The Position and Role of the Government in Development from the Perspective of Hossein Azimi, Fariborz Reiis Dana and Masoud Nili
Subject Areas :Ostad Rostam Rostami 1 , Reza Shirzad 2 , HosseinAli Nowzari 3
1 - Department of Political Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
2 - Department of Political Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
3 - Department of Political Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
Keywords: Growth and Development, Government, Hossein Azimi, Fariborz Reiis Dana, Masoud Nili.,
Abstract :
One of the most important issues in the economy is the role of government in the process of eco-nomic growth and development. Production is a complex and social activity that requires all its con-texts and resources to achieve proper production for society. Therefore, the issue of importance is the manner and quality of government intervention in matters related to the economy and the wel-fare of the people, not the extent of this intervention. In Iran, there is always disagreement among thinkers on which institution is responsible for development. For some, the government has a duty to take the lead in development and to push it forward, but for others, the government is not a good institution to promote development. These groups play a minimal role for the government. This study, by comprehensively examining these two different approaches, examines the views and ideas of three prominent scientists and experts in the field of political economy and focuses on the role of government in development. Azimi introduced development in a more general way and believed that complete development is not possible without the development of all structures. According to him, in the developed world, structural guidance (structuring in the presence of technical domi-nance) is unnecessary and short-term guidance is necessary. The importance of the government in the development process is so great in the idea that the main and most important institution of de-velopment is the "government based on democracy"; And he puts the judiciary and the media in the next ranks. Reiis Dana considers the state to be class in nature and does not examine the state sepa-rately from the global relations of capitalism. This lack of attention has always caused development in a fragmented, unbalanced and unsuccessful country. According to Reiis Dana, development in Iran is due to the development of capitalism, because capitalist development in the world is growing unevenly. Nili believes that government intervention in development, in addition to inefficiency, deprives people of their freedoms. Therefore, Nili looks at the issue from another angle and defends government restrictions on the economy and development by prioritizing freedom over social jus-tice.
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International Journal of Political Science
ISSN: 2228-6217
Vol 13, No 3, Sep 2023, (pp. 39 - 58)
The Position and Role of the Government in Development from the
Perspective of Hossein Azimi, Fariborz Reiis Dana and Masoud Nili
Ostad Rostam Rostami1, Reza Shirzadi2*, HosseinAli Nowzari3
1, 2*, 3 Department of Political Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
Received: 5 July 2023 ; Accepted: 18 Sep 2023
Abstract
One of the most important issues in the economy is the role of government in the process of economic growth and development. Production is a complex and social activity that requires all its contexts and resources to achieve proper production for society. Therefore, the issue of importance is the manner and quality of government intervention in matters related to the economy and the welfare of the people, not the extent of this intervention. In Iran, there is always disagreement among thinkers on which institution is responsible for development. For some, the government has a duty to take the lead in development and to push it forward, but for others, the government is not a good institution to promote development. These groups play a minimal role for the government. This study, by comprehensively examining these two different approaches, examines the views and ideas of three prominent scientists and experts in the field of political economy and focuses on the role of government in development. Azimi introduced development in a more general way and believed that complete development is not possible without the development of all structures. According to him, in the developed world, structural guidance (structuring in the presence of technical dominance) is unnecessary and short-term guidance is necessary. The importance of the government in the development process is so great in the idea that the main and most important institution of development is the "government based on democracy"; And he puts the judiciary and the media in the next ranks. Reiis Dana considers the state to be class in nature and does not examine the state separately from the global relations of capitalism. This lack of attention has always caused development in a fragmented, unbalanced and unsuccessful country. According to Reiis Dana, development in Iran is due to the development of capitalism, because capitalist development in the world is growing unevenly. Nili believes that government intervention in development, in addition to inefficiency, deprives people of their freedoms. Therefore, Nili looks at the issue from another angle and defends government restrictions on the economy and development by prioritizing freedom over social justice.
Keywords: Growth and Development, Government, Hossein Azimi, Fariborz Reiis Dana, Masoud Nili.
*Corresponding Author’s Email: shirzadi2020@yahoo.com |
Introduction and problem statement
Various hypotheses and theories have been presented by researchers and thinkers on Iranian issues in recent years regarding the variables involved in delaying Iran's development. Some have considered the lack of a coherent school of thought and its non-institutionalization as the main cause of development delay (Azimi, 1999: p. 118)
When phenomena move towards improvement, it can be considered as development; Because they create more satisfaction in other people's lives. In addition, it should be noted that development has at its heart three basic and important factors, which are change, transformation and progress, which are briefly explained below;
Change is a measurable process in a short period of time that aims to change the structures and institutions to pave the way for other stages of development and to map out a favorable future for society. Transformation is a process that occurs after the stage of change and will result in a long period of time. In this stage, the change of social and economic relations, behaviors and attitudes between people and officials is considered. Progress, dynamism, change and moving forward over time and the end result of change and transformation, the objective result of which is seen in the quality of life and well-being of society (Eftekhari, 1999: pp. 25-26).
Generalities and definitions of development:
Scientists like Arthur Lewis believe that economic development is a process that increases per capita income in the long run. In another definition, economic development is the process by which an economy moves from a fusion of traditional and modern to modern. On the other hand, development can be considered as increasing production capacity and diversity in a society in the long run (Taheri, 1997: p. 12).
Although today's definition of development has centered man on his analysis; And he considers the new development as a development that pays attention to the rights and dignity of man and his place of life, and its ultimate goal is to bring man to a stage where he is satisfied with his life (Mirdal, 1996: p. 63).
Mirdal, as one of the development theorists, considers development to have two physical and cultural approaches. The physical dimension leads to the accumulation of capital and the cultural dimension changes beliefs. The physical dimension can affect the cultural dimension, and beliefs can affect the physical dimension. Usually, the cultural dimension is much slower. If we look at development in terms of speed, culture is the foundation of development.
Development goals: The goal of all development processes is human well-being. Accordingly, if long-term development does not take place within the framework of a comprehensive social policy that directly addresses the causes of poverty and underdevelopment, a long-term solution to end sustainable poverty in regions and communities will not be possible. What is important in development are the people, not mere economic statistics, therefore development focuses on human well-being and not on measuring the coefficient of investment and the ratio of capital to production (Hosseini, 2008: p. 150).
Given this issue, the study of man and his needs from a specific social perspective is very important. Given that each society has its own cultural characteristics, the development must necessarily be based on those characteristics and be realized. For example, paying attention to culture is an important starting point for change in society based on the establishment of human identity and moral and spiritual values. In general, it should be noted that development should increase per capita capital in general (per capita physical capital, natural capital and per capita human capital). This means that if natural resources are used, natural capital must be converted into physical or human capital. Sustainability can also be considered as a decrease in per capita capital over time (Khalilian, 1999: p. 213).
The main and fundamental pillar of development in various economic, cultural, political and social dimensions is the selection of achievable goals and appropriate to the cultural, social and economic characteristics of each society. Macro development goals are:
1. Poverty alleviation
2. Creating social justice and regional balances
3. Creating public welfare
4. Economic independence
5. Exaltation and divinity of human beings (Sharif al-Nasbi, 1996, p. 6)
Development dimensions:
Development has various dimensions, which include economic development, social development, and political development. Economic development of labor productivity means reducing the share of agriculture in total production, more use of technology and rapid growth of urbanization. This thinking is the most basic theory in development. This view of development is rooted in the West and introduces the best model for the development of third world countries as the developed western countries. The modernization development model has taken this view into account (Sharif al-Nasbi, 1996, p. 7).
In social development, in addition to creating economic capacity, indicators of social justice such as redistribution of productive resources, wealth, poverty reduction, adequate nutrition, life expectancy, livelihood, and finally, reducing social class differences are also considered. The first report on the social situation of the world was published in 1952, which greatly influenced the attention of thinkers and development experts, especially in international agencies. The United Nations periodically produced various reports on the social situation in which the term "social development" was rarely used; But without a clear definition, it was used in contrast to "economic development" or as an alternative to the static concept of "social status." In 1962, the United Nations Economic and Social Council proposed a combination of the two, and in 1963 the United Nations Institute for Social Research was established with a focus on improving the quality of life of the people. In the seventies, an attempt was made to consider development in a comprehensive and integrated manner. As UNESCO stated in a statement: Development must be integrated and inclusive; A full-fledged and multifaceted process that encompasses all aspects of society, its relations with the outside world, its conscience and awareness (Jomehpour, 2003: pp. 84-85)
Development organizations:
The last development process is the required organizations, which are:
1. Special banks and monetary institutions (public and private)
2. Industrial Development Guarantee Funds
3. Technical and information service institutions
4. Export institutions and industrial, agricultural and commercial organizations
5. Entrepreneurs training organizations and human resources
6. Industrial Development Centers
7. Retrieval and information centers
8. Quality control centers and standard institute
9. Scientific-technical parks (Sharif Al-Nasbi, 1996, p. 4)
Sustainable Development:
Sustainable development, which is one of the main topics discussed in development and planning circles today, is itself the result of different development ideas. At the same time, this concept, like the concept of development, has been interpreted in various ways. The common denominator of all these ideas is sustainability and achieving a development process that can be sustainable. Stability requires balance; Because an unbalanced system will also be unstable and vice versa. In sustainable human development, sustainability is emphasized in all economic, social and environmental dimensions and it is believed that without stability and creating balance in all dimensions of society, a sustainable development cannot be achieved (Jomehpour, 2003: pp. 103-104).
In order to achieve this goal, development is seen as a system whose main elements are people, resources and land; And the desired combination of these elements based on participation and in the form of an appropriate social, economic and spatial structure will mean achieving development. In order to achieve the desired development model or the correct use of resources and opportunities and its fair distribution, people's participation is considered as the main and pivotal factor that combines the main elements in the development process and their implementation (Jomehpour, 2003: pp. 103-104).
Government:
Government has different meanings. Many writers consider "government" and "government" to have the same meaning (Vincent, 2018: 57). That is, government is used synonymously with government and in some definitions, one of its elements is mentioned (Alam, 2005: 136). Therefore, different definitions of government have been proposed, each of which has examined this institution from different aspects, which are mentioned below:
A) Legal definition of government: In this definition, a government is a unit that has characteristics such as population, government, territory and sovereignty.
B) Philosophical definition of government: The government has a main purpose. In this definition, the government is examined in terms of concepts such as the essential and sufficient characteristics of the government, desirable perfection, good government or perfect government, so in this definition, three intellectual perspectives are considered:
• The government is created to create harmony between the various and essential components of society.
• The government is the result of a social contract.
• The state has emerged as a result of the struggle between opposing social forces (Alam, 2005: p. 137)
C) Political definition of government: This definition is based on what really exists, not on ideals and what should be. In this definition, there is a completely realistic view of society. The state is not based on a desirable property of philosophers. Rather, it is based on facts that exist in the past, present, and future.
In this definition, it is said that society, from its very simple formations to its very complex forms, has grown based on changes in production (Alam, 2005: p. 138).
The state as the most important decision-making institution in human social life is composed of four elements: people, land, government and sovereignty, which are briefly explained about the role of each.
A) People: The quantity of the population has little legal effect on the formation of the state; Because today, small governments and big governments like China, which have a population of over one billion, each have their own government. Of course, as soon as the element of power enters the realm of government and international politics, population size plays a very important role in achieving goals and determining the realm of national interests. In this way, the more uniform and homogeneous the composition of the population in a country, the more maneuvering power the government will have in the field of international politics. In some cases, the emphasis on aspects and characteristics of the population can transform the structure of the political system, such as Nazi Germany, which declared racial interests as the basis of its rule.
B) Land: Legally, the size of the land is not a condition for forming a government. So that even the smallest countries have governments; however, in the field of politics and international relations, as well as in the field of studying the power of states, the size of the land factor is as important as the population factor. However, in terms of geopolitical location, size, geometric shape, economic possibilities, natural conditions, climatic conditions, demarcations and the like should be considered. for example; The existence of water borders provided the British government with the opportunity to prevent an effective aggression against the country for 900 years (Heydarifar, 2010: p. 817).
C) Government: The form of government and its function has no effect on the legal nature of the establishment of a government. Because when it comes to the power of the state, the formulation and implementation of foreign policy and the behavior of a state in international politics, the form of government certainly plays an important role in meeting the demands and interests as well as influencing international politics. Governments are divided into different forms according to function, ideology and structure (Ghavam, 2016: p. 23).
D) Sovereignty: This element of government has often been used to mean superior or supreme power, and has sometimes been interpreted as an absolute and unconditional power mixed with government power. From this point of view, in the context of the international system, it has been interpreted as "independence", and in the domestic system as "freedom". Gradually, with the expansion of international law and the acceptance of solidarity between political units and cooperation between them, the sovereignty lost its classical concept and political scholars have given various interpretations of it. In general, the constituent elements of the state are an indivisible whole and the absence or deficiency of each of these elements damages the position of a state as a political unit (Ghavam, 2016: p. 24).
Economics and Development from the perspective of Hossein Azimi
According to Hossein Azimi, the economy is a central issue because a decent job, a good income, a life of comfort, economic security and hope for the future depend entirely on its plans. Dr. Azimi believes that government in Iran and the inefficiency of the administrative system have led to the lack of organizations to form human capital. On the other hand, the attitude of the international community towards Iran has been cruel and this issue has led to the creation of conditions in which capital owners want to seek large profits and irrational incomes (Azimi, 2004: pp. 7-8).
The first time that Azimi raised issues about economics and development in the theoretical field was in the introduction of a book called The Principles of the Science of Wealth of Nations by Mohammad Ali Foroughi. He writes in this introduction: The new issues of our time and age, which are in the discussion of creation, harmonization, between development and man on the one hand; And development and nature, on the other hand, are gradually reflected in the topics of economics under the heading of sustainable development. This is in the evolutionary path that economics tries to deal with the fundamental issues and problems of human societies in relation to the increase of society's wealth, poverty of people, unbalanced distribution patterns, economic crisis and recession, inflation and economic turmoil, unemployment and employment and the type of relations between rich and poor countries (Foroughi, 2008: p. 21).
For societies that are backward and want to get out of this situation, development means the death of the old system and the birth of a new society (Foroughi, 2008: p. 22). Azimi goes on to write that if countries like Iran, India and Pakistan want to carry out the development process, they must come to the conclusion that there is an old system and it must be eliminated and replaced by a new system with new plans. Therefore, according to Dr. Azimi, development is a process during which a society with certain historical conditions is transferred to another historical period. Hence, indicators such as national production, unemployment, employment, etc., are the consequences of development, not development itself. Development is the process of transferring a society from a particular historical period to another (Foroughi, 2008: pp. 33-34).
In addition to the need for development hardware infrastructure, Azimi also depends on the epistemological issues of society, and according to him, the most important epistemological issue of modern times is scientific-empirical knowledge, which in the modern world has expanded unprecedentedly. He believes that if these capacities are not used properly in society, society will not achieve development and the main obstacle to this non-use is the incompatibility of the intellectual, organizational and material institutions of these societies. Therefore, he concludes that if Iran is at a low level of development, the main reason for this flourishing lies in the fact that potential talents have not flourished (Foroughi, 2008: p. 38).
Azimi believes that two important mechanisms are involved in the development processes of: a) the acquisition of knowledge and technology, b) its transfer. According to him, in an underdeveloped society, the acquisition of knowledge and technology occurs through experience and error in the production scene, and its transfer is through practice in the production scene; But in the developed world, there are laboratories and training workshops that prevent the repetition of mistakes by others and provide a model with the least error to others (Foroughi, 2008: p. 40).
To a large extent, development has fixed principles, which are: pervasiveness, heterogeneity, tension, friction, and inflammation. The principle of inclusiveness emphasizes that complete development is not possible without the development of all structures. The principle of heterogeneity states that unbalanced development is the most important principle of development. According to the principle of friction, structural gaps cause collisions, and if these collisions are too large, they will create a structural barrier to development. The principle of inflammation emphasizes: If the tensions that arise are due to a fundamental backwardness in the political structure, this development will lead to the existence of a social revolution (Foroughi, 2008: p. 40).
Another issue that Azimi has mentioned about development planning is the issue of competition between governments. According to him, governments in Iran do not have a technical background, and in contrast to Iran, which has a government that has had a modern government since the first Pahlavi period, there are countries that have a history of two hundred years in terms of technical domination. Therefore, in Iran, the government should not confuse and distinguish between structural guidance and short-term guidance. According to him, structural guidance means structuring in the conditions of technical domination (Foroughi, 2008: p. 42).
Obstacles to Iran's economic development from the perspective of Dr. Hossein Azimi
Azimi believes that there are several major economic problems in Iran that are obstacles to development. These problems include:
1. Lack of dynamism in total and per capita production
2. Inadequacy in production structure
3. Inadequate banking and monetary policies
4. Lack of development strategy
5. Dependence on the outside
6. Lack of political stability (Azimi, underdeveloped circuits in the Iranian economy: Foroughi, 2008: p. 42).
He believes that the government has a duty to design development strategies, the principles and requirements of which are as follows:
1- Attracting and employing highly specialized human resources: Attracting specialized people and empowering human resources is one of the effective ways to increase economic productivity and proper use of social capacity and capabilities in line with organizational goals. Empowerment provides the conditions in which continuous improvement and improvement of performance takes place through the development and expansion of the influence and capability of individuals and teams. Therefore, empowerment is a strategy of organizational development and prosperity (Foroughi, 2008: p. 42).
2. Improving government activities: The government is an institution that, due to its great power, is exposed to many damages that need to be refined. If the government does not monitor its sanitation, there will be very negative consequences in terms of corruption.
3. Limiting liquidity in the economy.
4. The growth of liquidity, no matter what happens, means an increase in the banking system's liabilities to individuals and the emergence of cash assets for individuals who can use it to purchase goods and services or assets. The characteristics of liquidity growth in any way, even if it does not temporarily become a demand for goods and services and has no inflationary effects, will eventually show its pressure on prices. Even if the growth of the monetary base is temporarily low but the growth of liquidity increases, the growth of the monetary base increases due to the fluidity of liquidity. The main reason is the extra withdrawal of banks and the referral of banks to use the resources of the Central Bank (Khezri et al., 2015: p. 195). Given the effects of illiquidity on the economy, Azimi suggests that this phenomenon in the economy should be limited.
5- Creating mobility in agricultural production: Azimi believes that the developments in education, industry, agriculture, etc. should be around a strategic axis in order to have a great impact on the whole country. In the absence of such a strategic attitude, these developments have taken place as separate and unrelated factors and will soon subside because they cannot support each other. There may even be friction between the domains (Azimi, 2004: p. 32).
6. Policies that reduce poverty.
7. Decentralization of offices
8. Controlling population growth rate:
9- The role of population growth and its impact on all aspects of life, especially its economic effects on different societies has long been considered by researchers. Azimi believed that economic development, increasing production, employment, poverty alleviation and deprivation require the use of policies that should be used by the government (Azimi, 2018: p. 13).
Leading the economy to flourish production with the proper use of all resources
One of the most important issues in the economy is the role of government in the process of economic growth and development. Production is a complex and social activity that requires all its contexts and resources to achieve proper production for society. Hence, the important issue is the manner and quality of government intervention in matters related to the economy and the welfare of the people, not the extent of this intervention. The government has influenced and intervened in the economy in most developing countries through public investment. To do so, the government's foreign exchange reserves must be increased, and the government must be confident that resources will be diverted to investing in sectors that are severely constrained by physical investment (Shahabadi, 2007: p. 183).
Governments can increase economic growth by implementing monetary and fiscal policies and building productive institutions and infrastructure. And the reason for the increasing role of governments in the welfare of the people is also due to their role; For this reason, there is a great deal of emphasis on the need for the role of the state in the flourishing of production. Because many issues that play a role in development (such as long-term investments and health) are possible only through government intervention (Shahabadi, 2007: p. 184).
Investment is one of the most important tasks of the government in development, which plays a very important role in the fluctuations and economic growth of a country. In theories of aggregate demand, government spending is a policy variable that is controlled by the government (Pajooyan and Khosravi, 2012: p. 2).
Lack of capital is one of the major productive barriers to the development of developing countries. It is an important fact in developing societies that capital constraints limit economic growth. Therefore, investment security factors have a significant impact on investment growth and economic development. Azimi was well aware that in a country with special Iranian conditions, especially after the revolution, and given crises such as sanctions and the imposed war, private sector investment in Iran has faced serious challenges; Therefore, the government has a duty to invest in production infrastructure to provide the conditions for national capitalist activities; Otherwise, in Iran, there will be no security to protect capital (Pajooyan and Khosravi, 2012: p. 4).
Governments have traditionally played a major role in international trade in the form of tariffs to raise statistics or to support domestic industries, either through conventional trade policies or modern export promotion. In this regard, governments should implement programs in the form of a free trade system or support barriers that facilitate resilience to trade shocks (Baghestani et al., 2015: p. 46).
Creating extensive opportunities for non-governmental sector investment in the production of goods
As mentioned, development requires large investments to build infrastructure. This is especially true when the government wants to invest in a country that lacks significant development infrastructure; therefore, attracting private capital to achieve this goal is very difficult because even if there is private capital to do so, the private sector lacks the necessary confidence to invest. Once the government has the necessary capital to build the infrastructure for development, it is the duty of the private sector to engage in production. Dr. Azimi believes that the non-governmental sector, after the strong presence of the government in development, can play a very important role in commodity production and economic recovery (Darabi, 2005: p. 81).
Private investment requires government control as long as it provides solutions to encourage them to enter development. Optimal control is one of the tools that are used today in the field of economic planning and policy making (Naseri, 2010: p. 178). Given the importance of proper investment in the public sector, Azimi believes that the government is obliged to set strong criteria and frameworks for investment, the purpose of which is to increase the quality of investment.
Solving the problems of the government executive system such as monetary system, banking system, administrative system
One of the most important problems in Iran is the lack of efficient executors and executive bodies. Many of the problems of the country's executive system are the result of decisions over the past century. Therefore, many of them cannot be easily dealt with and the administrative system can be relieved of these problems, but in any case, the government is obliged, in addition to recognizing the problems, to try to get out of the crises of the executive system. One of the most important challenges of the government in Iran is the reform of the administrative system.
Corruption is a disease that, if left untreated, can undermine a political system. Corruption, which is based on the administrative system of the country and the administration of government affairs, is a major problem facing many developed and developing societies and is becoming more apparent with the forward movement of societies (H. Hirst, 2002: p. 50).
Thus, corruption hinders the development of healthy competition and social justice by harming development. Corruption and the administrative system of the government are closely linked. Because corruption grows in the context of the conditions created by the government, that is, the conditions that leave some people free to bypass obstacles or try to gain concessions by bribing those who are at the head of some government agencies.
Azimi seems to intend to express the idea that the government may be involved in many cases that are corrupt in order to create development; therefore, it must make the fight against corruption one of its plans in order to overcome the obstacles to development. To implement development-oriented policies, the government will have to spend a lot of money on the construction sector, which will definitely increase the risk of corruption. Therefore, the government is obliged to strengthen its regulatory bodies so that the costs that should be spent on development infrastructure are not lost by the profiteering of some managers.
Economics and Development from the perspective of Dr. Reiis Dana
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the situation became such that left-wing economists reconsidered their views or took the path of silence and turned to other activities such as environmental protection and other social actions. But Fariborz Reiis Dana is one of the economists who still emphasizes the principles of planning in economics and democratic development. According to him, development requires tools that are not only material but also part of it depends on culture and education (Reiis Dana, 2000: p. 4).
According to Reiis Dana, development was generally shaped by economics. He acknowledges that people like Paul Rosenstein-Rodan, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Arthur Lewis, and Henry Mintzberg began to think about development after World War II. Their goal was to find ways for low-development and non-industrial countries to follow the path of growth and industrialization (Reiis Dana, 2000: p. 9).
Thus, initially the meaning of development was limited to industrialization and did not include other sectors such as culture and society. However, Reiis Dana believes that the world's development pioneers were concerned that underdeveloped countries might not approach the Soviet Union. He said one of the motivations for development was to increase the purchasing power of poor people in backward countries. This means that the people of the underdeveloped countries had to be large enough in terms of purchasing power to be able to procure the goods of the capitalist countries, so they needed to increase their income to cover the costs (Reiis Dana, 2000: p. 9).
He presents a definition of development after expressing the existing views on development, which are divided into two categories: free and grammatical. In his view, development is the creation of capabilities and capacities that the means of production and social infrastructure create in the economy and society; With the aim of being able to best achieve certain economic goals in terms of development, more production, public enjoyment, social welfare, dealing with social problems such as illiteracy and low health (Reiis Dana, 2000: p. 10).
According to Reiis Dana, the reason for the backwardness of underdeveloped countries is their historical developments, which have historically been in a situation where, like other countries, they have not been able to use their potential; But those countries that were able to take advantage of these opportunities took the countries that lacked this ability under their yoke, so they fell behind. He concludes, "When we see that a country is facing illiteracy, poverty and lack of health, we should not be satisfied with such a situation according to the standards of development science" (Reiis Dana, 2000: p. 11).
Reiis Dana suggests that backward countries need to be creative and build on their potential; These abilities are human-centered and human beings need training to develop these abilities. He believes that development should be "endogenous", "sustainable" and "inclusive". One of the most important characteristics of development is that it is endogenous, which means that development must be creative in itself, have the ability to reconstruct and repair its shortcomings and deficiencies, and lead to the accumulation of capital, knowledge and technology. Another aspect of development is sustainability in the sense that development must continue and not be limited to a specific time. Learning also means that economic development should be able to show its effects on the lives of the most deprived sections of society between two and three medium-term plans (maximum 5 years) (Reiis Dana, 2000: pp. 11-12).
Reiis Dana also responds to the issue of cultural development and offers a definition that is not so different from his definition of economic development. In his definition of cultural development, he writes; "Cultural development is the creation of potential abilities or the indigenization of fertility and creativity and theorizing and producing theory and producing works of art and developing the inner talents of the people" (Reiis Dana, 2000: p. 12).
In another definition, he equates development with structural and composite growth (the opposite of simple, quantitative, and qualitatively limited growth). He adds: "Development is the changes that occur in the relationship between the components and categories of socio-economic order and give rise to newer mechanisms. Development makes growth effective, sustainable, dynamic, sustainable, and with low-cost” (Reiis Dana, 2000: p. 16).
Barriers to economic development in Iran
As mentioned above, Reiis Dana does not see development as limited to the borders of one country, but as a global phenomenon. But in this section, their views on development barriers are examined. In development pathology, he states that in underdeveloped countries, human beings are different in terms of material culture and spiritual culture. But the important point is that in order to create development, national and social homogeneity is necessary, so people must be socialized, and socializing people in these countries through public education creates high economic value (Reiis Dana, 1998: p. 45).
Investing in education facilitates economic growth and reduces social inequalities by increasing productivity, supporting the individual and social development of citizens. Therefore, education is one of the most important ways to deal with poverty and prevent it.
Reiis Dana believes that democracy is one of the most important factors in the development of education, but that education does not necessarily guarantee democracy. He cites the example of Iraq and Saudi Arabia, which have a relatively large educated population but a low level of democracy; On the other hand, they give examples of countries such as India and Jamaica in which the level of education is low but they have a high level of democracy (Reiis Dana, 1998: p. 46).
The role of government in development from the perspective of Dr. Reiis Dana
Democratic development
Today's social transformation is much broader than yesterday. The rapid development of technology, rapid population growth or increasing population pressures, environmental problems, especially the growing pressure to transform and integrate into the global economy as globalization are important factors that force governments to respond appropriately to these issues. Therefore, it seems necessary to review the position and behavior of the government and what the role of governments should be and, more importantly, how they should play a role (Khishchehreh, 2003: p. 15).
On the other hand, the empirical teachings of states that have been more successful in meeting the demands of the people and fulfilling their responsibilities and have played a constructive role in their economic development process, especially in expanding social justice or greater economic equality and eradicating or reducing poverty; And how these teachings should be applied is one of the reasons that has been effective in explaining new thinking about government and its role (Evans, 2001: p. 37).
Comprehensive, comprehensive and full of vigor and one of the most important principles of this work is to provide conditions and contexts for the realization of social justice (Reiis Dana, 2007: p. 37).
It should be borne in mind that in socialist discourse, the word democratic does not necessarily mean free, but here it means universal, that is, democratic development is a development that leads the lives of all individuals to positive welfare, cultural, social and economic developments. Reiis Dana believes that the most important task of democratic development is for the government to present a plan in which the task of social ownership is clear. Although state ownership does not necessarily mean social ownership, a democratic state can be responsible for a large number of national properties at the macro level (Reiis Dana, 2007: p. 49).
In an underdeveloped economy, he argues, insisting on methods such as bank interest rates, low-income tax policies, increasing and decreasing credit on an hourly basis, and the like, does not cure the pain of underdevelopment; rather, it will lead to successive fractures. He believes that if the goal of development is the sustainable and sustainable welfare of human beings, then the way and method and policies of the government should be such that social justice is both a goal and a tool; These tools must be sustainable to ensure growth and efficient linkage of economic activities that guarantee growth (Reiis Dana, 2007: p. 32).
Fixing market failures
Reiis Dana criticizes liberal free market policies, arguing that extremist market orientation and the closure of planning under the pretext of a complete market system or due to the failure of old planning methods have undermined the core of development, social justice; and worldwide, poverty and discrimination have increased due to the failure of market mechanisms and neoliberal policies. (Reiis Dana, 2007: p. 34).
For his claims to the positive role of market regulation and development by the government, he examines statistics from the Soviet Union and writes: "Our building is not judged solely on the basis of what is happening in the United States. Economists also look at the experiences of social welfare and well-being in European countries, especially in northern Europe. The experiences of the Soviet Union before and after the collapse are also very important.
These experiences show that, as far as material life and public cultural enjoyment are concerned; It is not the case that in capitalist systems where gross per capita income is also very high, people have a high standard of living (Reiis Dana, 2007: p. 35).
Increasing social justice
Social justice is one of the most fundamental principles and values of development and should determine the direction and movement of planners. When social justice is not achieved, there will be no equal opportunities, and unequal opportunities will lead to the growth and deepening of inequalities in societies, and over time, differences and distances will become deeper and more intense. A strong group and a poor and powerless group will remain and injustice will happen in the societies. Production is one of the economic components of any country, and in order to achieve greater prosperity, the conditions must be such that social justice is not challenged, and this is possible only by changing production methods and increasing productivity (Rastegarjoo, 2017: p. 4).
Development at every stage of its development transforms the different creations of life. Thus development is a concept of value that implies, along with normative assumptions, an abstract pattern of society. By having economic models appropriate to the cultural context of each country and empowering the human resources of each society, relying on purposeful and long-term education and considering justice, the steps of development can be completed comprehensively.
Economic independence and independence
According to Reiis Dana, one of the important tasks of the government is to fulfill economic independence. Economic independence is not only deeply linked to political independence, but also a prerequisite for its continuation. After the transition to political independence, the ground for the growth of economic independence is provided. If we consider the industrial backwardness of the third world countries as only due to the lack or shortage of industrial facilities, we are wrong, because such facilities exist enough in the world of the former colony (Reiis Dana, 2002: p. 12).
The preservation of economic independence by the government is due to the fact that dependence is an obstacle to public development, sustainable and sustainable social development. In his view, it is not correct to say that it is formed in dependence on the processes of industrial growth, which causes the creation and release of material and social force for uninterrupted growth. However, it is not far from the possibility within the framework of the dependent economic system, forms of development emerge that are not the best strategy for the development of the national economy (Reiis Dana, 2006: p. 67).
Economics and Development from the perspective of Dr. Masoud Nili
In defining development, Nili tries to separate the school from the profession, and says in an interview: "Some in economics follow a profession and an ideology, not a defined scientific school." He believes that development should not be defined from an ideological point of view and should be viewed in a scientific way. According to him, just as the concepts of economic growth, investment, GDP, etc. have specific definitions, development must also have a precise and scientific definition (Ibid: p. 2). Nili, therefore, seeks to provide a non-ideological, science-based definition of development.
Therefore, they are trying to move beyond ideology and replace it with the consensus of scholars. In this regard, he says about the scope of development: "When we say development, we must say which development? Political development, social development, cultural development or economic development and leave the work in any field to its expert. Now, if we limit development to economic development, there is no specific definition left, except to say that development means the improvement of the situation in all respects, without mentioning any case or criteria. In other words, the definition of development is everything becomes good, without everything being known” (Sokhanvar, 2011: p. 3).
He believes that the issue of poverty and inequality in Iran is also very important because it is related to the ideology of the Islamic Republic of Iran. On the other hand, he states and writes that economic growth is one of the necessities of development; "Increasing economic growth helps to improve the distribution of income, and the unfavorable situation of income distribution slows down economic growth" (Sokhanvar, 2011: p. 148).
Thus, economics and development are directly related to each other. Although there is no coherent definition of development in Dr. Nili's writings and interviews, he strives to arrive at a scientific and precise definition of development, although he has not provided one.
Elsewhere he tries to define development. He acknowledges that development is a multidimensional process in which the success of countries depends on the advancement of all these dimensions. Sustainable economic development is not possible without political and social development, and the advancement of political and social development will not be possible without economic development. The most important factor that plays a role in both dimensions of development is the factor of popular participation. Socio-political development and economic development are like the hypocrisy of a coin that becomes possible together and the motivating factor of these two developments is the active participation of the people (Nili et al., 2014: p. 73).
He examines the development of Iran in the context of history and divides it into decades and examines and analyzes it; 1950s: Agriculture (dominant commodity sector). 1960s: Government-driven industry. The first half of the 1970s: rising oil prices (Dutch disease). 1979 to 1988: Revolutionary-War Economy. 1989 to 1998: Construction and economic adjustment. 1999-2004: Mild structural reforms (Third Development Plan). 2005 to 2012: Distribution-Oil Economics (Nili, 2014: p. 3).
The role of government in the economy from the point of view of Dr. Nili
Nili believes in the government's monopoly on intrinsic duties and the government's non-interference in the competitive environment of the economy. According to this university professor, the government has exclusive powers, and if their monopoly is violated, security and social justice in society will be violated. He considers the central duties of governments to be the production of public goods and services and the redistribution of income through taxes and the social security system in countries, which governments must perform in a safe and transparent environment, away from moral hazards. On the other hand, economic goods and services are produced in a competitive environment by economic enterprises (Nili, 2019: News ID 305836).
Nili explains that "because in society, the enterprise creates wealth and households in an economic model are the trustees and applicants of enterprises, in the context of the domination of politics over the economy, all households become government employees". In fact, state owned enterprises harm democracy and productivity in a society” (Nili et al., 2014: p. 27).
In this section, Nili tries to explain the existing development patterns and discuss them. In his view, the relationship between development and social justice must first be examined. Three models are considered for development (Nili, 2011: p. 286):
1. The pattern of government-oriented progress or in other words project-oriented
2. Exclusive (non-competitive) market-oriented development pattern
3. Market-oriented competitive development pattern
The goal of all these models is progress and development, but the axis of choice is justice, that is, it must be considered which method is fairer. There are three indicators for this evaluation (Nili, 2011: p. 286):
1. How to distribute income
2. Poverty status
3. The degree of equality in access to opportunities and resources
The third indicator is the criterion for choosing the model of progress, but the first two indicators are the result and product of the model of progress and are a sign of justice in terms of social justice. Moving in the right direction towards social justice means moving in the direction of both poverty and income distribution, and moving in the wrong direction means that opportunities are not evenly distributed. Resources and incomes and their distribution determine the state of poverty. Equality of opportunity eliminates poverty - Benefiting from tax improves the distribution of income (Nili, 2011: p. 286)
Competitive market-oriented development is a model in which equal opportunities are available to all and everyone uses the opportunity according to their talents. In this model, the government creates a competitive and free environment and also provides training courses for groups in need of training. It also contributes to or contributes to the economy through social security for people in financial or physical need. The important point is that the study of societies shows that creating a free business environment increases the incentive to generate new income, and competitive conditions and non-monopoly create a fair environment that seeks equal opportunities (Nili and Saedi, 2005: p. 34).
As long as we are between the two models of state-centered and monopoly, we cannot expect social justice. Achieving social justice depends on equal opportunities. Equal distribution of income is not possible because talents and abilities are different, but if it seeks inequality of opportunities, talents go in the direction of rent (Nili and Saedi, 2005: p. 34).
The conclusion is that an exogenous factor such as oil can be used to create a sustainable economy, but economic fluctuations cannot be explained by it because economic fluctuations are influenced by endogenous factors. These endogenous factors are influenced by the internal mechanism of the economy and government policies and the reaction of economic actors to these policies. In this case, although the fall in oil prices will deepen the recession, its reform will not lead to economic growth in Iran. Currently, the only mechanism for creating prosperity and recession in the Iranian economy is the fluctuations of monetary and fiscal policies and foreign exchange earnings. By injecting money to provide financial resources, this will only cause a temporary boom, and after creating the destructive effects of this work, the boom will turn into a recession (Nili and Saedi, 2005: p. 37).
Nili believes that in order to achieve sustainable economic growth, the following approaches should be adopted:
1- Reviewing the role of the government in order to increase the efficiency of the national economy:
In this section, Dr. Nili explicitly mentions the role of government in development. In his view, government has a very decisive role in strengthening or weakening the growth process. One of the tasks of the government in creating development should be to create macroeconomic stability for the success of micro-economies. Sources and research show that physical and human investment and the use of international resources are linked to the macroeconomic policies of the country. This means that the effectiveness of resources in an unstable and highly disruptive economy decreases. Economic stabilization policies are the most important factor in the view of people and investors towards the economic future of the country and the basis for economic growth, and without it, any effort for economic growth is fruitless (Nili et al., 2014: p. 69).
1- Human capital development and productivity promotion:
Sustainable development means continuous improvement in the level and quality of life. This definition includes issues other than the financial level such as proper health care and the level of education and the environment and rich culture. New approaches emphasize the impact of investment on productivity growth. Obviously, in order to benefit from new ideas, attention must be paid to absorbing technology and adapting and improving it in an open economy. It should be borne in mind that new economic growth depends on the advancement of knowledge towards the creation of new techniques. As a result, the higher the quality of education, the easier access to new techniques will be. The most important point in the current situation of the country in human resource development is the distinction between policies to increase the level of knowledge and policies related to training specialized personnel in economic sectors; So that the level of knowledge approach should be with the nature of social investment and public spending and its resources should be provided from the tax office. However, in the case of training the private economy, the principle of providing economic power is based on the needs of different sectors and should be financed in proportion to it (Nili, 2011: p. 287).
Conclusion
All three researchers do not limit development to a specific dimension and believe that development is an all-encompassing development. Azimi considers development as the birth of a new system and the death of an old system. Reiis Dana believes that development is the creation of capabilities and capacities that the means of production and social infrastructure create in the economy and society. Nili also sees development as a multidimensional process in which the success of countries depends on the advancement of all these dimensions. According to him, sustainable economic development is not possible without political and social development, and the advancement of political and social development will not be possible without economic development.
1- Reiis Dana has a more external view on the issue of developmental delay. In other words, in his view, capitalism abroad does not allow other countries with less power to make significant progress and they are deliberately held back. Azimi seeks its roots mostly inside Iran and considers Iran lacking a development strategy. Nili agrees almost as well because he believes that Iran has the infrastructure for development but is not able to put these separate puzzles together.
2. Reiis Dana has a more external view on the issue of developmental backwardness. In other words, in his view, capitalism abroad does not allow other countries with less power to make significant progress and they are deliberately held back. Azimi seeks its roots mostly inside Iran and considers Iran lacking a development strategy. Dr. Nili is almost of the same opinion because he believes that Iran has the infrastructure for development but is not able to put these separate puzzles together.
3- It can be said that Fariborz Reiis Dana's concern in development, social justice and Masoud Nili's main concern is freedom. Azimi has also tried to take the middle and middle path.
4- Azimi believes that in order for the production of the government to flourish, action must be taken; the government must do the following. Control liquidity; Invest in production infrastructure; Have heavy control and supervision over sectors such as commerce; Pave the way for the entry of the non-governmental sector; Monitor the private sector and their investments; Strengthen price and market control systems; Implement the tax system fairly and solve administrative and banking problems.
5. Azimi seems to have outlined the middle ground for the government's role in development. That is, the government itself can create development (especially in the field of infrastructure) and allow the private sector to play a role in the flourishing of national production and development; While in ReiisDana's comments there is nothing about the role of the private sector in development.
6- Azimi believes that in order for the production of the government to flourish, action must be taken; The government should do the following: Control liquidity; Invest in production infrastructure; Have heavy control and supervision over sectors such as commerce; Pave the way for the entry of the non-governmental sector; Monitor the private sector and their investments; Strengthen price and market control systems; Implement the tax system fairly and solve administrative and banking problems.
7. Nili believes that the government should not be directly involved in development. In his view, as long as the government protects private property, it is enough and the free-market system can develop the society. Ultimately, the role of the government is to ensure the international security of capital, so the government has minimal power in his mind, while in Reiis Dana's thoughts, the government has maximum power.
8. Nili believes that the government has tasks in development, such as providing the resources needed for economic growth, creating a favorable international environment, and planning macroeconomic policies (albeit in the form of a free market economy).
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