C., Nehls T., Zech W., Glaser B., 2003. Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant Soil, 249: 343-357.
Lehmann , Joseph S., 2009. Biochar for environmental management: an introduction: Science and Technology. London. Pp: 1-12.
Lehmann , Rillig M.C., Thies J., Masiello C.A., Hockaday W.C., Crowley D., 2011. Biochar effects on soil biota: A review. Soil Biol. Biochem. 43. pp: 1812-1836.
Smith L., Collins H.P., Bailey V.L., 2010. The effect of young biochar on soil respiration. Soil Biol. Biochem. 42:2345-2347.
Ball, P.N., MacKenzie, M.D., DeLuca, T.H., Holben, W.E., 2010. Wildfire and charcoal enhance nitrification and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria abundance in dry montane forest soils. Environ. Qual. 39:1243-1253.
Lentz R. D, and J. A. Ippolito. 2011. Biochar and manure affect calcareous soil and corn silage nutrient concentrations and uptake . J. Environ. Qual, 41:1033-1043.
Thies J. E., Rilling M.C., 2009. Characteristics of biochar biological properties. Biochar for Environmental Management. Lehmann J., Joseph S (ed.), Earthscan, London, UK.
Steiner C. B., Glaser W.G., Teixeira , Lehmann W.E.H., Blum W., 2008.Nitrogen retention and plant uptake on a highly weathered central Amazonian ferralsol amended with compost and charcoal. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci, 171: 893–899.
Lehmann J., Gaunt J., Rondon M., 2006. Biochar sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems: a review. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11:403-427.
Zeeshan A, Muhammad K., Aon M., 2014. Impact of biochar on soil physical properties. SJAS, 4(5): 280-284.
Gupta P.K., 2004. Soil, plant, water and fertilizer analysis. 2th Agrobios (India). p. 438.
Kim K.H., Kim J.Y. et al., 2012. Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physicochemical properties of biochar obtained from the fast pyrolysis of pitch pine. Technol, 118:158-162
Rajkovich S., Enders A., Hanley , Hyland C., Zimmerman A., Lehmann J., 2012. Corn growth and nitrogen nutrition after additions of biochars with varying properties to a temperate soil. Biol Fertil Soils. 4(3): 271-284.
Anderson J. P. E.,1982. Soil Respiration. In Page, A. L. (ed), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Methods. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp: 831-871.
Anderson J. M., Ingram J. S. I., 1993. In Tropical soil biology and fertility: A handbook of methods. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, 68–71.
Smith J., Collins H., Bailey V., 2010.The effect of young biochar on soil respiration. Soil Biol. Biochem.42: 2345-2347
Bell M.J., Worrall F., 2011. Charcoal addition to soils in NE England: a carbon sink with environmental co-benefits?. Total Environ., 409:1704–1714.
Wardle D.A., 1992. A comparative assessment of factors which influence microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels in soil. Biol Rev, 67: 321-358.
Purakayastha T.J., Kumari S., Pathak , 2015. Characterisation, stability, and microbial effects of four biochars produced from crop residues. Geoderma, 239 -240: 293–303.
Zimmerman A., Gao B., Ahn M.Y., 2011. Positive and negative mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils. Soil Biol. Biochem., 43: 1169-1179.
Theis J.E., Rillig M.C., 2009. Characteristics of biochar: biological properties. In: Lehmann, J., Joseph, S. (Eds.), Biochar for Environmental Management. Earthscan, Dunstan House, London, UK.
Steiner, C., Das, K.C., Garcia, M., Forster, B., Zech , 2008. Charcoal and smoke extract stimulate the soil microbial community in a highly weathered xanthic ferralsol. Pedobiologia, 51: 359–366.
Anderson C., Condron L.M., Clough T., Fiers M., Stewart A., . Hill R., Sherlock R., 2011. Biochar induced soil microbial community change: Implications for biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Pedobiologia, 54: 309– 320.
Major J., Rondon M., Molina D., Riha S.J., Lehmann J., 2010. Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant Soil, 333: 117-128.
Deenik J.L., McClellan T., Uehara G., Antal N.J., Campbell S., 2010. Charcoal volatile matter content influences plant growth and soil nitrogen transformations. Soil Sci. Am. J. 74: 1259-1270.
Domene X. , Mattana S., Hanley K., Enders A., Lehmann J., 2014. Medium-term effects of corn biochar addition on soil biota activities and functions in a temperate soil cropped to corn. Soil Biol. Biochem, 72:152-162.
Dempster D.N., Gleeson D.B., Solaiman Z.M., Jones D.L., Murphy D.V., 2011. Decreased soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralisation with Eucalyptus biochar addition to a coarse textured soil. Plant Soil, 354: 311-324.
Ding Y., Liu Y., Wu W., Shi D., Yang M., Zhong Z., 2010. Evaluation of biochar effects on nitrogen retention and leaching in multi-layered soil columns. Water Air. Soil Pollut., 213: 47-55.
DeLuca T.H., MacKenzie M.D., Gundale M.J., Holben W.E., 2006. Wildfire-produced charcoal directly influences nitrogen cycling in ponderosa pine forests. J . Soil Sci . Soc., 70:448–453
Miller R.M., Miller S.P., Jastrow J.D., Rivetta C.B., 2008. Mycorrhizal mediated feedbacks influence net carbon gain and nutrient uptake in Andropogon gerardii. New Phytol., 155:149–62.
Novak J.M., Busscher W.J., Watts D.W., Laird D.A., Ahmedna M.A., Niandou M.A.S,. 2010. Short-term CO2 mineralization after additions of biochar and switchgrass to a Typic Kandiudult. Geoderma, 154:281–288.
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Franzluebbers K., Weaver R., Juo A., Franzluebbers A., 1994. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization from cowpea plants part decomposing in moist and in repeatedly dried and wetted soil. Soil Biol. Biochem, 26: 1379-1387.
Lehmann , da Silva J.P., Steiner C., Nehls T., Zech W., Glaser B., 2003. Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant Soil, 249: 343-357.
Lehmann , Joseph S., 2009. Biochar for environmental management: an introduction: Science and Technology. London. Pp: 1-12.
Lehmann , Rillig M.C., Thies J., Masiello C.A., Hockaday W.C., Crowley D., 2011. Biochar effects on soil biota: A review. Soil Biol. Biochem. 43. pp: 1812-1836.
Smith L., Collins H.P., Bailey V.L., 2010. The effect of young biochar on soil respiration. Soil Biol. Biochem. 42:2345-2347.
Ball, P.N., MacKenzie, M.D., DeLuca, T.H., Holben, W.E., 2010. Wildfire and charcoal enhance nitrification and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria abundance in dry montane forest soils. Environ. Qual. 39:1243-1253.
Lentz R. D, and J. A. Ippolito. 2011. Biochar and manure affect calcareous soil and corn silage nutrient concentrations and uptake . J. Environ. Qual, 41:1033-1043.
Thies J. E., Rilling M.C., 2009. Characteristics of biochar biological properties. Biochar for Environmental Management. Lehmann J., Joseph S (ed.), Earthscan, London, UK.
Steiner C. B., Glaser W.G., Teixeira , Lehmann W.E.H., Blum W., 2008.Nitrogen retention and plant uptake on a highly weathered central Amazonian ferralsol amended with compost and charcoal. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci, 171: 893–899.
Lehmann J., Gaunt J., Rondon M., 2006. Biochar sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems: a review. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11:403-427.
Zeeshan A, Muhammad K., Aon M., 2014. Impact of biochar on soil physical properties. SJAS, 4(5): 280-284.
Gupta P.K., 2004. Soil, plant, water and fertilizer analysis. 2th Agrobios (India). p. 438.
Kim K.H., Kim J.Y. et al., 2012. Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physicochemical properties of biochar obtained from the fast pyrolysis of pitch pine. Technol, 118:158-162
Rajkovich S., Enders A., Hanley , Hyland C., Zimmerman A., Lehmann J., 2012. Corn growth and nitrogen nutrition after additions of biochars with varying properties to a temperate soil. Biol Fertil Soils. 4(3): 271-284.
Anderson J. P. E.,1982. Soil Respiration. In Page, A. L. (ed), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Methods. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp: 831-871.
Anderson J. M., Ingram J. S. I., 1993. In Tropical soil biology and fertility: A handbook of methods. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, 68–71.
Smith J., Collins H., Bailey V., 2010.The effect of young biochar on soil respiration. Soil Biol. Biochem.42: 2345-2347
Bell M.J., Worrall F., 2011. Charcoal addition to soils in NE England: a carbon sink with environmental co-benefits?. Total Environ., 409:1704–1714.
Wardle D.A., 1992. A comparative assessment of factors which influence microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels in soil. Biol Rev, 67: 321-358.
Purakayastha T.J., Kumari S., Pathak , 2015. Characterisation, stability, and microbial effects of four biochars produced from crop residues. Geoderma, 239 -240: 293–303.
Zimmerman A., Gao B., Ahn M.Y., 2011. Positive and negative mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils. Soil Biol. Biochem., 43: 1169-1179.
Theis J.E., Rillig M.C., 2009. Characteristics of biochar: biological properties. In: Lehmann, J., Joseph, S. (Eds.), Biochar for Environmental Management. Earthscan, Dunstan House, London, UK.
Steiner, C., Das, K.C., Garcia, M., Forster, B., Zech , 2008. Charcoal and smoke extract stimulate the soil microbial community in a highly weathered xanthic ferralsol. Pedobiologia, 51: 359–366.
Anderson C., Condron L.M., Clough T., Fiers M., Stewart A., . Hill R., Sherlock R., 2011. Biochar induced soil microbial community change: Implications for biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Pedobiologia, 54: 309– 320.
Major J., Rondon M., Molina D., Riha S.J., Lehmann J., 2010. Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant Soil, 333: 117-128.
Deenik J.L., McClellan T., Uehara G., Antal N.J., Campbell S., 2010. Charcoal volatile matter content influences plant growth and soil nitrogen transformations. Soil Sci. Am. J. 74: 1259-1270.
Domene X. , Mattana S., Hanley K., Enders A., Lehmann J., 2014. Medium-term effects of corn biochar addition on soil biota activities and functions in a temperate soil cropped to corn. Soil Biol. Biochem, 72:152-162.
Dempster D.N., Gleeson D.B., Solaiman Z.M., Jones D.L., Murphy D.V., 2011. Decreased soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralisation with Eucalyptus biochar addition to a coarse textured soil. Plant Soil, 354: 311-324.
Ding Y., Liu Y., Wu W., Shi D., Yang M., Zhong Z., 2010. Evaluation of biochar effects on nitrogen retention and leaching in multi-layered soil columns. Water Air. Soil Pollut., 213: 47-55.
DeLuca T.H., MacKenzie M.D., Gundale M.J., Holben W.E., 2006. Wildfire-produced charcoal directly influences nitrogen cycling in ponderosa pine forests. J . Soil Sci . Soc., 70:448–453
Miller R.M., Miller S.P., Jastrow J.D., Rivetta C.B., 2008. Mycorrhizal mediated feedbacks influence net carbon gain and nutrient uptake in Andropogon gerardii. New Phytol., 155:149–62.
Novak J.M., Busscher W.J., Watts D.W., Laird D.A., Ahmedna M.A., Niandou M.A.S,. 2010. Short-term CO2 mineralization after additions of biochar and switchgrass to a Typic Kandiudult. Geoderma, 154:281–288.
