• Home
  • Study of A-type granite from the South of Lake Urmia, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone: implications for the Neotethys opening in Iran

Share To

Article Url


Manuscript ID : IJES-2109-1657 (R2) Visit : 332 Page: 121 - 139

10.30495/ijes.2022.1941506.1657

Article Type: Original Research

Study of A-type granite from the South of Lake Urmia, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone: implications for the Neotethys opening in Iran

Subject Areas : Petrology

Nasser Ashrafi 1 , Mehrdad Pourmohsen 2 , Morovvat Faridazad 3

1 - Department of Geology, Payame Noor University,Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Geology, Payame Noor University,Tehran, Iran
3 - Mining Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran

Received: 2021-10-04 Accepted : 2022-01-03 Published : 2023-04-01

Keywords: Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, A-type granite, Late Paleozoic, NW Iran, Neotethys opening,

Abstract :

The magmatic evidence of the Neotethys opening in Iran, such as the Late Paleozoic A-type granitoids, was mainly discovered along the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone and parallel to the Neotethys suture. Therefore, they may provide important clues about the geodynamic evolution of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. The South of Lake Urmia (SLU) granite is situated near the Khalifan A-type pluton (315±2 Ma) with a cover of the Permian sediments. The rock-forming minerals of the SLU granite consist of quartz, alkali-feldspars (K-rich and microperthitic), sodic plagioclases, biotite (Fe-rich), zircon, apatite, and Fe-Ti oxides. The chemical composition of the SLU granite is characterized by high FeOt/MgO and (Na2O+K2O)/CaO ratios, which are typical features of A-type granites. Furthermore, the studied rocks exhibit the chemical characters of the A1 subgroup of A-type granites with peraluminous and K2O-rich affinities. On the multi-element spider plot, the SLU granite shows distinct negative Ba, Sr, P, and Ti anomalies and positive Pb anomalies. Moreover, the Chondrite-normalized rare earth elements (REE) patterns display slope downwards from LREE to HREE, with flattening at the HREE end and distinct negative Eu anomalies. The ratios of trace elements provide evidence for the contribution of the OIB-like mafic melts with crustal interactions to generate the granitic magmas of the SLU pluton. The compositional and stratigraphic features of the SLU granite are also consistent with an extensional setting during the Late Paleozoic in Iran. Therefore, the genesis of the SLU granite can be attributed to the syn-rift magmatism of the Cimmerian terranes. A comprehensive review of the Late Paleozoic rocks occurrence shows that they mainly are emerged in the northeast margin of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone and around the structural depressions such as Lake Urmia (so-called Tertiary fore-arc or Mesozoic back-arc).

References:


  1. Advay M, Ghalamghash J (2011) Petrogenesis and U–Pb dating zircon of granites of Heris (NW of Shabestar), eastern Azerbaigan province, Iranian Journal Crystallography Mineralogy 4:633–648.
    2.
  2. Advay M, Jahangiri A, Mojtahedi M, Ghalamghash J (2010) Petrology and geochemistry of Ghoshchi batholith, NW Iran, Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 17:716–733.
    3.
  3. Agard P, Omrani J, Jolivet L, Mouthereau F (2005) Convergence history across Zagros (Iran): constraints from collisional and earlier deformation, International Journal of Earth Sciences 94:401–419.
    4.
  4. Ahadnejad V (2013) Comparative review of the Northern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone granitoids, Journal of Tethys 1:128–137.
    5.
  5. Ahmadi Khalaji A, Esmaeily D, Valizadeh MV, Rahimpour-Bonab H (2007) Petrology and geochemistry of the granitoid complex of Boroujerd, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Western Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 29:859–877.
    6.
  6. Alavi M (1991) Sedimentary and structural characteristics of the Paleo-Tethys remnants in northeastern Iran, Geological Society of America Bulletin 103:983–992.
    7.
  7. Alavi M (1994) Tectonics of the Zagros Orogenic belt of Iran; new data and interpretations, Tectonophysics 299:211–238.
    8.
  8. Alavi M (2004). Regional stratigraphy of the Zagros folded-thrust belt of Iran and its proforeland evolution, Am J Sci 304:1–20.
    9.
  9. Aliani F, Maanijou M, Sabouri Z, Sepahi AA (2012) Petrology, geochemistry and geotectonic environment of the Alvand Intrusive Complex, Hamedan, Iran, Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry 72:363–383.
    10.
  10. Alirezaei S, Hassanzadeh J (2012) Geochemistry and zircon geochronology of the Permian A-type Hasanrobat granite, Sanandaj–Sirjan belt: a new record of the Gondwana break-up in Iran, Lithos 151:122–134.
    11.
  11. Arefifard S (2017) Foraminiferal - based paleobiogeographic reconstructions in the Carboniferous of Iran and its implications for the Neo-Tethys opening time: A synthesis, Geologica Acta 15:135–151.
    12.
  12. Arvin M, Pan Y, Dargahi S, Malekizadeh A, Babaei A (2007) Petrochemistry of the Siah-Kuh granitoid stock southwest of Kerman, Iran: implications for initiation of Neotethys subduction, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 30:474–489.
    13.
  13. Asadpour M, Pourmoafi SM, Heuss S (2013) Geochemistry, petrology and U-Pb geochronology of Ghazan mafic-ultramafic intrusion, NW Iran, Petrology 4:1-16 (in Persian).
    14.
  14. Azizi H, Chung SL, Tanaka T, Asahara Y (2011) Isotopic dating of the Khoy metamorphic complex (KMC), northwestern Iran: a significant revision of the formation age and magma source, Precambrian Research 185:87–94.
    15.
  15. Azizi H, Kazemi T, Asahara Y (2017) A-type granitoid in Hasansalaran complex, northwestern Iran: Evidence for extensional tectonic regime in northern Gondwana in the Late Paleozoic, Journal of Geodynamics 108:56–72.
    16.
  16. Azizi H, Moinevaziri H (2009) Review of the tectonic setting of Cretaceous to Quaternary volcanism in northwestern Iran, Journal of Geodynamics 47:167–179.
    17.
  17. Barbarin B (1999) A review of the relationships between granitoid types, their origins and their geodynamic environments, Lithos 46:605–626.
    18.
  18. Bea F, Mazhari A, Montero P, Amini S, Ghalamghash J (2011) Zircon dating, Sr and Nd isotopes, and element geochemistry of the Khalifan pluton, NW Iran: evidence for Variscan magmatism in a supposedly Cimmerian superterrane, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 40:172–179.
    19.
  19. Berberian F, Berberian M (1981) Tectono-Plutonic Episodes in Iran, In: Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya Geodynamic Evolution, Geodynamic Series, American Geophysical Union 3:5-32.
    20.
  20. Berberian M (1983) Generalized tectonic Map of Iran, Geological Survey of Iran, Report No. 52.
    21.
  21. Berberian M, King GCP (1981) Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 18:210–265.
    22.
  22. Bonin B (2004) Do coeval mafic and felsic magmas in post-collisional to within-plate regimes necessarily imply two contrasting, mantle and crustal, sources? A review, Lithos 78:1–24.
    23.
  23. Bonin B (2007) A-type granites and related rocks: evolution of a concept, problems and prospects, Lithos 97:1–29.
    24.
  24. Bonin B, Giret A (1990) Plutonic alkaline series: Daly gap and intermediate compositions for liquids filling up crustal magma chambers, Schweizerische Mineralogisch und Petrographische Mitteilungen 70:175–187.
    25.
  25. Boynton WV (1984) Geochemistry of rare earth elements: meteorite studies, In: Henderson, P. (Ed.), Rare Earth Element Geochemistry, Elsevier, New York, pp. 63-114.
    26.
  26. Chapman JB, Ducea MN, Decelles PG (2015) Tracking changes in crustal thickness during orogenic evolution with Sr/Y: an example from the North American Cordillera, Geology 43:919–922.
    27.
  27. Chiu HY, Chung SL, Zarrinkoub MH, Mohammadi SS, Khatib MM, Iizuka Y (2013) Zircon U–Pb age constraints from Iran on the magmatic evolution related to Neotethyan subduction and Zagros orogeny, Lithos 162–163:70–87.
    28.
  28. Coleman RG, DeBari S, Peterman Z (1992) A-type granite and the Red Sea opening, Tectonophysics 204:27–40.
    29.
  29. Collins WJ, Beams SD, White AJR, Chappell BW (1982) Nature and origin of A-type granites with particular reference to southeastern Australia, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 80:189–200.
    30.
  30. Collins WJ, Huang HQ, Bowden P, Kemp AIS (2018) Repeated S–I–A-type granite trilogy in the Lachlan Orogen and geochemical contrasts with A-type granites in Nigeria: implications for petrogenesis and tectonic discrimination, in Janousek, V., Bonin, B., Collins, W.J., Farina, F. & Bowden, P. (eds) Post-Archean Granitic Rocks: Petrogenetic Processes and Tectonic Environments. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 491.
    31.
  31. Creaser RA, Price RC, Wormold RJ (1991) A-type granite revised: Assessment of residual source model, Geology 19:163-166.
    32.
  32. Dall’Agnol R, de Oliveira DC (2007) Oxidized, Magnetite-Series, Rapakivi-Type Granites of Carajas, Brazil: Implications for Classification and Petrogenesis of A-Type Granites, Lithos 93:215–233.
    33.
  33. Deer WA, Howie RA, Zussman J (1992) An introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals, 2nd ed. Longman Group Ltd, Harlow (712 pp).
    34.
  34. Delavari M, Arab-Asadi F, Mohammadi A (2019) Paleozoic magmatism in the southwest of Julfa (northwestern Iran): Geochemical characteristics, U-Pb dating and tectonic setting, Petrology 38:99–120 (in Persian).
    35.
  35. Deng C, Sun D, Sun G, Lv C, Qin Z, Ping X, Li G (2018) Age and geochemistry of Early Ordovician A-type granites in the Northeastern Songnen Block, NE China, Acta Geochimica 37:805-819.
    36.
  36. Dercourt J, Zonenshain LP, Ricou LE, Kazmin VG, Le Picon X, Knipper AL, Grandjacquet C, Sbortshikov IM, Geyssany J, Lepverier C (1986) Geological evolution of the Tethys belt from the Atlantic to the Pamirs since the Lias, Tectonophysics 123:241–315.
    37.
  37. Dokuz A, Uysal I, Kaliwoda M, Karsli O, Ottley CJ, Kandemir R (2011) Early abyssal and late SSZ-type vestiges of the Rheic oceanic mantle in the Variscan basement of the Sakarya Zone, NE Turkey: implications for the sense of subduction and opening of the Paleotethys, Lithos 127:176–191.
    38.
  38. Eby GN (1990) The a-type granitoids: a review of their occurrence and chemical characteristics and speculations on their petrogenesis, Lithos 26:115–134.
    39.
  39. Eby GN (1992) Chemical subdivision of the A-type granitoids: petrogenetic and tectonic Implications, Geology 20:641–644.
    40.
  40. Eby GN (2004) Petrology, geochronology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Beemerville alkaline complex, northern New Jersey, In Puffer, J. H. and Volkert, R. A. (Eds.) Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic Intrusive Rocks of Northern New Jersey and Southeastern New York. Twenty-First Annual Meeting Geological Association of New Jersey, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 52-68.
    41.
  41. Eby GN (2011) A-type granites: characteristics, petrogenesis and their contribution to the growth of the continental crust, VII Hutton Symposium on Granite and Related rocks, Avila, Spain.
    42.
  42. Eftekharnejad J (1973) 1:250,000 Geological Map of Mahabad, Geological Survey of Iran Press.
    43.
  43. Eftekharnejad J (1980) 1:100,000 Geological Map of Mahabad, Geological Survey of Iran Press.
    44.
  44. Esna-Ashari A, Tiepolo M, Valizadeh MV, Hassanzadeh J, Sepahi AA (2012) Geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology of Aligoodarz granitoid complex, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 43:11–22.
    45.
  45. Fazlnia A, Moradian A, Rezaei K, Moazzen M, Alipour S (2007) Synchronous activity of anorthositic and S-type granitic magmas in Chah–Dozdan Batholith, Neyriz, Iran: evidence of zircon SHRIMP and monazite CHIME dating, Iranian Journal of Sciences 18:221–237.
    46.
  46. Fazlnia A, Schenk V, van der Straaten F, Mirmohammadi M (2009) Petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of trondhjemites from the Qori Complex, Neyriz, Iran, Lithos 112:413–433.
    47.
  47. Fitton JG, Saunders AD, Norry MJ, Hardarson BS, Taylor RN (1997) Thermal and chemical Of the Iceland plume, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 153:197–208.
    48.
  48. Frost BR, Arculus RJ, Barnes CG, Collins WJ, Ellis DJ, Frost CD (2001) A geochemical classification of granitic rocks, Journal of Petrology 42:2033–2048.
    49.
  49. Frost BR, Frost CD (2008) A Geochemical Classification for Feldspathic Igneous Rocks, Journal of Petrology 49:1955-1969.
    50.
  50. Frost CD, Frost BR (2011) On Ferroan (A-type) granitoids: their compositional variability and modes of origin, Journal of Petrology 52:39–53.
    51.
  51. Ghaffari M, Rashidnejad-Omran N, Dabiri R, Chen B,  Santos JF (2013) Mafic–intermediate plutonic rocks of the Salmas area, northwestern Iran: their source and petrogenesis significance. International Geology Review 55(16): 2016-2029.‏
    52.
  52. Ghalamghash J, Nédélec A, Bellon H, Vousoughi Abedini M, Bouchez JL (2009) The Urumieh plutonic complex (NW Iran), a record of the geodynamic evolution of the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone during Cretaceous times- part I: petrogenesis and K/Ar dating, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 35:401–415.
    53.
  53. Ghasemi H, Jutea T, Bellon H, Sabzehei M, Whitechurch H, Ricou LE (2002) The mafic-ultramafic complex of Sikhoran (Central Iran): A polygenetic ophiolite complex, Comptes Rendus Geoscience 334:431–438.
    54.
  54. Ghavidel-Syooki M (1995) Palinostratigraphy and paleogeography of a Paleozoic sequence in the Hasankdar area, central Alborz range, northern Iran, Review of Paleobotany and Palinology 86:91–109.
    55.
  55. Green TH (1995) Significance of Nb/Ta as an indicator of geochemical processes in the crust mantle system, Chemical Geology 120:347-359.
    56.
  56. Green TH, Pearson NJ (1987) An experimental study of Nb and Ta partitioning between Ti-rich minerals and silicate liquids at high pressure and temperatures, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51:55-62.
    57.
  57. Hassanzadeh J, Stockli DF, Horton BK, Axen GJ, Stockli LD, Grove M, Schmitt AK, Walker JD (2008) U–Pb zircon geochronology of late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian granitoids in Iran: implications for paleogeography, magmatism, and exhumation history of Iranian basement, Tectonophysics 451:71–96.
    58.
  58. Henderson P (1989) Rare earth element geochemistry, Third edition, Elsevier 510 p.
    59.
  59. Honarmand M, Li XH, Nabataian G, Neubauer F (2017) In-situ zircon U-Pb age and Hf-O isotopic constraints on the origin of the Hasan-Robat A-type granite from Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, Iran: Implications for reworking of Cadomain arc igneous rocks, Mineralogy and Petrology 111:659–675.
    60.
  60. Jamei S, Ghorbani M, Williams IS, Moayyed M (2021) Tethyan oceans reconstructions with emphasis on the Early Carboniferous Pir-Eshagh A-type rhyolite and the Late Palaeozoic magmatism in Iran, International Geology Review 63:1389-1405.
    61.
  61. Kay SM, Mpodozis C (2002) Central Andean ore deposits linked to evolving shallow subduction systems and thickening crust, GSA Today 11:4–11.
    62.
  62. Khodabandeh AA, Soltani GA (2004) 1/100,000 Geological map of Naqadeh, Geological Survey of Iran Press.
    63.
  63. Landenberger B, Collins WJ (1996) Derivation of A-type granites from a dehydrated charnockitic lower crust: evidence from the Chaelundi complex, eastern Australia, Journal of Petrology 37:145–170.
    64.
  64. Le Maitre RW, Streckeisen A, Zanettin B, Le Bas MJ, Bonin B, Bateman P, Bellieni G, Dudek A, Efremova SA, Keller J, Lameyre J, Sabine PA, Schmid R, Sørensen H, Woolley AR (2002) Igneous rocks: a classification glossary of terms, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 236 p.
    65.
  65. Lee CTA, Morton DM, Kistler RW, Baird AK (2007) Petrology and tectonics of Phanerozoic continent formation: from island arcs to accretion and continental arc magmatism, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 263:370–387.
    66.
  66. Mahmoudi S, Corfu F, Masoudi F, Mehrabi B, Mohajjel M (2011) U–Pb dating and emplacement history of granitoid plutons in the Northern Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 41:238–249.
    67.
  67. Martin RF (2006) A-type granites of crustal origin ultimately result from open-system fenitization-type reactions in an extensional environment, Lithos 91:125–136.
    68.
  68. Mason B, Moore CB (1982) Principles of geochemistry, John Wiley and Sons 344 p.
    69.
  69. Masoudi F, Yardley BWD, Cliff RA (2002) Rb-Sr geochronology of pegmatites, plutonic rocks and a hornfels in the region southwest of Arak, Iranian Journal of Sciences 13:249–254.
    70.
  70. Mazhari SA, Amini S, Ghalamghash J, Bea F (2009a) Petrogenesis of granitic unit of Naqadeh complex, Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, NW Iran, Arabian Journal of Geosciences 4:59–67.
    71.
  71. Mazhari SA, Bea F, Amini S, Ghalamghash J, Molina JF, Pillar M, Scarrow JH, Williams S (2009b) The Eocene bimodal Piranshahr massif of the Sanandaj- Sirjan zone, NW Iran. A marker of the end of the collision in the Zagros Orogen, Journal of the Geological Society 166:53–69.
    72.
  72. McCall GJH, Kidd RGW (1982) The Makran, Southeastern Iran: The Anatomy of a Convergent Plate Margin Active from Cretaceous to Present, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 10:387–397.
    73.
  73. Mehdipour Ghazi J, Moazzen M (2015) Geodynamic evolution of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Zagros Orogen, Iran, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 24:513-528.
    74.
  74. Middlemost EAK (1994) Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system, Earth-science reviews 37:215-224.
    75.
  75. Miller CF, McDowell SM, Mapes RW (2003) Hot and cold granites? Implications of zircon saturation temperatures and preservation of inheritance, Geology 31:529–532.
    76.
  76. Moayyed M (2013) Petrography and Petrology of A–type rhyolites of Ghaleh–chay (Ajabshir, East-Azerbaijan), Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 3:403–416 (in Persian).
    77.
  77. Mohajjel M, Fergusson CL (2000) Dextral transpression in late-cretaceous continental collision, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, Western Iran, Journal of Structural Geology 22:1125-1139.
    78.
  78. Mohajjel M, Fergusson CL, Sahandi MR (2003) Cretaceous-Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, western Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21:397–412.
    79.
  79. Mohammadi A, Moazzen M, Lechmann A, Laurent O (2019) Zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of Late Devonian–Carboniferous granitoids in NW Iran: Implications for the opening of Paleo-Tethys, International Geology Review 62:1931–1948.
    80.
  80. Pearce JA (1983) Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins, in Hawkesworth CJ, Norry MJ, eds., Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths: Nantwich, Cheshire, Shiva Publications, p. 230–249.
    81.
  81. Pearce JA (1996) Sources and settings of granitic rocks, Episodes 19:120-125.
    82.
  82. Pearce JA, Harris NBW, Tindle AG (1984) Trace-element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic-rocks, Journal of Petrology 25:956–983.
    83.
  83. Rolland Y, Sosson M, Adamia S, Sadradze N (2011) Prolonged Variscan to Alpine history of an active Eurasian margin (Georgia, Armenia) revealed by 40Ar/39Ar dating, Gondwana Research 20:798–815.
    84.
  84. Rollinson H (1993) Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation, Harlow, England, Addison-Wesley/Longman 352 p.
    85.
  85. Saccani E, Azimzadeh Z, Dilek Y, Jahangiri A (2013) Geochronology and petrology of the Early Carboniferous Misho Mafic Complex (NW Iran), and implications for the melt evolution of Paleo-Tethyan rifting in Western Cimmeria, Lithos 162:264–278.
    86.
  86. Sengör AMC (1987) Tectonic of the Tethysides: Orogenic collage development in a collisional setting, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 15:213-244.
    87.
  87. Shafaii Moghadam H, Li XH, Ling XX, Stern RJ, Santos JF, Meinhold G, Ghorbani G, Shahabi H (2015) Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Late Carboniferous A-type granites and gabbronorites in NW Iran: Geochronological and geochemical constraints, Lithos 212–215:266–279.
    88.
  88. Shahabpour J (2007) Island-arc affinity of the Central Iranian Volcanic Belt, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 30:652–665.
    89.
  89. Shahabpour J (2010) Tectonic implications of the geochemical data from the Makran igneous rocks in Iran, Island Arc 19:676–689.
    90.
  90. Shahbazi H, Siebel W, Pourmoafee M, Ghorbani M, Sepahi AA, Shang CK, Vosoughi Abedini M (2010) Geochemistry and U–Pb zircon geochronology of the Alvand plutonic complex in Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (Iran): new evidence for Jurassic magmatism, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 9:668–683.
    91.
  91. Shakerardakani F, Neubauer F, Masoudi F, Mehrabi B, Liu X, Dong Y, Mohajjel M, Monfaredi B, Friedl G (2015) Panafrican basement and Mesozoic gabbro in the Zagros orogenic belt in the Dorud–Azna region (NW Iran): Laser-ablation ICP–MS zircon ages and geochemistry, Tectonophysics 647:146–171.
    92.
  92. Sosson M, Rolland Y, Danelian T, Muller C, Melkonyan R, Adamia S, Kangarli T, Avagyan A, Galoyan G (2010) Subductions, obduction and collision in the Lesser Caucasus (Armenia Azerbaijan, Georgia), new insights. In: In: Sosson, M., Kaymakci, N., Stephenson, R.F., Bergerat, F., Starostenko, V. (Eds.), Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform 340, Geological Society of London, pp. 329–352 Special Publication.
    93.
  93. Stampfli G, Marcoux J, Baud A (1991) Tethyan margins in space and time, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 87:373-409.
    94.
  94. Stampfli GM (2000) Tethyan oceans, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173:1-23.
    95.
  95. Stampfli GM, Borel GD (2002) A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrones, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 196:17–33.
    96.
  96. Stocklin J (1968) Structural history and tectonics of Iran: A review, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 52:1229-1258.
    97.
  97. Sun SS, McDonough WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42:313–345.
    98.
  98. Takin M (1972) Iranian geology and continental drift in the Middle East, Nature 235:147-150.
    99.
  99. Tavakoli-Shirazi S, de Lamotte DF, Wrobel-Daveau JC, Ringenbach JC (2013) Pre-Permian uplift and diffuse extensional deformation in the High Zagros Belt (Iran): integration in the geodynamic evolution of the Arabian plate, Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6:2329-2342.
    100.
  100. Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1995) The geochemical evolution of the continental crust, Review of Geophysics 33:241-265.
    101.
  101. Thiele O, Alavi M, Assefi R, Hushmandzadeh A, Seyed-Emami K, Zahedi M (1968) Explanatory Text of the Golpaygan Quadrangle Map, Geological Survey of Iran.
    102.
  102. Thirlwall MF, Smith TE, Graham AM, Theodorou N, Hollings P, Davidson JP, Arculus RD (1994) High field strength element anomalies in arc lavas: Source or processes, Journal of Petrology 35:819-838.
    103.
  103. Topuz G, Altherr R, Siebel W, Schwarz WH, Zack T, Hasozbek A, Barth M, Satir M, Sen C (2010) Carboniferous high-potassium I-type granitoid magmatism in the Eastern Pontides: the Gumushane pluton (NE Turkey), Lithos 116:92–110.
    104.
  104. Turner SP, Foden JD, Morrison RS (1992) Derivation of some A-type magmas by fractionation of basaltic magma- an example from the Padthaway Ridge, South Australia, Lithos 28:151–179.
    105.
  105. Verdel C, Wernicke BP, Hassanzadeh J, Guest B (2011) A Paleogene extensional arc flare‐up in Iran, Tectonics 30:TC3008.
    106.
  106. von Raumer JF, Stampfli GM, Bussy F (2003) Gondwana-derived microcontinents-The constituents of the Variscan and Alpine collisional orogens, Tectonophysics 365:7–22.
    107.
  107. Watson EB, Harrison TM (1983) Zircon saturation revisited, EPSL 64:295–304.
    108.
  108. Weaver BL (1991) The origin of ocean-island basalts endmember composition: trace element and isotopic constraints, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 104:381–397.
    109.
  109. Whalen JB, Currie KL, Chappell BW (1987) A-type granites - geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 95:407–419.
    110.
  110. Whalen JB, Jenner GA, Longstaff FJ, Robert F, Galiepy C (1996) Geochemical and isotopic (O, Nd, Pb and Sr) constraints on A-type granite petrogenesis based on the Topsails igneous suite, Newfoundland Appalachians, Journal of Petrology 31:1463–1489.
    111.
  111. Yang JH, Wu FY, Chung SL, Wilde SA, Chu MF (2006) A hybrid origin for the Qianshan A-type granite, northeast China: geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic evidence, Lithos 89:89–106.
    112.

Related articles

The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024

Home| Login| About Us| Contact Us|
[فارسی] [العربية] [fa] [ar]