Determination of in vitro Gas Production Kinetics by Adding Leucaena leucecophala and Corn Oil to the Ration in Different Ratios
Subject Areas : CamelC.T. Noviandi 1 , K. Kustaantinah 2 , A. Irawan 3 , B.P. Widyobroto 4 , A. Astuti 5
1 - Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
2 - Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
3 - Vocational School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
4 - Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
5 - Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Keywords: Corn oil, <i>in vitro</i> gas production parameters, <i>in vitro</i> organic matter digestibility, <i>Leucaena leucecophala</i>,
Abstract :
This study was aimed to determine in vitro gas production kinetics and organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of ration added by Leucaena leucecophala and corn oil (CO) at various ratios. Four levels of Leucaena leucecophala (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, DM basis) and three levels of corn oil (0%, 1%, and 2% of substrate) were arranged in a 4 × 3 factorial design. Hohenheim in vitro gas production procedure was employed to determine gas production kinetics, IVOMD, and partitioning factor (PF) value of the experiment. Supplementation of leucaena at 25% (L25) increased IVOMD (%), potential degradation fraction, cumulative gas production (GP) (mL), and metabolizable energy (ME) value (MJ/kg DM) of the ration (p <0.01). There was no effect on in vitro gas production kinetics when leucaena was given at higher levels in comparison with L25 (P>0.05). Besides, corn oil supplementation to the substrate did not negatively affect IVOMD and gas production kinetics. Instead, 2% of corn oil supplementation increased GP (p <0.05). Indicator for microbial efficiency as measured with PF value increased with leucaena and CO supplementation (p <0.05). The results indicated that incorporation of 25% leucaena and 2% of corn oil in the ration improved in vitro organic matter digestibility and gas production kinetics while a higher rate of supplementation did not give significant contribution in term of gas production on in vitro rumen fermentation system. Further study in chemical and biological treatment of leucaena or tannins sources and corn oil is needed to investigate specific mechanisms in modulating rumen fermentation in vitro and in vivo.
Abd El-Salam M.H., Hippen A.R., Assem F.M., El-Shafei K., Tawfik N.F. and El-Aassar M. (2011). Preparation and properties of probiotic cheese high in conjugated linoleic acid content. Int. J. Dairy Technol. 64, 64-74.
AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Barros-Rodríguez M., Sandoval-Castro C.A., Solorio-Sánchez J., Sarmiento-Franco L.A., Rojas-Herrera R. and Klieve A.V. (2014). Leucaena leucocephala in ruminant nutrition. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst. 17, 173-183.
Barros-Rodríguez M., Solorio-Sánchez J., Ku-Vera J.C., Ayala-Burgos A., Sandoval-Castro C. and Solís-Pérez G. (2012). Productive performance and urinary excretion of mimosine metabolites by hair sheep grazing in a silvopastoral system with high densities of Leucaena leucocephala. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 44, 1873-1878.
Bhatta R., Saravanan M., Baruah L. and Sampath K.T. (2012). Nutrient content, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane reduction potential of tropical tannin-containing leaves. J. Sci. Food Agric. 92, 2929-2935.
Blümmel M. (2000). Predicting the partitioning of fermentation products by combined in vitro gas volume–substrate degradability measurements: opportunities and limitations. Pp. 48-58 in Gas Production: Fermentation Kinetics for Feed Evaluation and to Assess Microbial activity. British Society of Animal Science, Penicuik, Midlothian.
Blümmel M., Steingass H. and Becker K. (1997). The relationship between in vitro gas production, in vitro microbial biomass yield and 15N incorporation and its implications for the prediction of voluntary feed intake of roughages. Br. J. Nutr. 77(6), 911-121.
Cieslak A., Stochmal A. and Oleszek W. (2013). Plant components with specific activities against rumen methanogens. Animal. 7(2), 253-265.
Girón J.E.P., Restrepo L.M.P. and Fornaguera J.E.C. (2016). Supplementation with corn oil and palm kernel oil to grazing cows: Ruminal fermentation, milk yield, and fatty acid profile. R. Bras. Zooect. 45(11), 693-703.
Hart K.J., Yanez-Ruiz D.R., Duval S.M., McEwan N.R. and Newbold C.J. (2008). Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 147, 8-35.
Hristov A.N., Oh J., Firkins J.L., Dijkstra J., Kebreab E., Waghorn G., Makkar H., Adesogan A.T., Yang W., Chia Lee C., Gerber P.J., Henderson B. and Tricarico J.M. (2013). SPECIAL TOPICS-Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: I. A review of enteric methane mitigation options. J. Anim. Sci. 91(11), 5045-5069.
Jayanegara A., Leiber F. and Kreuzer M. (2012). Meta-analysis of the relationship between dietary tannin level and methane formation in ruminants from in vivo and in vitro experiments. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 96, 365-375.
Jayanegara A., Makkar H.P.S. and Becker K. (2015). Addition of purified tannin sources and polyethylene glycol treatment on methane emission and rumen fermentation in vitro. Media Peternak. 38(1), 57-63.
Jayanegara A., Togtokhbayar N., Makkar H.P.S. and Becker K. (2009). Tannins determined by various methods as predictors of methane production reduction potential of plants by an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 150, 230-237.
Jung H.G. and Allen M.S. (1995). Characteristics of plant cell walls affecting intake and digestibility of forages by ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 2774-2790.
Makkar H.P.S. (2003). Quantification of Tannins in Tree and Shrub Foliage: A Laboratory Manual. Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Martin C., Rouel J., Jouany J.P., Doreau M. and Chilliard Y. (2008). Methane output and diet digestibility in response to feeding dairy cows crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil. J. Anim. Sci. 86(10), 2642-2650.
Menke K.H. and Steingass H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 7-55.
Ørskov E.R. and McDonald I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92, 499-510.
Patra A.K. and Aschenbach J.R. (2018). Ureases in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminant and monogastric animals and their implication in urea-N/ammonia metabolism. J. Adv. Res. 13, 39-50.
Phesatcha K. and Wanapat M. (2016). Improvement of nutritive value and in vitro ruminal fermentation of leucaena silage by molasses and urea supplementation. Asian Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 29(8), 1136-1144.
Prieto-Manrique E., Mahecha-Ledesma L., Vargas-S´anchez J.E. and Angulo-Arizala J. (2018). The effect of sunflower seed oil supplementation on the milk fatty acid contents of cows fed leucaena in an intensive silvopastoral system. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 239, 55-65.
SAS Institute. (2008). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Sofyan A., Sakti A.A., Herdian H., Khairulli G., Suryani A.E., Karti P.D.M.H. and Jayanegara A. (2016). In vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility of king grass (Pennisetum hybrid) added by organic mineral and natural crude tannin. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 2119, 1-4.
Soltan Y.A., Morsy A.S., Lucas R.C. and Abdalla A.L. (2016). Potential of mimosine of Leucaena leucocephala for modulating ruminal nutrient degradability and methanogenesis. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 223, 20-31.
Soltan Y.A., Morsy A.S., Sallam S.M.A., Lucas R.C., Louvandini H., Kreuzer M. and Abdalla A.L. (2013). Contribution of condensed tannins and mimosine to the methane mitigation caused by feeding Leucaena leucocephala. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 67(3), 169-184.
Tendonkeng F., Boukila B. and Pamo T. (2011). Potential for using Leucaena leucocephala or Manihot esculenta leaves for supplementing feeding of goats in West Cameroon. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 1(3), 143-147.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Wanapat M., Mapato C., Pilajun R. and Toburan W. (2011). Effects of vegetable oil supplementation on feed intake, rumen fermentation, growth performance, and carcass characteristic of growing swamp buffaloes. Livest. Sci. 135(1), 32-37.
Wu D., Xu L., Tang S., He Z., Tan Z., Han X., Zhou C., Kang J., and Wang M. (2015). Supplementation of increasing amounts of linoleic acid to Leymus chinensis decrease methane production and improve fatty acid composition in vitro. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 117(7), 945-953.
Yonjalli V.R., Mirzhjehgheshlagh F., Navidshad B. and KaramatiJabehdar S. (2018). A review on biohydrogenation and effects of tannin on it. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 8(2), 181-192.