Effect of Different Levels of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum) in Diets Containing Cereal Grains with Different Ruminal Degradation Rate on Rumen Bacteria of Khuzestan Buffalo
Subject Areas : Camelض. نیکزاد 1 , م. چاجی 2 , ک. میرزاده 3 , ت. محمدآبادی 4 , م. ساری 5
1 - Department of Animal Science, Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
4 - Department of Animal Science, Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
5 - Department of Animal Science, Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
Keywords: barley grain, corn grain, Bacteria, whole rumen microorganisms,
Abstract :
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of diets containing different levels of milk thistle (0, 100 and 200 g/kg dry matter) and grains (barley and corn) with different rumen degradation rates on rumen bacteria and whole rumen microorganisms (WRM) of Khuzestan buffalo. The gas production (GP) technique, two steps digestion and specific bacteria culture medium methods were used for this purpose. The rumen fluid was taken from two fistulated buffaloes. The results of GP potential of experimental diets by WRM were not significantly different, however in both basal diets GP increased by increasing the level of milk thistle (P>0.05). The highest amount of GP in diet based on barley and corn was for diets containing 200 and 100 g milk thistle, respectively. Rate of GP by WRM was significantly different (P<0.05), so that in both basal diets at the level of 100 g milk thistle had the highest GP rates. Potential and rate of GP of diets by buffalo rumen bacteria was not significantly different (P>0.05). In two-steps digestion method using of different levels of milk thistle in diets (based on barley and corn) had no negative effect on the digestibility of nutrients by WRM (P>0.05). In barley-based diet adding milk thistle was numerically increased dry matter andneutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility compared with the control (P>0.05), while in the corn-based diet dry matter and NDF digestibility were reduced (P>0.05). The digestibility of dry matter by bacteria in corn-based diet was significantly reduced compared with the control (P<0.05). Nutrient digestibility of experimental diets by bacteria in the specific bacteria culture did not be affected by milk thistle in diets (P>0.05). Therefore, results provided here suggest that milk thistle could be used up to 20% of buffalo's diet without any negative effect on digestion and fermentation characteristics by WRM and bacteria.
Abascal K., Herbalist J.D. and Yarnell E. (2003). The many faces of Silybum marianum (milk thistle). J. Altern. Complement. Med. 9(4), 170-175.
Beauchemin K.A., McGinn S.M., Martinez T.F. and McAllister T.A. (2007). Use of condensed tannin extract from quebracho trees to reduce methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 85, 1990-1996.
Brooker J.D., O’Donovan L.A., Skene I., Clarke K., Blackall L. and Muslera P. (1994). Streptococcus caprinus SP-Nov., a tannin resistant ruminal bacterium from feral goats. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 18, 313-318.
Broudiscou L.P., Papon Y. and Broudiscou A.F. (2000). Effects of dry plant extracts on fermentation and methanogenesis in continuous culture of rumen microbes. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 87(3), 263-277.
Carmen Tamayo M.D. (2007). Review of clinical trials evaluating safety and efficacy of milk thistle (Silybum marianum).Integr. Cancer. Ther. 6(2), 146-157.
Carulla J.E., Kreuzer M., Machmller A. and Hess H.D. (2005). Supplementation of Acacia mearnsii tannins decreases methanogenesis and urinary nitrogen in forage-fed sheep. Australian J. Agric. Res. 56, 961-970.
Denmen S.E. and McSweeney C.S. (2006). Development of a real-time PCR assay for monitoring anaerobic fungal and cellulolytic bacterial populations within the rumen. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 58, 572-582.
Dong G.Z., Wang X.J., Liu Z.B. and Wang F. (2010). Effects of phytogenic products on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane emission in goats. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 19, 218-229.
Galdwell D.R. and Bryant M.P. (1966). Medium without rumen fluid for non-selective enumeration and isolation of rumen bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. 14, 794-801.
Garcia S.C., Santini F.J. and Elizalde J.C. (2000). Sites of digestion and bacterial protein synthesis in dairy heifers fed fresh oats with or without corn or barley grain. J. Dairy Sci. 83(4), 746-755.
Gazak R., Walterova D. and Kren V. (2007). Silybin and silymarin, new and emerging applications in medicine. Curr. Med. Chem. 14(3), 315-324.
Hadolin M., Skerget M., Knez Z. and Bauman D. (2001). High pressure extraction of vitamin E rich oil from Silybum marianum. Food Chem. 74, 355-364.
Hagerman A.E., Robbins C.T., Weerasuriya Y., Wilson T.C. and McArthur C. (1992). Tannin chemistry in relation to digestion. J. Range Manage. 45(1), 57-62.
Harfoot C.G. (1978). Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Prog.Lipid.Res. 17, 21-27.
Harvatine J. and Allen S. (2006). Fat supplements affect fractional rates of ruminal fatty acid biohydrogenation and passage in dairy cows. J. Nutr. 136, 677-683.
Herrera-Saldana R.E., Huber J.T. and Poore M.H. (1990). Dry matter, crude protein and starch degradability of five cereal grains. J. Dairy Sci. 73, 2386-2393
Kamra D.N. (2005). Rumen microbial ecosystem. Curr. Sci. 89(1), 124-135.
Khorasani G.R., Okine E.K. and Kennelly J.J. (2001). Effects of substituting barley grain with corn on ruminal fermentation characteristics, milk yield, and milk composition of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84, 2760-2769.
Koike S., Pan J., Kobayashi Y. and Tanaka K. (2003). Kinetics of in sacco fiber-attachment of representative ruminal cellulolytic bacteria monitored by competitive PCR. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 1429-1435.
Kren V. and Walterova D. (2005). Silybin and silymarin new effects and applications. Biomed. Pap. 149, 29-41.
Lee L., Narayan M. and Barrett J.S. (2007). Analysis and comparison of active constituents in commercial standardize silymarin extract by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B. 845, 95-103.
Lundy F.P., Block E., Bridges W.C., Bertrand J.A. and Jenkins T.C. (2004). Ruminal biohydrogenation in Holstein cows fed soybean fatty acid as amides or calcium salts. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 1038-1046.
Macadam J.F. (1966). Some poisonous plants in the northwest. Agric. Gaz. New South Wales. 77(2), 73-78.
Maczulak A.E., Dehority B.A. and Palmquist D.L. (1981). Effects of long-chain fatty acids on growth of tureen bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42, 856-862.
Maldar S.M., Roozbehan Y. and Alipour D. (2010). The effect of adaptation to oak leaves on digestibility (in vitro) and ruminal parameters in Alamout goat. Iranian J. Anim. Sci. 41(3), 243-252.
Malekzadeh M., Mirmazloum S.I., Rabbi Anguorani H., Mortazavi S.N. and Panahi M. (2011). The physicochemical properties and oil constituents of milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn. cv. Budakalászi) under drought stress. J. Med. Plants Res. 5(8), 1485-1488.
McCarthy Jr.R.D., Klusmeyer T.H., Vicini J.L., Clark J.H. and Nelson D.R. (1989). Effects of source of protein and carbohydrate on ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the small intestine of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72, 2002-2016.
McDougall E.L. (1948). Studies on ruminant saliva. 1. The composition and output of sheep’s saliva. J. Biochem. 43, 99-106.
McSweeny C., Palmer B., Krause D.O. and Brooker J.D. (2000). Rumen microbial ecology and physiology in sheep and goats fed a tannin-containing diet. Pp. 140-145 in Proc. Tannins Livest. Hum. Nutr, Adelaide, Australia.
Menk K.H. and Stingass H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 7-55.
Mojadam A. (2012). Evaluation of chemical composition, and digestibility and fermentation milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and its effects on rumen fermentation and digestion of fiber and protein in Arabic sheep. MS Thesis. Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources Univ., Ahvaz, Iran.
Mohammadabadi T., Danesh Mesgaran M., Chaji M. and Tahmasebi R. (2012). Evaluation of the effect of fat content of sunflower meal on rumen fungi growth and population by direct (quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction) and indirect (dry matter and neutral detergent fiber disappearance) methods. African J. Biotechnol. 11(1), 179-183.
Nocek J.E. and Tamminga S. (1991). The prediction of nutrient supply to dairy cows from rate and extent of ruminal degradation of ration components. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3598-3629.
NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Odenyo A.A. and Osuji P.O. (1998). Tannin-tolerant ruminal bacteria from east African ruminants. Canadian. J. Microbiol. 44, 905-909.
Orskov E.R. and McDonald I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92, 499-503.
Overton T.R., Cameron M.R., Elliott J.P., Clark J.H. and Nelson D.R. (1995). Ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the duodenum of lactating cows fed mixtures of corn and barley. J. Dairy Sci. 78, 1981-1998.
Palmquist D.L. and Jenkins T.C. (1980). Fat in lactation rations: review. J. Dairy Sci. 63, 1-14.
Parnian Khaje Dizaj F., Taghizadeh A., Moghaddam G.A. and Janmohammadi H. (2011). Use of in vitro gas production technique for evaluation of nutritive parameters of barley and corn grain treated by different microwave irradiation times. Anim. Sci. Res. 21(1), 15-27.
Pinares-Patino C.S., Ulyatt M.J., Waghorn G.C., Lassey K.R., Barry T.N., Holmes C.W. and Johnson D.E. (2003). Methane emission by alpaca and sheep fed on lucerne hay or grazed on pastures of perennial ryegrass/white clover or birdsfoot trefoil. J. Agric. Sci. 140, 215-226.
Robson S. (2007). Nitrate and Nitrite Poisoning in Livestock. Available at: www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/primefacts. Accessed Feb. 2007.
Sadeghi A.A. and Shawrang P. (2006). Effects of microwave irradiation on ruminal protein and starch degradation of corn grain. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 127, 113-123.
Sadeghi A.A. and Shawrang P. (2008). Effects of microwave irradiation on ruminal dry matter, protein and starch degradation characteristics of barley grain. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 141, 184-194.
SAS Institute. (2004). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Smith A.H., Zoetendal E. and Mackie R.I. (2005). Bacterial mechanisms to overcome inhibitory effects of dietary tannins. Microbial. Ecol. 50, 197-205.
Sommart K., Parker D.S., Rowlinson P. and Wanapat M. (2000). Fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in an in vitro system using cassava, rice straw and dried Ruzi grass as substrates. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 13, 1084-1093.
Sotohy S.A., Sayed A.N. and Ahmed M.M. (1997). Effect of tannin- rich plant (Acacia nilotica) on some nutritional and bacteriological parameters in goats. Deut. Tierarztl. Woch. 104, 432-435.
Sun X.Z., Hoskin S.O., Muetzel S., Molan G. and Clark H. (2011). Effects of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on methane emissions in vitro and from sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 166, 391-397.
Szumacher-Strabel M., Cieślak A. and Nowakowska A. (2009). Effect of oils rich in linoleic acid on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters of sheep, goats and dairy cows. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 18, 440-452.
Tan H.Y., Sieo C.C., Lee C.M., Abdullah N., Liang J.B. and Ho Y.W. (2011). Diversity of bovine rumen methanogens in vitro in the presence of condensed tannins, as determined by sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene library. J. Microbiol. 49(3), 492-498.
Tilly J.M.A. and Terry R.A. (1963). A two stage technique for the indigestion of forage crops. Grass. Forage. Sci. 18, 104-111.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
White T.W., Bunting L.D., Sticker L.S., Hembry F.G. and Saxton A.M. (1992). Influence of fish meal and supplemental fat on performance of finishing steers exposed to moderate or high ambient temperatures. J. Anim. Sci. 70, 3289-3292.
Zargari A. (1996). Medicinal Plants. Institute Publications and Printing of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
Zinn R.A. (1989). Influence of level and source of dietary fat on its comparative feeding value in finishing diets for steers, feedlot cattle growth and performance. J. Anim. Sci. 67, 1029-1037.
Zinn R.A. and Shen Y. (1996). Interaction off dietary calcium and supplemental fat on digestive function and growth performance in Feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 74, 2303-2309.