بررسی اثرات سیاست‌های مالیاتی و یارانه‌ای در راستای حفظ و پایداری منابع آب دشت کبودرآهنگ
محورهای موضوعی :
مدیریت منابع آب
مهدی الهی
1
,
محمد حسن وکیل پور
2
,
حامد نجفی علمدارلو
3
,
محمدعلی اسعدی
4
1 - دانش‌آموخته کارشناس ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
2 - عضو گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
4 - دانشجوی دکتری گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/05/20
تاریخ پذیرش : 1398/03/01
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/03/01
کلید واژه:
حداکثر آنتروپی,
شاخص اجتماعی,
برنامه‌ریزی ریاضی اثباتی,
الگوی کشت,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: تغییرات آب و هوایی و محدودیت منابع آب های سطحی در دهه های گذشته، سبب بهره برداری بیش‌ازحد از منابع آب زیرزمینی شده است به‌طوری‌که سفره های آب زیرزمینی در اغلب دشت های کشور وضعیت مطلوبی ندارند. دشت کبودرآهنگ یکی از دشت های ممنوعه بحرانی کشور می باشد که با بحران آب مواجه است. این وضعیت مستلزم بکارگیری مدیریت صحیح سیاست های منابع آب زیرزمینی است. هدف این مطالعه تعیین اثرات اقتصادی، اجتماعی و زیست محیطی اعمال سیاست های مالیات و یارانه به ازای هر مترمکعب آب مازاد مصرف‌شده یا صرفه جویی شده به‌عنوان روش جایگزین قیمت گذاری می باشد.روش بررسی: مطالعه حاضر با استفاده از روش برنامه‌ریزی ریاضی اثباتی و حداکثر آنتروپی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سیاست های مالیات و یارانه به ازای هر مترمکعب آب مازاد مصرف‌شده یا صرفه جویی شده در سه سناریوی 329، 658 و 987 ریال اعمال‌شده است. داده ها و اطلاعات موردنیاز با مراجعه به سازمان های ذیربط و با استفاده از تکمیل 141 پرسشنامه به روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای چندمرحله‌ای توسط کشاورزان دشت کبودرآهنگ در سال زراعی 96-1395 تکمیل و جمع‌آوری گردید.یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد با اعمال سیاست های مالیات و یارانه به ازای هر مترمکعب آب مازاد مصرف‌شده یا صرفه جویی شده، سطح زیر کشت منطقه تغییر نخواهد کرد، بلکه الگوی کشت به سمت محصولاتی مانند جو، خیار و هندوانه سوق داده می شود. همچنین نتایج تحقیق نشان داد اعمال این سیاست ها علی‌رغم کاهش مصرف آب، سبب افزایش بازده ناخالص کشاورزان می شود.بحث و نتیجه گیری: اعمال سیاست های مالیاتی و یارانه به ازای هر مترمکعب آب مازاد مصرف‌شده یا صرفه جویی شده می تواند باعث ایجاد انگیزه در کشاورزان برای کاهش مصرف آب شود و جایگزین مناسبی برای سیاست قیمت گذاری آب کشاورزی باشد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Over the past decades, climate changes and the limitation of surface water resources have caused excessive utilization of groundwater stocks, so that aquifers in most of the country's plains have no favorable situation now. Kaboodarahang plain is as one of the critical forbidden plains of the country which is facing water crisis. The status entails employing proper management of groundwater resources policies. The present study focuses on the economic, social, and environmental impacts of applying tax and subsidy policies per cubic meter of consumed or saved surplus water as an alternative to pricing approach.Method: This study was conducted and investigated via using Positive Mathematical Programming and Maximum Entropy Planning. Tax and subsidy policies were applied per cubic meter of surplus used or saved surplus water in three varying scenarios e.g. 329, 658 and 987 Rials. Needed data and information were obtained by referring to relevant organizations and 141 questionnaires completed via multi-stages cluster sampling method amid farmers of Kaboodarahng Plain during 2016-2017.Findings: The results showed no significant change in the area under cultivation by applying tax and subsidy policies per cubic meter of surplus water consumed or saved, while rather drives the cropping pattern towards certain crops e.g. barley, cucumber and watermelon. Also, the outcomes of the research proved that applying the foregoing policies, besides reducing water consumption would increase the gross profit of target farmers.Discussion and Conclusion: Applying tax and subsidy policies per cubic meter of used or saved surplus water could not only motivate farmers to reduce their water consumption but provide a good alternative to water pricing policy.
منابع و مأخذ:
Asaadi, M.A. (2017). Economic Analysis of Deficit Irrigation Strategies for Managing Agricultural Water Resources (Case Study: Qazvin Plain Irrigation Network), M.Sc. Dissertation, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. Iran. (In Persian)
Bakhsi, A., Daneshvar-Kakhki, M., Moghadasi, R. (2011) An Application of Positive Mathematical Programming Model to Analyze the Effects of Alternative Policies to Water Pricing in Mashhad Plain. Agricultural Economics & Development, 25(3): 284-294. (In Persian)
Baniasadi, M., Zare Mehrjerdi, M., Mirzaei KhalilAbad, H., Rezaee, A., Hasanvand, M. (2017). Study of Cropping Pattern Changes and groundwater Resources Extraction by Implementing Reduced Water Consumption Policies in Orzuiyeh Plain of Kerman Province, Agricultural Economic, 11(3): 111-129. (In Persian)
Berbel, J., Gomez-Limon, J. A. (2000). The impact of water-pricing policy in Spain: an analysis of there irrigated aress. Agricultural Water Management, 43, 219-238.
Bostani, F., Mohammadi, H., Moaldini, Z. (2014). Consequences to irrigation groundwater price and quotas policies in Fars province (positive mathematical programming approach corrected), 20(7): 65-78. (In Persian)
Cortignani, R., Severini, S. (2009). Modeling farm-level adoption of deficit irrigation using Positive Mathematical Programming. Agricultural Water Management, 96(12), 1785-1791.
Gallego-Ayala, J. (2012). Selecting irrigation water pricing alternatives using a multi-methodological approach. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 55(3), 861-883.
Hamedan Regional Water Company. (2017).
He L, Tyner W E, Doukkali R and Siam G (2006) Policy options to improve water allocation efficiency: analysis on Egypt and Morocco. Water International, 31, 320–337.
Hezareh, R., Hassani, U., Shayanmehr, S. (2015). The impact assessment of different agricultural sector policies on its productivity indicators in Qazvin plain. Iranian Journal of Water Research IWRJ, 4(10). (In Persian)
Howitt, R. E., Medellín-Azuara, J., MacEwan, D., Lund, J. R. (2012). Calibrating disaggregate economic models of agricultural production and water management. Environmental Modelling & Software, 38, 244-258.
Howitt, R.E. (1995). Positive Mathematical Programming; American Journal of Agricultural Economics 77: 329-342.
Iran Water Resources Research Center. (2016). http://wrbs.wrm.ir/SC.php?type=static&id=104.
Medellín-Azuara, J., Howitt, R. E., Harou, J. (2012). Predicting farmer responses to water pricing, rationing and subsidies assuming profit maximizing investment in irrigation technology. Agricultural water management, 108, 73-82.
Ministry of Energy report. (2016). https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4294657/
Mirzaei, M. (2016). Assessing the impacts of water policy policies and determining the appropriate strategy for sustainable use of surface and underground resources in Qazvin plain. Doctoral dissertation, Payam Noor University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran). In Persian).
Molle, F., Venot, J.P., Hassan, Y. (2008). Irrigation in the Jordan Valley: Are water pricing policies overly optimistic?. Agricultural water management, 95(4), 427-438.
Parhizkari, A., Sabohi, M., Ahmadpoor, M., Badizarin, H. (2016). Assessment of the Effects of Deficit Irrigation and Decrease in Water Allocation on Agricultural Sector Production in Qazvin Province. Journal of Water Reserch in Agriculture, 6(2): 173-185. (In Persian)
Paris, Q., Arfini, F. (2000(. Funzioni di costo di frontiera, auto-selezione, rischio di prezzo, PMP e Agenda 2000. Rivista di economia agraria, 55(2): 211-242.
Paris, Q., Howitt, R.E. (1998). An analysis of ill-posed production problems using Maximum Entropy. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 80(1): 124-138.
Spielman, D., Ekboir, J., Davis, K. (2009). The art and science of innovation systems inquiry: Applications to SubSaharan African agriculture. Technol. Soc. 31: 399-405.
Varziri, A., Vakilpoor, M.H., Mortazavi, S.A. (2016). The Effects of Economic Pricing of Irrigation Water on Cropping Pattern in the Dehgolan Plain, Journal of Economic Research ,Volume 8, Issue 31, Autumn 2016, Page 81-100. (In Persian)
Ward Kristen, B. (2003). Evaluating Producer Response to Water Policies in Agriculture: The Role of Input substitution, spatial hetrogeneity and input quality.Ph.D Dissertation, university of californiaDavice, USA.
Yazdani, S., Mahmoodi, A., Yavari, G.R., Shokat-Fadee, M., Nazari, M.R., Mirzaee, M. (2016). Analysis of the Economic Effects of Nonprice Policy Reduced Water Supply in Qazvin Plain. Quarterly Journal of Economic Growth and Development Research, 2(3): 89-98. (In Persian)
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Asaadi, M.A. (2017). Economic Analysis of Deficit Irrigation Strategies for Managing Agricultural Water Resources (Case Study: Qazvin Plain Irrigation Network), M.Sc. Dissertation, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. Iran. (In Persian)
Bakhsi, A., Daneshvar-Kakhki, M., Moghadasi, R. (2011) An Application of Positive Mathematical Programming Model to Analyze the Effects of Alternative Policies to Water Pricing in Mashhad Plain. Agricultural Economics & Development, 25(3): 284-294. (In Persian)
Baniasadi, M., Zare Mehrjerdi, M., Mirzaei KhalilAbad, H., Rezaee, A., Hasanvand, M. (2017). Study of Cropping Pattern Changes and groundwater Resources Extraction by Implementing Reduced Water Consumption Policies in Orzuiyeh Plain of Kerman Province, Agricultural Economic, 11(3): 111-129. (In Persian)
Berbel, J., Gomez-Limon, J. A. (2000). The impact of water-pricing policy in Spain: an analysis of there irrigated aress. Agricultural Water Management, 43, 219-238.
Bostani, F., Mohammadi, H., Moaldini, Z. (2014). Consequences to irrigation groundwater price and quotas policies in Fars province (positive mathematical programming approach corrected), 20(7): 65-78. (In Persian)
Cortignani, R., Severini, S. (2009). Modeling farm-level adoption of deficit irrigation using Positive Mathematical Programming. Agricultural Water Management, 96(12), 1785-1791.
Gallego-Ayala, J. (2012). Selecting irrigation water pricing alternatives using a multi-methodological approach. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 55(3), 861-883.
Hamedan Regional Water Company. (2017).
He L, Tyner W E, Doukkali R and Siam G (2006) Policy options to improve water allocation efficiency: analysis on Egypt and Morocco. Water International, 31, 320–337.
Hezareh, R., Hassani, U., Shayanmehr, S. (2015). The impact assessment of different agricultural sector policies on its productivity indicators in Qazvin plain. Iranian Journal of Water Research IWRJ, 4(10). (In Persian)
Howitt, R. E., Medellín-Azuara, J., MacEwan, D., Lund, J. R. (2012). Calibrating disaggregate economic models of agricultural production and water management. Environmental Modelling & Software, 38, 244-258.
Howitt, R.E. (1995). Positive Mathematical Programming; American Journal of Agricultural Economics 77: 329-342.
Iran Water Resources Research Center. (2016). http://wrbs.wrm.ir/SC.php?type=static&id=104.
Medellín-Azuara, J., Howitt, R. E., Harou, J. (2012). Predicting farmer responses to water pricing, rationing and subsidies assuming profit maximizing investment in irrigation technology. Agricultural water management, 108, 73-82.
Ministry of Energy report. (2016). https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4294657/
Mirzaei, M. (2016). Assessing the impacts of water policy policies and determining the appropriate strategy for sustainable use of surface and underground resources in Qazvin plain. Doctoral dissertation, Payam Noor University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran). In Persian).
Molle, F., Venot, J.P., Hassan, Y. (2008). Irrigation in the Jordan Valley: Are water pricing policies overly optimistic?. Agricultural water management, 95(4), 427-438.
Parhizkari, A., Sabohi, M., Ahmadpoor, M., Badizarin, H. (2016). Assessment of the Effects of Deficit Irrigation and Decrease in Water Allocation on Agricultural Sector Production in Qazvin Province. Journal of Water Reserch in Agriculture, 6(2): 173-185. (In Persian)
Paris, Q., Arfini, F. (2000(. Funzioni di costo di frontiera, auto-selezione, rischio di prezzo, PMP e Agenda 2000. Rivista di economia agraria, 55(2): 211-242.
Paris, Q., Howitt, R.E. (1998). An analysis of ill-posed production problems using Maximum Entropy. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 80(1): 124-138.
Spielman, D., Ekboir, J., Davis, K. (2009). The art and science of innovation systems inquiry: Applications to SubSaharan African agriculture. Technol. Soc. 31: 399-405.
Varziri, A., Vakilpoor, M.H., Mortazavi, S.A. (2016). The Effects of Economic Pricing of Irrigation Water on Cropping Pattern in the Dehgolan Plain, Journal of Economic Research ,Volume 8, Issue 31, Autumn 2016, Page 81-100. (In Persian)
Ward Kristen, B. (2003). Evaluating Producer Response to Water Policies in Agriculture: The Role of Input substitution, spatial hetrogeneity and input quality.Ph.D Dissertation, university of californiaDavice, USA.
Yazdani, S., Mahmoodi, A., Yavari, G.R., Shokat-Fadee, M., Nazari, M.R., Mirzaee, M. (2016). Analysis of the Economic Effects of Nonprice Policy Reduced Water Supply in Qazvin Plain. Quarterly Journal of Economic Growth and Development Research, 2(3): 89-98. (In Persian)
