Investigation and Identification of Types and Amounts of Heavy Metals in Soil of an Industrial Area

Subject Areas : Journal of Chemical Health Risks

Majid Mohammadhosseini ¹ , Hooman Bahmanpour ² , Saeedeh Lotfi ³

1 - Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Basic Science, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
2 - Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Basic Science, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
3 - Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Basic Science, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran

Received: 2014-11-30 Accepted : 2018-10-29 Published : 2018-10-29

Keywords: Heavy metals, standard, Sampling, Soil contamination,

Abstract :

This study was mainly designed to investigate and identify the amounts and types of heavy metals in the soils of National Iranian Oil Refining & Distribution Company in Shahrood region and tried to establish a logical relation between the presence of heavy metals and their damage on vegetation. In addition, considering the power of drained soil and due to the proximity of ground water in Shahrood region, conducting this study provides a better insight into recognition of the possible contamination centers of drinking waters. The gridding and selective method was used for sampling step. Accordingly, five sub-samples were taken from each grid and finally after mixing all of the sub-samples, the final samples were obtained with an average weight of 400 grams prior to sending to the laboratory. To determine the total concentration of heavy metals in soil, extraction was done using concentrated solutions of HCl and HNO3. The total concentration of the heavy metals of chromium, cobalt and nickel were measured using an ICP-MS instrument, and the rest of the elements using an XRF device. The results explicitly indicated that the quantities of nickel, lead, zinc and strontium in patient samples exceeded the standard, and the other elements were lower than their standard limits. More specifically, the contents of lead and strontium in both normal and patient samples were higher than their standard contents. Moreover, the majority of the vegetation loss across the affected areas was caused by heavy metal accumulation, particularly nickel, lead, zinc, and strontium.

References:

1. Abollino O., Aceto M., Malandrino M., Mentasti E., Sarzanini C., Petrella F., 2002. Heavy metals in agricultural soils from Piedmont, Italy. Distribution, speciation and chemometric data treatment. Chemosphere. 49(6), 545-557.
2. Bermudez G.M.A., Jasan R., Pla R., Pignata M.L., 2012. Heavy metals and trace elements in atmospheric fall-out: Their relationship with topsoil and wheat element composition. J Hazard Mater. 213, 447-456.
3. During R.A., Hoss T., Gath S., 2003. Sorption and bioavailability of heavy metals in long-term differently tilled soils amended with organic wastes. Sci Total Environ. 313(1-3), 227-234.
4. Kim S.O., Kim K.W., 2001. Monitoring of electrokinetic removal of heavy metals in tailing-soils using sequential extraction analysis. J Hazard Mater. 85(3), 195-211.
5. Manta D.S., Angelone M., Bellanca A., Neri R., Sprovieri M., 2002. Heavy metals in urban soils: A case study from the city of Palermo (Sicily), Italy. Sci Total Environ. 300(1-3), 229-243.
6. Vaxevanidou K., Papassiopi N., Paspaliaris L., 2008. Removal of heavy metals and arsenic from contaminated soils using bioremediation and chelant extraction techniques. Chemosphere. 70(8), 1329-1337.
7. Wang J.Y., Huang X.J., Kao J.C.M., Stabnikova O., 2006. Removal of heavy metals from kaolin using an upward electrokinetic soil remedial (UESR) technology. J Hazard Mater. 136(3), 532-541.
8. Wang W.S., Wen B., Zhang S.Z., Shan X.Q., 2003. Distribution of heavy metals in water and soil solutions based on colloid-size fractionation. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 83(5), 357-365.
9. Zhang Z.Y., Abuduwaili J., Jiang F.Q., 2013. Determination of occurrence characteristics of heavy metals in soil and water environments in Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia. Anal Lett. 46(13), 2122-2131.
10. Rastin B., 1998. Methods and Concepts in Environmental Science. International Social and Economical Organization. UN, Iran Statical Center.
11. Brognort G., 1992. Soil Chemistry. Academic Published Center. Tehran, Iran.
12. Biggar J.W., Nielsen D.R., 1976. Spatial variability of the leaching characteristic of a field soil. Water Resour Res. 12(1), 78-84.
13. Erfanmanesh M., Afyooni M., 2000. Environmental Pollution. Isfahan Publishing Center, First Ed.
14. Facchinelli A., Sacchi E., Mallen L., 2001. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environ Pollut. 114(3), 313-324.
15. Sutcliffe J.F., Baker D.A., 1981. Planets and Mineral Salts Eduard Arnold Pub., Camelot Press Ltd. Institute of Biological Studies in Biology, Southampton, 2nd Ed.
16. Dimitrova A., Sidjimov M., Metodiev V., Spasov A., 2010. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils around Kremikovtsi Smelter (Bulgaria). In: L.I. Simeonov, M.V. Kochubovski and B.G. Simeonova (eds.) Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution and Effects on Child Mental Development: Risk Assessment and Prevention Strategies. pp. 245-255
17. Alloway B.J., 2001. Heavy Metal in Soil. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York.
18. Dhir B., Srivastava S., 2011. Heavy metal removal from a multi-metal solution and wastewater by Salvinia natans. Ecol Eng. 37(6), 893-896.
19. Dinu M.V., Dragan E.S., 2008. Heavy metals adsorption on some iminodiacetate chelating resins as a function of the adsorption parameters. React Funct Polym. 68(9), 1346-1354.
20. Duo L.A., Gao Y.B., Zhao S.L., 2005. Heavy metal accumulation and ecological responses of turfgrass to rubbish compost with EDTA addition. J Integr Plant Biol. 47(9), 1047-1054.
21. Mico C., Recatala L., Peris A., Sanchez J., 2006. Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis. Chemosphere. 65(5), 863-872.
22. Matheichal J.T., Yu Q., Feltham J., 1997. Cu (II) binding by E. Radiata. Biomater Environ Technol. 18 (1), 25-34.
23. Amini M., Afyuni M., Khademi H., Abbaspour K.C., Schulin R., 2005. Mapping risk of cadmium and lead contamination to human health in soils of Central Iran. Sci Total Environ. 347(1-3), 64-77.
24. Khosravi-Dehkordi A., Safianian E., Afyooni M., 2008. Pb and Cd distribution modeling in soil; Case Study: Isfahan, National Conference on Jeomatic, Isfahan, Iran.
25. Delijani F., Kazemi E., Parvin nia M., Khakshoor M., 2009. Heavy metals distribution in industrial soils, 8th International Conference on Civil Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
26. Baghaei A.H., Khademi H., Mohammadi J., 2007. Geostatistical analysis of spatial variability of lead and nickel around two industrial factories in Isfahan province. J Agric Sci Nat Resour. 14(2), 11-19.
27. Barreto S.R.G., Nozaki J., De Oliveira E., Do Nascimento V.F., Henrique P., Aragao A., Scarminio I.S., Barreto W.J., 2004. Comparison of metal analysis in sediments using EDXRF and ICP-OES with the HCl and Tessie extraction methods. Talanta. 64(2), 345-354.
28. Krishna A.K., Mohan K.R., Murthy N.N., Govil P.K., 2008. Comparative study of X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry of heavy metals in the analysis of soil samples. At Spectrosc. 29(3), 83-89.
29. Cao H.F., Chang A.C., Page A.L., 1984. Heavy metal contents of sludge-treated soils as determined by three extraction procedures. J Environ Qual. 13, 632-634.
30. Boerngen J., Shackette J., 1981. Chemical analyses of soils and other surfical materials of the conterminous United States. United States Geological Survey Report. 81-197.
31. Holmgren G., Meyer M., Chaney R., Daniels R., 1993. Cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, and nickel in agricultural soils of the United States of America. J Environ Qual. 22, 335-348.
32. U.S.EPA., 2005. United States of Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water Regulations and Standards. EPA 440/5-86-001, p.273.
33. Mohammadhosseini M., Tehrani M.S., 2006. Solid phase extraction and determination of trace amounts of lead(II) using octadecyl membrane disks modified by a new Schiff's base and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J Chin Chem Soc. 53 (5), 1119-1128.
34. Okamoto H., Okamoto Y., Hirokawa T., Timerbaev A.R., 2003. Trace ion analysis of sea water by capillary electrophoresis: Determination of strontium and lithium pre-concentrated by transient isotachophoresis. Analyst. 128(12), 1439-1442.
35. Mahvi A.H., Mansoor M., 1988. Environmental Health. Jahad Daneshgahi Publisher, Tehran.
36. Hossny E., Mokhtar G., El-Awady M., Ali I., Morsy M., Dawood A., 2001. Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution. Sci Total Environ. 273(1-3), 135-146.
37. Yu H., Wang J.L., Fang W., Yuan J.G., Yang Z.Y., 2006. Cadmium accumulation in different rice cultivars and screening for pollution-safe cultivars of rice. Sci Total Environ. 370(2-3), 302-309.
38. Asadi M., Razi F., Vojdani M., 1989. Hazardous Solid Waste Management. DOE Ltd., Tehran.
39. Karimpoor M., 1996. Study on Drinking Water in Hamadan, MSc. Thesis, Department of Environmental Health, Tehran University, Tehran, p. 189.
40. Davies B.E., 1995. Lead in Heavy Metals in Soils. Blackie, New York, Second Edition (B.J. Alloway, ed.).
41. Luo H.M., Dai S., Bonnesen P.V., 2004. Solvent extraction of Sr2+ and Cs+ based on room-temperature ionic liquids containing monoaza-substituted crown ethers. Anal Chem. 76(10), 2773-2779.