Efficacy of Wheat Based vs. Corn Based Diet Formulated Based on Digestible Amino Acid Method on Performances, Carcass Traits, Blood Parameters, Immunity Response, Jejunum Histomorphology, Cecal Microflora and Excreta Moisture in Broiler Chickens

Subject Areas : Camel

م.ح. محمّدی قاسم آبادی ¹ , م. ریاحی ² , م. شیوازاد ³ , ا. زالی ⁴ , م. ادیب مرادی ⁵

1 - Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
4 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
5 - Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2013-10-18 Accepted : 2013-11-30 Published : 2014-03-01

Keywords: Broiler, Wheat, corn, digestible amino acid,

Abstract :

A study was conducted to evaluate efficacyof wheat based vs. corn based diets on growth performance, carcass traits,blood parameters, jejunum morphological development, immunity, cecal microflora and excreta moisture in broiler chicks fed according to digestible essential amino acid profile. One hundred forty day old Ross 308 male broiler chicks randomly distributed into ten separated floor pensbased on a completely randomised design. Each treatment consisted of five replicates with fourteen birds each.Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), immunity and excreta moisture were determined at different periods of ages. At the day 44, five birds of each group were sacrificed to evaluated carcass traits, jejunum histomorphology and cecal microflora. Blood parameters, mortality rate (MR) and European production efficiency factor (EPEF) were measured and determined at day 42 of age, respectively. The results of this study showed that BW, BWG, FI, FCR, MR and EPEF were not significantly different between two groups on the day 42 of age, but BW, BWG and FI were significantly higher (P<0.05) in corn based than wheat based diets on starter phase of feeding and also FI and FCR on the growing phase. Most ofcarcass traits were not significantly different(P>0.05) between two groups except for abdominal fat (AF) percentage which was significantly higher (P<0.05) in corn-based diet. Despite a reduction of triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration in the serum of broilers fed thewheat base diet, there were no statistically significant differences between two groups (P>0.05). Humeral immunity response, Newcastle titer, jejunum histomorphology, cecal microflora and excreta moisture were not significantly different (P>0.05) between two groups. In conclusion, wheat based diet is as efficient as corn based diet when diets are formulated based on digestible amino acids method.

References:

Abdollahi M.R., Ravindran V., Wester T.J., Ravindran G. and Thomas D.V. (2010). Influence of conditioning temperature on the performance, nutrient utilisation and digestive tract development of broilers fed on maize and wheat based diets. Br. Poult. Sci. 51, 648-657.
Allen C.M., McCracken K.J. and Bedford M.R. (1997). Effect of fat type, rate of wheat inclusion and enzyme supplementation on diet metabolisability and broiler performance. Br. Poult. Sci. 38, 25-45.
Anonymous.  (2009). Broiler Nutrition Specification, Aviagen. New bridge, Midlothian, EH28 8SZ, Scotland, UK.
AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17^th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
Ball M.E.E., Owens B. and McCracken K.J. (2013). Chemical and physical predictors of the nutritive value of wheat in broiler diets.Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 26, 97-107.
Chiang C., Yu B. and Chiou P.W. (2005).Effects of xylanase supplementation to wheat-based diet on the performance and nutrient availability of broiler chickens. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 18, 1141-1146.
Choct M. and Annison G. (1992).Anti-nutritive effect of wheat pentosans in broiler chicken: role of viscosity and gut microflora. Br. Poult. Sci. 33, 821-834.
Choct M., Dersjant-Li Y., McLeish J. and Peisker M. (2010).Soy oligosaccharides and soluble non-starch polysaccharides: a review of digestion, nutritive and anti-nutritive effects in pigs and poultry. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 23, 1386-1398.
Choct M., Hughes R.J., Wang J., Bedford M.R., Morgan A.J. and Annison G. (1996). Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the anti-nutritive activity of nonstarch polysaccharides in chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 37, 609-621.
Gregoire R.J., Brisson G.J., St Laurent G.J. and Belzile R.J. (1976).Feeding value of purple 606-4, cw red spring and white 607-A wheat cultivars compared to corn in broiler rations. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 56, 73-80.
GutierrezAlamo A., Perez De Ayala P., Verstegen M.V.A, Den Hartog L.A. and Villamide M.J. (2008). Variability in wheat: factors affecting its nutritional value. World's Poult. Sci. J. 64, 20-39.
Hetland H., Choct M. and Svihus B. (2004).Role of insoluble non-starch polysaccharides in poultry nutrition. World's Poult. Sci. J. 60, 415-422.
Iji P.A., Hughes R.J., Choct M. and Tivey D.R. (2001).Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on wheat based diets supplemented with a microbial enzyme. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 14, 54-60.
Kalmendal R., Elwinger K., Holm L. and Tauson R. (2011).High-fibre sunflower cake affects small intestinal digestion and health in broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 52, 86-96.
Lemme A., Ravinaran V. and Bryden W.L. (2004).Ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients for broilers. World's Poult. Sci. J. 60, 423-438.
Leeson S. and Summers J.D. (2005). Commercial Poultry Nutrition. Nottingham University Press. England.
Lucas A.M. and Jamroz C. (1961).Atlas of Avian Hematology. Washington, D.C. Department of Agriculture. U.S.
Maiorka A., Dahlke F., Pen A.M and Kessler A.D.M. (2005).Diets formulated on total or digestible amino acid basis with different energy levels and physical form on broiler performance. Brazilian J.Poult. Sci. 7, 47-50.
Mathlouthi N., Mallet S., Saulnier L., Quemener B. and Larbier M. (2002). Effects of xylanase and beta-glucanase addition on performance, nutrient digestibility and physico chemical conditions in the small intestine contents and caecal microflora of broiler chickens fed a wheat and barley based diet. Anim. Res. 51, 395-406.
Mollah Y., Bryden W.L., Wallis I.R., Balnave D. and Annison E.F. (1983).Studies on low metabolizable energy wheats for poultry using conventional and rapid assay procedures and the effects of processing.Br. Poult. Sci. 24, 81-89.
Parsaie S., Shariatmadari F., Zamiri M.J. and Khajeh K. (2007).Influence of wheat based diets supplemented with xylanase, bile acid and antibiotics on performance, digestive tract measurements and gut morphology of broilers compared with a maize-based diet. Br. Poult. Sci. 48, 594-600.
Peng Y.L., Guo Y.M. and Yuan J.M. (2003).Effects of microbial phytase replacing partial inorganic phosphorus supplementation and xylanase on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers fed wheat based diets. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 16, 239-247.
Pirgozlie vV.R., Rose S.P., Kettlewell P.S. and Bedford M.R. (2001).Efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for carcass energy retention in broiler chickens fed different wheat cultivars. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 81, 99-106.
Preston C.M., McCracken K.J. and Bedford M.R. (2001).Effect of wheat content, fat source and enzyme supplementation on diet metabolisability and broiler performance.Br. Poult. Sci. 42, 625-632.
SAS Institute. (2003). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
Saki A.A., Hemati H.H., Zamani P. and Mirzaaghatabar F. (2011).Non starch polysaccharides and broiler responses.World. Appl. Sci. J. 15, 192-198.
Salih M.E., Classen L. and Campbell G.L. (1991).Responses of chickens fed on hulless barley to dietary β-glucanase at different ages. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 33, 139-149.
Shirzadi H., Moravej H. and Shivazad M. (2009).Comparison of the effects of different kinds of NSP enzymes on the performance, water intake, litter moisture and jejunal digesta viscosity of broilers fed barley-based diet. J. Food Agric. Environ. 7, 615-619.
Singh P.K., Khatta V.K., Thakur R.S., Dey S. and Sangwan M.L. (2003).Effects of phytase supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens fed maize and wheat based diets with different levels of non-phytate phosphorus. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 16, 1642-1649.
Smits C.H.M., VeldmanA., Verstegen M.W.A. and Beynen A.C. (1997).Dietary carboxymethylcellulose with high instead of low viscosity reduces macronutrient digestion in broiler chickens. J. Nutr. 127, 483-487.
Teirlynck E., Bjerrum L., Eeckhaut V., Huygebaert G., Pasmans F., Haesebrouck F., Dewulf J., Ducatelle R. and Van Immerseel F. (2009).The cereal type in feed influences gut wall morphology and intestinal immune cell infiltration in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr. 102, 1435-1461.
Wegmann T.G. and Smithies O. (1966).A simple hemagglutination system requiring small amounts of red cells and antibodies. Transfusion. 6, 67-73.
Williams P.E.V., Geraert P.A., Uzu G. and Annison G. (1997). Factors affecting non starch polysaccharide digestibility in poultry. Opti. Med. 26, 125-134.
Wu Y.B., Ravindran V. and Hendriks W.H. (2003).Effects of microbial phytase, produced by solidstate fermentation, on the performance and nutrient utilisation of broilers fed maize and wheat based diets. Br. Poult. Sci. 44, 710-718.
Xu W.Y. (1998). Veterinary Virology. China Agriculture Press, China.
Yegani M. and Korver D.R. (2012).Review: prediction of variation in energetic value of wheat for poultry. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 92, 261-273.